Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Pronouns"

From Polyglot Club WIKI
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 5: Line 5:
This lesson is far from being completed.
This lesson is far from being completed.
   
   
== pronoun ==
Note: every “word” is in nominative case.
Note: every “word” is in nominative case.
=== How to indicate the speaker? ===
 
==== By the first-person singular pronoun. ====
== How to indicate the speaker? ==
===== Are there different first-person singular pronouns for different use? =====
=== By the first-person singular pronoun. ===
====== No. ======
==== Are there different first-person singular pronouns for different use? ====
===== No. =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
Line 17: Line 17:
!note
!note
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Amharic
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Amharic
|እኔ
|እኔ
|
|
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Arabic
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Arabic
|أَنَا‎‎
|أَنَا‎‎
|
|
|-
|-
|Language isolate ||Basque
|Language isolate
|Basque
|ni
|ni
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Bengali
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Bengali
|আমি
|আমি
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Germanic ||English
|Indo-European, Germanic
|English
|I
|I
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||French
|Indo-European, Italic
|French
|je
|je
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Germanic ||German
|Indo-European, Germanic
|German
|ich
|ich
|
|
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Chadic ||Hausa
|Afro-Asiatic, Chadic
|Hausa
|ni
|ni
|
|
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Hebrew
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Hebrew
|אֲנִי
|אֲנִי
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Hindi
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Hindi
|मैं; हम
|मैं; हम
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||Italian
|Indo-European, Italic
|Italian
|io
|io
|
|
|-
|-
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian ||Javanese
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
|Javanese
|aku
|aku
|
|
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Berber ||Kabyle
|Afro-Asiatic, Berber
|Kabyle
|nekk
|nekk
|
|
|-
|-
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian ||Kannada
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian
|Kannada
|ನಾನು
|ನಾನು
|
|
|-
|-
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian ||Malayalam
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian
|Malayalam
|ഞാന്
|ഞാന്
|
|
|-
|-
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic ||Mandarin Chinese
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic
|Mandarin Chinese
|我
|我
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Marathi
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Marathi
|मी
|मी
|
|
|-
|-
|Austro-Asiatic, Monic ||Mon
|Austro-Asiatic, Monic
|Mon
|အဲ
|အဲ
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||Portuguese
|Indo-European, Italic
|Portuguese
|eu
|eu
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Punjabi
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Punjabi
|ਮੈਂ
|ਮੈਂ
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic ||Russian
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic
|Russian
|я
|я
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||Spanish
|Indo-European, Italic
|Spanish
|yo
|yo
|
|
|-
|-
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo ||Swahili
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo
|Swahili
|mimi
|mimi
|
|
|-
|-
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian ||Tamil
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian
|Tamil
|நான்
|நான்
|
|
|-
|-
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian ||Telugu
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian
|Telugu
|నేను
|నేను
|
|
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Tigrinya
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Tigrinya
|ኣነ
|ኣነ
|
|
|-
|-
|Turkic, Common Turkic ||Turkish
|Turkic, Common Turkic
|Turkish
|ben
|ben
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Urdu
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Urdu
|ہم; میں
|ہم; میں
|
|
|}
|}


