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{{Croatian-Page-Top}}
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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Croatian|Croatian]]  → [[Language/Croatian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Introduction to Croatian Grammar → Verbs and Tenses</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Croatian|Croatian]]  → [[Language/Croatian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Verbs and Tenses</div>
 
Welcome to our lesson on '''Croatian Verbs and Tenses'''! Understanding verbs and their tenses is crucial for anyone learning Croatian, as they form the backbone of communication. Verbs express actions, states, and occurrences, while tenses help us place those actions in time. Whether you're planning a trip to Croatia or simply diving into the beauty of the language, mastering verbs will greatly enhance your ability to express yourself.
 
In this lesson, we'll cover the following key areas:
 
* The importance of verbs in the Croatian language
 
* Conjugation of regular and irregular verbs in the present tense
 
* The formation and use of past and future tenses
 
* Understanding the imperative mood
 
* Practice exercises to reinforce your learning
 
Before we dive in, let’s take a closer look at the structure of this lesson.


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== Importance of Verbs in Croatian ===
 
Verbs are not just words; they are the heartbeat of any language. In Croatian, verbs allow you to convey what you do, what you did, and what you will do. They help you narrate stories, share experiences, and express your feelings. Thus, a solid grasp of verb conjugation and tenses is essential for effective communication.
 
=== Croatian Verb Conjugation ===


Welcome to the lesson on Croatian verb conjugation and tenses! In this lesson, we will delve into the intricacies of Croatian verbs, including their various forms and tenses. Verbs are an essential part of any language, and mastering them will greatly enhance your communication skills in Croatian. Whether you want to talk about the present, past, or future, understanding verb conjugation is crucial. Additionally, we will explore the imperative mood, which is used to give commands or express requests. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid foundation in Croatian verb conjugation and be able to confidently use verbs in various tenses and moods.
In Croatian, verbs are grouped into three conjugation classes based on their infinitive endings: -ati, -iti, and -jeti. Each class has its own rules for conjugation across different tenses. Let’s start with the present tense.


== Verbs and Tenses ==
==== Present Tense of Regular Verbs ====


=== Present Tense ===
Regular verbs in Croatian follow predictable patterns when conjugated in the present tense. Here's how it works for each conjugation class:


The present tense is used to describe actions or states that are happening at the moment of speaking or are generally true. In Croatian, verbs in the present tense undergo conjugation to agree with the subject of the sentence. Let's take a look at the conjugation of regular verbs in the present tense:
* '''-ati verbs:''' The most common verb ending in Croatian.
 
* '''-iti verbs:''' A smaller group of verbs.
 
* '''-jeti verbs:''' This group is less common but important.
 
Let’s look at examples of regular verbs in the present tense:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| raditi || /rǎːditi/ || to work
 
| radim  || ˈradim || I work
 
|-
 
| igram  || ˈiɡram || I play
 
|-
 
| učim  || ˈutʃim || I learn
 
|-
|-
| živjeti || /ʒîːvjeti/ || to live
 
| volim  || ˈvɔlim || I love
 
|-
|-
| govoriti || /gǒːvoriti/ || to speak
 
| gledam  || ˈɡlɛdam || I watch
 
|-
|-
| jesti || /jěːsti/ || to eat
 
| pišem  || ˈpiʃɛm || I write
 
|-
|-
| piti || /pîːti/ || to drink
 
| slušam  || ˈsluʃam || I listen
 
|-
|-
| spavati || /spǎːvati/ || to sleep
 
| idem  || ˈidɛm || I go
 
|-
|-
| voljeti || /vǒːljeti/ || to love
|}


To conjugate regular verbs in the present tense, simply remove the infinitive ending (-ti) and add the appropriate endings:
| kupujem  || ˈkuːpujeɱ || I buy


* For the first-person singular (I), add -m.
|-
* For the second-person singular (you), add -š.
* For the third-person singular (he/she/it), add -.
* For the first-person plural (we), add -mo.
* For the second-person plural (you), add -te.
* For the third-person plural (they), add -.