====== Yes. ======
===== Yes. =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
Line 137: Line 165:
!note
!note
|-
|-
|Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese ||Burmese
|Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese
|Burmese
|ကျွန်တော်; ကျွန်မ; ငါ; ကျုပ်
|ကျွန်တော်; ကျွန်မ; ငါ; ကျုပ်
|formal, male; formal, female; informal; more polite
|formal, male; formal, female; informal; more polite
|-
|-
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian ||Indonesian
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
|Indonesian
|saya; aku
|saya; aku
|formal; informal
|formal; informal
|-
|-
|Japonic ||Japanese
|Japonic
|Japanese
|私(わたし); 私(わたくし); 僕; あたし; 俺
|私(わたし); 私(わたくし); 僕; あたし; 俺
|common; formal; informal; female; male
|common; formal; informal; female; male
|-
|-
|Austro-Asiatic ||Khmer
|Austro-Asiatic
|Khmer
|ខ្ញុំ; ខ្ញុំបាទ; នាងខ្; ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា; ខ្ញុំព្រះអង្គ; ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់
|ខ្ញុំ; ខ្ញុំបាទ; នាងខ្; ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា; ខ្ញុំព្រះអង្គ; ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់
|common; formal, male; formal, female; royalty; royalty, male; royalty, female
|common; formal, male; formal, female; royalty; royalty, male; royalty, female
|-
|-
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo ||Korean
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo
|Korean
|나; 저
|나; 저
|common; formal
|common; formal
|-
|-
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian ||Malay
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
|Malay
|saya; aku; daku; hamba; patik; beta
|saya; aku; daku; hamba; patik; beta
|formal; informal; poetic; lowest social strata; facing royalties; royalties
|formal; informal; poetic; lowest social strata; facing royalties; royalties
|-
|-
|Kra–Dai, Tai ||Thai
|Kra–Dai, Tai
|Thai
|ผม; ดิฉัน; ฉัน; กระหม่อม; ข้าพเจ้า; หนู; กู
|ผม; ดิฉัน; ฉัน; กระหม่อม; ข้าพเจ้า; หนู; กู
|male; female; informal; more formal; more formal; child to adult; crude
|male; female; informal; more formal; more formal; child to adult; crude
|-
|-
|Barbacoan, Southern Barbacoan ||Tsafiki
|Barbacoan, Southern Barbacoan
|Tsafiki
|la; čiʰké; če
|la; čiʰké; če
|adult male; adult female; immature
|adult male; adult female; immature
|-
|-
|Austro-Asiatic, Vietic ||Vietnamese
|Austro-Asiatic, Vietic
|Vietnamese
|tôi; tớ; ta; mình
|tôi; tớ; ta; mình
|common; informal; informal; intimate
|common; informal; informal; intimate
|}
|}


=== How to indicate the listener? ===
== How to indicate the listener? ==
==== By the second-person singular pronoun. ====
=== By the second-person singular pronoun. ===
===== Are there different second-person singular pronouns for different use? =====
==== Are there different second-person singular pronouns for different use? ====
====== No. ======
===== No. =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
Line 184: Line 221:
!note
!note
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Germanic ||English
|Indo-European, Germanic
|English
|you
|you
|
|
|-
|-
|(Constructed language) ||Esperanto
|(Constructed language)
|Esperanto
|vi
|vi
|
|
|-
|-
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian ||Malayalam
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian
|Malayalam
|നീ
|നീ
|
|
|-
|-
|Austro-Asiatic, Monic ||Mon
|Austro-Asiatic, Monic
|Mon
|ဗှ်ေ
|ဗှ်ေ
|
|
|-
|-
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo ||Swahili
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo
|Swahili
|wewe
|wewe
|
|
|-
|-
|Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Kanauri ||Tibetan
|Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Kanauri
|Tibetan
|ཁྱེད་རང
|ཁྱེད་རང
|
|
|-
|-
|Austro-Asiatic, Vietic ||Vietnamese
|Austro-Asiatic, Vietic
|Vietnamese
|bạn
|bạn
|
|
|}
|}


====== Yes. ======
===== Yes. =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
Line 220: Line 264:
!note
!note
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Amharic
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Amharic
|አንተ; አንቺ; እርስዎ
|አንተ; አንቺ; እርስዎ
|to male; to female; formal
|to male; to female; formal
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Arabic
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Arabic
|أَنْتَ‎‎ ; أَنْتِ‎‎ ; حَضْرَتَك‎‎ ; حَضْرَتِك‎‎
|أَنْتَ‎‎ ; أَنْتِ‎‎ ; حَضْرَتَك‎‎ ; حَضْرَتِك‎‎
|to male; to female; to male, formal; to female, formal
|to male; to female; to male, formal; to female, formal
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Bengali
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Bengali
|তুই; তুমি; আপনি
|তুই; তুমি; আপনি
|informal; intimate; formal
|informal; intimate; formal
|-
|-
|Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese ||Burmese
|Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese
|Burmese
|နင်; မင်း; ခင်ဗျား; ရှင်
|နင်; မင်း; ခင်ဗျား; ရှင်
|informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female
|informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||French
|Indo-European, Italic
|French
|tu; vous
|tu; vous
|informal; formal
|informal; formal
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Germanic ||German
|Indo-European, Germanic
|German
|du; Sie
|du; Sie
|informal; formal
|informal; formal
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Hebrew
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Hebrew
|אַתָּה; אַתְּ‎‎
|אַתָּה; אַתְּ‎‎
|to male; to female
|to male; to female
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Hindi
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Hindi
|तू; तुम; आप
|तू; तुम; आप
|informal; polite; more polite
|informal; polite; more polite
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||Italian
|Indo-European, Italic
|Italian
|tu; lei
|tu; lei
|informal; formal
|informal; formal
|-
|-
|Japonic ||Japanese
|Japonic
|Japanese
|貴方; 君; お前; あんた; てまえ; 貴様
|貴方; 君; お前; あんた; てまえ; 貴様
|polite; familiar; intimate or rude; by female or by older male; vulgar, by male; insulting
|polite; familiar; intimate or rude; by female or by older male; vulgar, by male; insulting
|-
|-
|Austro-Asiatic ||Khmer
|Austro-Asiatic
|Khmer
|លោក; លោកស្រី; នាងស្រី; អ្នក
|លោក; លោកស្រី; នាងស្រី; អ្នក
|to male or Buddhist monk; to older female; to younger female; common
|to male or Buddhist monk; to older female; to younger female; common
|-
|-
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo ||Korean
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo
|Korean
|당신; 너; 네; 자네
|당신; 너; 네; 자네
|common; informal; informal; to low social strata
|common; informal; informal; to low social strata
|-
|-
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian ||Malay
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
|Malay
|kamu; awak; anda; dikau; engkau
|kamu; awak; anda; dikau; engkau
|common; informal; formal; poetic; poetic, informal
|common; informal; formal; poetic; poetic, informal
|-
|-
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic ||Mandarin Chinese
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic
|Mandarin Chinese
|你; 您
|你; 您
|informal; formal
|informal; formal
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||Portuguese
|Indo-European, Italic
|Portuguese
|tu; você
|tu; você
|familiar in Portugal, rarely used in Brazil; polite in Portugal, general in Brazil
|familiar in Portugal, rarely used in Brazil; polite in Portugal, general in Brazil
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic ||Russian
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic
|Russian
|ты; Вы; вы
|ты; Вы; вы
|familiar; polite; polite
|familiar; polite; polite
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||Spanish
|Indo-European, Italic
|Spanish
|tú; usted; vos
|tú; usted; vos
|familiar; polite; familiar
|familiar; polite; familiar
|-
|-
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian ||Tamil
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian
|Tamil
|நீ; நீங்கள்; தாங்கள்
|நீ; நீங்கள்; தாங்கள்
|familiar; polite; more polite
|familiar; polite; more polite
|-
|-
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian ||Telugu
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian
|Telugu
|నీవు; మీరు
|నీవు; మీరు
|familiar; polite
|familiar; polite
|-
|-
|Kra–Dai, Tai ||Thai
|Kra–Dai, Tai
|Thai
|คุณ; เธอ; มึง; เอ็ง; ท่าน; นาย; หล่อน; เรา; โยม; ประสก; สีกา
|คุณ; เธอ; มึง; เอ็ง; ท่าน; นาย; หล่อน; เรา; โยม; ประสก; สีกา
|colloquial; polite; vulgar, familiar; less vulgar, familiar; colloquial; colloquial, to male; colloquial, to female; elder to younger; vulgar; priest to layperson; priest to layman; priest to laywoman
|colloquial; polite; vulgar, familiar; less vulgar, familiar; colloquial; colloquial, to male; colloquial, to female; elder to younger; vulgar; priest to layperson; priest to layman; priest to laywoman
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Tigrinya
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Tigrinya
|ንስኻ; ንስኺ; ንስኹም; ንስኽን
|ንስኻ; ንስኺ; ንስኹም; ንስኽን
|informal, to male; informal, to female; formal, to male; formal, to female
|informal, to male; informal, to female; formal, to male; formal, to female
|-
|-
|Turkic, Common Turkic ||Turkish
|Turkic, Common Turkic
|Turkish
|sen; siz
|sen; siz
|familiar; polite
|familiar; polite
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Urdu
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Urdu
|آپ‎‎; تم‎‎; تو‎‎
|آپ‎‎; تم‎‎; تو‎‎
|formal; less informal; informal
|formal; less informal; informal
|-
|-
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo ||Yoruba
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo
|Yoruba
|ìwọ; ệyin
|ìwọ; ệyin
|informal; formal
|informal; formal
|}
|}