Here are some examples:
| pričam  || ˈpriːtʃam || I talk


* radim (I work)
|}
* radiš (you work)
* radi (he/she/it works)
* radimo (we work)
* radite (you work)
* rade (they work)


=== Past Tense ===
==== Present Tense of Irregular Verbs ====


The past tense is used to talk about actions or states that occurred before the present moment. In Croatian, the past tense is formed by adding different endings to the verb stem. Let's take a look at the conjugation of regular verbs in the past tense:
Irregular verbs do not follow the standard conjugation patterns. Here are some common irregular verbs in the present tense:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| raditi || /rǎːditi/ || to work
 
| biti  || ˈbiti || to be
 
|-
|-
| živjeti || /ʒîːvjeti/ || to live
 
| imati  || ˈimati || to have
 
|-
|-
| govoriti || /gǒːvoriti/ || to speak
 
| ići  || ˈiːtʃi || to go
 
|-
|-
| jesti || /jěːsti/ || to eat
 
| vidjeti  || ˈvɪdʲɛti || to see
 
|-
 
| moći  || ˈmɔtʃi || can
 
|-
 
| htjeti  || ˈxtʲɛti || to want
 
|-
|-
| piti || /pîːti/ || to drink
 
| reći  || ˈrɛtʃi || to say
 
|-
|-
| spavati || /spǎːvati/ || to sleep
 
| znati  || ˈznati || to know
 
|-
|-
| voljeti || /vǒːljeti/ || to love
 
| stati  || ˈstati || to stop
 
|-
 
| čuti  || ˈtʃuti || to hear
 
|}
|}


To conjugate regular verbs in the past tense, remove the infinitive ending (-ti) and add the appropriate endings:
=== Past Tense ===


* For the first-person singular (I), add -o.
The past tense in Croatian is formed using the auxiliary verb "biti" (to be) combined with the past participle of the main verb. This can be a little tricky, as the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject.  
* For the second-person singular (you), add -e.
* For the third-person singular (he/she/it), add -.
* For the first-person plural (we), add -i.
* For the second-person plural (you), add -ite.
* For the third-person plural (they), add -i.


Here are some examples:
* For masculine singular, the past participle ends in -o.


* radio/radila sam (I worked)
* For feminine singular, it ends in -a.
* radio/radila si (you worked)
* radio/radila je (he/she/it worked)
* radili/radile smo (we worked)
* radili/radile ste (you worked)
* radili/radile su (they worked)


=== Future Tense ===
* For neuter singular, it ends in -o.
 
* For plural, it ends in -i for both genders.


The future tense is used to talk about actions or states that will happen after the present moment. In Croatian, the future tense is formed by adding different endings to the verb stem. Let's take a look at the conjugation of regular verbs in the future tense:
Let’s illustrate this with some examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| raditi || /rǎːditi/ || to work
 
| bio sam  || ˈbi.o ˈsam || I was (masculine)
 
|-
|-
| živjeti || /ʒîːvjeti/ || to live
 
| bila sam  || ˈbi.la ˈsam || I was (feminine)
 
|-
 
| bilo je  || ˈbi.lo ˈje || It was (neuter)
 
|-
 
| bili smo  || ˈbi.li ˈsmo || We were (masculine)
 
|-
 
| bile smo  || ˈbi.le ˈsmo || We were (feminine)
 
|-
|-
| govoriti || /gǒːvoriti/ || to speak
 
| bili ste  || ˈbi.li ˈste || You were (plural)
 
|-
|-
| jesti || /jěːsti/ || to eat
 
| radila sam  || ˈra.dila ˈsam || I worked (feminine)
 
|-
|-
| piti || /pîːti/ || to drink
 
| učio sam  || ˈu.tʃio ˈsam || I learned (masculine)
 
|-
|-
| spavati || /spǎːvati/ || to sleep
 
| gledali su  || ˈɡlɛ.dali ˈsu || They watched (masculine)
 
|-
|-
| voljeti || /vǒːljeti/ || to love
 
| pjevali smo  || ˈpje.va.li ˈsmo || We sang (masculine)
 
|}
|}


To conjugate regular verbs in the future tense, remove the infinitive ending (-ti) and add the appropriate endings:
=== Future Tense ===


* For all persons, add -.
Forming the future tense in Croatian can be done in two ways: using the auxiliary verb "biti" (to be) and the infinitive of the main verb, or by using the future tense forms for certain verbs.  