=== How to indicate a person being neither the speaker nor the listener? ===
== How to indicate a person being neither the speaker nor the listener? ==
==== By the third-person singular pronoun. ====
=== By the third-person singular pronoun. ===
===== Are there different third-person singular pronouns for different use? =====
==== Are there different third-person singular pronouns for different use? ====
====== No. ======
===== No. =====
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
Line 328: Line 395:
!note
!note
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Hindi
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Hindi
|वह; यह
|वह; यह
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Persian
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Persian
|او
|او
|
|
|-
|-
|Turkic, Common Turkic ||Turkish
|Turkic, Common Turkic
|Turkish
|o
|o
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Urdu
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Urdu
|وہ‎‎; يہ‎
|وہ‎‎; يہ‎
|
|
|}
|}
====== Yes. ======
 
===== Yes. =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
Line 351: Line 423:
!note
!note
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Amharic
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Amharic
|እሱ; እሷ; እሳቸው
|እሱ; እሷ; እሳቸው
|male or non-human; female; polite
|male or non-human; female; polite
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Arabic
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Arabic
|هُوَ; هِيَ‎‎
|هُوَ; هِيَ‎‎
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human
|-
|-
|Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese ||Burmese
|Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese
|Burmese
|သူ; သူမ
|သူ; သူမ
|male or colloquial female or non-human; formal female
|male or colloquial female or non-human; formal female
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Germanic ||English
|Indo-European, Germanic
|English
|he; she; it
|he; she; it
|male; female; non-human
|male; female; non-human
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||French
|Indo-European, Italic
|French
|il; elle; ce; ça
|il; elle; ce; ça
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; non-human; non-human
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; non-human; non-human
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Germanic ||German
|Indo-European, Germanic
|German
|er; sie; es
|er; sie; es
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Hebrew
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Hebrew
|הוא; היא; זֶה; זֹאת
|הוא; היא; זֶה; זֹאת
|male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human
|male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||Italian
|Indo-European, Italic
|Italian
|lui; lei; esso; essa; egli; ella
|lui; lei; esso; essa; egli; ella
|male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human; male, literary; female, literary
|male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human; male, literary; female, literary
|-
|-
|Japonic ||Japanese
|Japonic
|Japanese
|彼; 彼女
|彼; 彼女
|male; female
|male; female
|-
|-
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian ||Kannada
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian
|Kannada
|ಇವನು; ಇವ; ಅವನು; ಅವ; ಇವಳು; ಅವಳು; ಇದು; ಅದು
|ಇವನು; ಇವ; ಅವನು; ಅವ; ಇವಳು; ಅವಳು; ಇದು; ಅದು
|this male; this male; that male; that male; this female; that female; this non-human; that non-human
|this male; this male; that male; that male; this female; that female; this non-human; that non-human
|-
|-
|Austro-Asiatic ||Khmer
|Austro-Asiatic
|Khmer
|គាត់; គេ; នាង; វា
|គាត់; គេ; នាង; វា
|polite; polite, male or female; referring to a younger woman; non-human or referring to young children or people of lower rank
|polite; polite, male or female; referring to a younger woman; non-human or referring to young children or people of lower rank
|-
|-
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo ||Korean
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo
|Korean
|그; 그이; 그녀
|그; 그이; 그녀
|male or female; polite, male; female
|male or female; polite, male; female
|-
|-
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian ||Malay
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
|Malay
|dia; ia; baginda; beliau
|dia; ia; baginda; beliau
|male or female; male or female or non-human; for kings, queens and Muslim prophets; for notable people
|male or female; male or female or non-human; for kings, queens and Muslim prophets; for notable people
|-
|-
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic ||Mandarin Chinese
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic
|Mandarin Chinese
|他; 她; 它
|他; 她; 它
|male; female; non-human
|male; female; non-human
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||Portuguese
|Indo-European, Italic
|Portuguese
|ele; ela
|ele; ela
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic ||Russian
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic
|Russian
|он; она́; оно́
|он; она́; оно́
|male of masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human
|male of masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||Spanish
|Indo-European, Italic
|Spanish
|él; ella; ello
|él; ella; ello
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Tigrinya
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Tigrinya
|ንሱ; ንሳ
|ንሱ; ንሳ
|male or non-human; female
|male or non-human; female
|-
|-
|Austro-Asiatic, Vietic ||Vietnamese
|Austro-Asiatic, Vietic
|Vietnamese
|anh ấy; ông ấy; chị ấy; cô ấy; bà ấy; hắn; nó
|anh ấy; ông ấy; chị ấy; cô ấy; bà ấy; hắn; nó
|young male; older or respected male; young female or older than the speaker; young female; older or respected female; informal or pejorative; child or non-human
|young male; older or respected male; young female or older than the speaker; young female; older or respected female; informal or pejorative; child or non-human
|}
|}


===== How to indicate non-human in languages without third-person non-human pronoun? =====
==== How to indicate non-human in languages without third-person non-human pronoun? ====
====== By demonstrative pronouns. ======
===== By demonstrative pronouns. =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
Line 436: Line 527:
!note
!note
|-
|-
|Japonic ||Japanese
|Japonic
|Japanese
|それ
|それ
|thing near the listener
|thing near the listener
|-
|-
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo ||Korean
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo
|Korean
|그것
|그것
|thing near the listener
|thing near the listener
|}
|}


=== How to indicate people including the speaker and excluding the listener? ===
== How to indicate people including the speaker and excluding the listener? ==
==== By the first-person plural pronoun (exclusive “we”). ====
=== By the first-person plural pronoun (exclusive “we”). ===
===== Are there different first-person plural pronouns (exclusive “we”) for different use? =====
==== Are there different first-person plural pronouns (exclusive “we”) for different use? ====
====== No. ======
===== No. =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
Line 455: Line 548:
!note
!note
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Amharic
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Amharic
|እኛ
|እኛ
|
|
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Arabic
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Arabic
|نَحْنُ‎‎
|نَحْنُ‎‎
|
|
|-
|-
|Language isolate ||Basque
|Language isolate
|Basque
|gu
|gu
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Bengali
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Bengali
|আমরা
|আমরা
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Germanic ||English
|Indo-European, Germanic
|English
|we
|we
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Germanic ||German
|Indo-European, Germanic
|German
|wir
|wir
|
|
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Chadic ||Hausa
|Afro-Asiatic, Chadic
|Hausa
|múu
|múu
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Hindi
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Hindi
|हम
|हम
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||Italian
|Indo-European, Italic
|Italian
|noi
|noi
|
|
|-
|-
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian ||Kannada
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian
|Kannada
|ನಾವು
|ನಾವು
|
|
|-
|-
|Austro-Asiatic ||Khmer
|Austro-Asiatic
|Khmer
|យើង
|យើង
|
|
|-
|-
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian ||Malay
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
|Malay
|kami
|kami
|
|
|-
|-
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic ||Mandarin Chinese
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic
|Mandarin Chinese
|我們/我们
|我們/我们
|
|
|-
|-
|Austro-Asiatic, Monic ||Mon
|Austro-Asiatic, Monic
|Mon
|ပိုဲ
|ပိုဲ
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic ||Russian
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic
|Russian
|мы
|мы
|
|
|-
|-
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo ||Swahili
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo
|Swahili
|sisi
|sisi
|
|
|-
|-
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian ||Tamil
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian
|Tamil
|நாங்கள்
|நாங்கள்
|
|
|-
|-
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian ||Telugu
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian
|Telugu
|మేము
|మేము
|
|
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Tigrinya
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Tigrinya
|ንሕና
|ንሕና
|
|
|-
|-
|Turkic, Common Turkic ||Turkish
|Turkic, Common Turkic
|Turkish
|biz
|biz
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Urdu
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Urdu
|ہم‎‎
|ہم‎‎
|
|
|-
|-
|Austro-Asiatic, Vietic ||Vietnamese
|Austro-Asiatic, Vietic
|Vietnamese
|chúng ta
|chúng ta
|
|
|}
|}
====== Yes. ======
===== Yes. =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
Line 550: Line 665:
!note
!note
|-
|-
|English Creole, Pacific ||Bislama
|English Creole, Pacific
|Bislama
|mitufala; mitrifala; mifala
|mitufala; mitrifala; mifala
|dual; trial; plural*
|dual; trial; plural*
|-
|-
|Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese ||Burmese
|Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese
|Burmese
|ကျုပ်တို့; တို့; ကျွန်တော်တို့; ကျွန်မတို့; ငါတို့
|ကျုပ်တို့; တို့; ကျွန်တော်တို့; ကျွန်မတို့; ငါတို့
|informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female; informal
|informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female; informal
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||French
|Indo-European, Italic
|French
|nous; on
|nous; on
|formal; informal
|formal; informal
|-
|-
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian ||Hawaiian
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
|Hawaiian
|māua; mākou
|māua; mākou
|dual; plural*
|dual; plural*
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Hebrew
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Hebrew
|אֲנַחְנוּ; אָנוּ
|אֲנַחְנוּ; אָנוּ
|formal; informal
|formal; informal
|-
|-
|Japonic ||Japanese
|Japonic
|Japanese
|私達; 僕ら; 僕達; 我ら
|私達; 僕ら; 僕達; 我ら
|common; informal, humble; informal; formal, rarely used
|common; informal, humble; informal; formal, rarely used
|-
|-
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo ||Korean
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo
|Korean
|우리; 저희
|우리; 저희
|common; humble
|common; humble
|-
|-
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian ||Maori
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
|Maori
|māua; mātou
|māua; mātou
|dual; plural*
|dual; plural*
|-
|-
|Uralic, Sami ||Northern Sami
|Uralic, Sami
|Northern Sami
|moai; mii
|moai; mii
|dual; plural*
|dual; plural*
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic ||Old Church Slavonic
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic
|Old Church Slavonic
|вѣ; мꙑ
|вѣ; мꙑ
|dual; plural*
|dual; plural*
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||Portuguese
|Indo-European, Italic
|Portuguese
|nós; a gente
|nós; a gente
|common; informal
|common; informal
|-
|-
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian ||Rapa Nui
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
|Rapa Nui
|maua; matou
|maua; matou
|dual; plural*
|dual; plural*
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||Spanish
|Indo-European, Italic
|Spanish
|nosotros; nosotras
|nosotros; nosotras
|masculine; feminine
|masculine; feminine
|-
|-
|English Creole, Pacific ||Tok Pisin
|English Creole, Pacific
|Tok Pisin
|mitupela; mitripela; mipela
|mitupela; mitripela; mipela
|dual; trial; plural*
|dual; trial; plural*
Line 608: Line 737:
<nowiki>*“plural”</nowiki> in these languages means more than two or more than three.
<nowiki>*“plural”</nowiki> in these languages means more than two or more than three.