Here are some examples:
Future tense using "biti":


* radit ću (I will work)
{| class="wikitable"
* radit ćeš (you will work)
 
* radit će (he/she/it will work)
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
* radit ćemo (we will work)
 
* radit ćete (you will work)
|-
* radit će (they will work)
 
| ja ću raditi  || ja ˈtʃu ˈra.diti || I will work
 
|-
 
| ti ćeš igrati  || ti ˈtʃɛʃ ˈiɡrati || You will play
 
|-
 
| on/ona/ono će učiti  || on/ˈo.na/ˈo.no ˈtʃɛ ˈu.tʃiti || He/She/It will learn
 
|-
 
| mi ćemo gledati  || mi ˈtʃɛ.mo ˈɡlɛ.dati || We will watch
 
|-
 
| vi ćete slušati  || vi ˈtʃɛ.tɛ ˈslu.ʃati || You (plural) will listen
 
|-
 
| oni/one/ona će ići  || ˈo.ni/ˈo.ne/ˈo.na ˈtʃɛ ˈi.tʃi || They will go
 
|}


=== Imperative Mood ===
=== Imperative Mood ===


The imperative mood is used to give commands or express requests. In Croatian, the imperative mood has different forms for the second-person singular (you) and second-person plural (you all). Let's take a look at the conjugation of regular verbs in the imperative mood:
The imperative mood is used to give commands or requests. In Croatian, the form varies based on the subject. Here are some examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| dođi  || ˈdo.dʒi || come (to one person)
|-
| dođite  || ˈdo.dʒi.te || come (to multiple people)
|-
| reci  || ˈrɛ.tʃi || say (to one person)
|-
|-
| raditi || /rǎːditi/ || to work
 
| recite  || ˈrɛ.tʃi.te || say (to multiple people)
 
|-
|-
| živjeti || /ʒîːvjeti/ || to live
 
| jedi  || ˈjɛ.di || eat (to one person)
 
|-
|-
| govoriti || /gǒːvoriti/ || to speak
 
| jedite  || ˈjɛ.di.te || eat (to multiple people)
 
|-
|-
| jesti || /jěːsti/ || to eat
 
| piši  || ˈpi.ʃi || write (to one person)
 
|-
|-
| piti || /pîːti/ || to drink
 
| pišite  || ˈpi.ʃi.te || write (to multiple people)
 
|-
|-
| spavati || /spǎːvati/ || to sleep
 
| slušaj  || ˈslu.ʃaj || listen (to one person)
 
|-
|-
| voljeti || /vǒːljeti/ || to love
 
| slušajte  || ˈslu.ʃaj.te || listen (to multiple people)
 
|}
|}


To conjugate regular verbs in the imperative mood, remove the infinitive ending (-ti) and add the appropriate endings:
== Practice Exercises ==
 
Now that we've covered the essential aspects of Croatian verbs and tenses, it’s time to put your knowledge to the test. Here are some exercises for you to practice what you’ve learned.
 
=== Exercise 1: Conjugate the following regular verbs in the present tense. ===
 
1. raditi (to work) - ja __________
 
2. igrati (to play) - ti __________
 
3. učiti (to learn) - on __________
 
4. voljeti (to love) - ona __________
 
5. gledati (to watch) - mi __________


* For the second-person singular (you), add -i.
''Answers'':
* For the second-person plural (you all), add -ite.


Here are some examples:
1. radim


* radi (work)
2. igraš
* živi (live)
* govori (speak)
* jedi (eat)
* pij (drink)
* spavaj (sleep)
* voli (love)


== Regional Variations and Cultural Insights ==
3. uči


Croatia has several regional variations in verb usage and understanding. For example, in the coastal regions, you may hear a slight difference in verb conjugation compared to the continental regions. These variations are influenced by historical and cultural factors. Additionally, certain dialects may have unique verb forms that differ from the standard Croatian. It's interesting to explore these regional variations and understand the historical reasons behind them. This cultural insight adds depth to your understanding of the Croatian language and allows you to appreciate the diversity within the language itself.
4. voli


== Exercises ==
5. gledamo


Now it's time to practice what you've learned! Here are some exercises to help you reinforce your understanding of Croatian verb conjugation and tenses. Try to complete the exercises on your own, and then check your answers below.
=== Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the irregular verbs in the present tense. ===


1. Conjugate the verb "raditi" (to work) in the present tense for the following pronouns:
1. ja __________ (biti) student.


* Ja (I):
2. ti __________ (imati) knjigu.
* Ti (you):
* On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it):
* Mi (we):
* Vi (you):
* Oni/One/Ona (they):


2. Conjugate the verb "živjeti" (to live) in the past tense for the following pronouns:
3. on __________ (ići) u školu.


* Ja (I):
4. ona __________ (vidjeti) film.
* Ti (you):
* On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it):
* Mi (we):
* Vi (you):
* Oni/One/Ona (they):


3. Conjugate the verb "govoriti" (to speak) in the future tense for the following pronouns:
5. mi __________ (moći) to učiniti.


* Ja (I):
''Answers'':
* Ti (you):
* On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it):
* Mi (we):
* Vi (you):
* Oni/One/Ona (they):


4. Conjugate the verb "jesti" (to eat) in the imperative mood for the second-person singular (you) and second-person plural (you all):
1. sam


* Ti (you):
2. ima
* Vi (you all):


== Exercise Solutions ==
3. ide


1. Conjugation of "raditi" (to work) in the present tense:
4. vidi


* Ja (I): radim
5. možemo
* Ti (you): radiš
* On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it): radi
* Mi (we): radimo
* Vi (you): radite
* Oni/One/Ona (they): rade


2. Conjugation of "živjeti" (to live) in the past tense:
=== Exercise 3: Convert the following sentences into the past tense. ===


* Ja (I): živio/živjela sam
1. Ja radim. → __________
* Ti (you): živio/živjela si
* On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it): živio/živjela je
* Mi (we): živjeli/živjele smo
* Vi (you): živjeli/živjele ste
* Oni/One/Ona (they): živjeli/živjele su


3. Conjugation of "govoriti" (to speak) in the future tense:
2. Ti igraš. → __________


* Ja (I): govorit ću
3. On gleda. → __________
* Ti (you): govorit ćeš
* On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it): govorit će
* Mi (we): govorit ćemo
* Vi (you): govorit ćete
* Oni/One/Ona (they): govorit će


4. Conjugation of "jesti" (to eat) in the imperative mood:
4. Ona uči. → __________


* Ti (you): jedi
5. Mi pijemo. → __________
* Vi (you all): jedite


Congratulations on completing the exercises! Keep practicing to reinforce your knowledge of Croatian verb conjugation and tenses.
''Answers'':
 
1. Ja sam radio. / Ja sam radila.
 
2. Ti si igrao. / Ti si igrala.
 
3. On je gledao. / Ona je gledala.
 
4. Ona je učila.
 
5. Mi smo pili.
 
=== Exercise 4: Formulate future tense sentences using the given verbs. ===
 
1. (raditi) Ja __________.
 
2. (ići) Ti __________.
 
3. (gledati) On __________.
 
4. (učiti) Ona __________.
 
5. (slušati) Mi __________.
 
''Answers'':
 
1. Ja ću raditi.
 
2. Ti ćeš ići.
 
3. On će gledati.
 
4. Ona će učiti.
 
5. Mi ćemo slušati.
 
=== Exercise 5: Create commands using the imperative mood. ===
 
1. (doći) __________
 
2. (reći) __________
 
3. (jest) __________
 
4. (pisati) __________
 
5. (slušati) __________
 
''Answers'':
 
1. Dođi! / Dođite!
 
2. Reci! / Recite!
 
3. Jedi! / Jedite!
 
4. Piši! / Pišite!
 
5. Slušaj! / Slušajte!
 
=== Conclusion ===
 
Congratulations! You’ve now taken a significant step into the world of Croatian verbs and tenses. As you continue your journey in learning the language, remember that practice is key. Verbs are everywhere in conversation, and with time, you'll find them becoming second nature to you. Keep practicing, and don’t hesitate to revisit this lesson whenever you need a refresher!


{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Croatian Grammar: Verbs and Tenses
|title=Croatian Grammar: Verbs and Tenses
|keywords=Croatian verbs, Croatian verb conjugation, Croatian tenses, Croatian imperative mood, Croatian grammar
 
|description=In this lesson, you will explore Croatian verb conjugation, including the present, past, and future tenses, as well as the imperative mood. Delve into the details of Croatian grammar and gain a solid understanding of verb forms and tenses. Practice exercises provided.
|keywords=croatian language, croatian verbs, present tense, past tense, future tense, imperative mood, language learning, study croatian
 
|description=Explore Croatian verb conjugation, including the present, past, and future tenses, along with the imperative mood. Perfect for beginners in the Croatian language.
 
}}
}}


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