=== How to indicate people excluding the speaker and including the listener? ===
== How to indicate people excluding the speaker and including the listener? ==
==== By the second-person plural pronoun. ====
=== By the second-person plural pronoun. ===
===== Are there different second-person plural pronouns for different use? =====
==== Are there different second-person plural pronouns for different use? ====
====== No. ======
===== No. =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1st-level branch
!family & 1st-level branch
Line 618: Line 747:
!note
!note
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Amharic
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Amharic
|እናንተ
|እናንተ
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Germanic ||English
|Indo-European, Germanic
|English
|you
|you
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||French
|Indo-European, Italic
|French
|vous
|vous
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Hellenic ||Greek
|Indo-European, Hellenic
|Greek
|εσείς
|εσείς
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Germanic ||Icelandic
|Indo-European, Germanic
|Icelandic
|þið
|þið
|
|
|-
|-
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic ||Mandarin Chinese
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic
|Mandarin Chinese
|你們/你们
|你們/你们
|
|
|-
|-
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian ||Malay
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
|Malay
|kalian
|kalian
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Pashto
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Pashto
|تاسې‎
|تاسې‎
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Persian  
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Persian  
|شما‎
|شما‎
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic ||Russian
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic
|Russian
|вы
|вы
|
|
|-
|-
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo ||Swahili
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo
|Swahili
|ninyi
|ninyi
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic ||Ukrainian
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic
|Ukrainian
|ви
|ви
|
|
|-
|-
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic ||Yue Chinese
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic
|Yue Chinese
|你哋
|你哋
|
|
|-
|-
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo ||Zulu
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo
|Zulu
|nina
|nina
|
|
|}
|}


====== Yes. ======
===== Yes. =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1st-level branch
!family & 1st-level branch
Line 682: Line 825:
!note
!note
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Arabic
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Arabic
|أَنْتُمَا; أَنْتُم; أَنْتُنَّ‎; حَضْرَتْكُم
|أَنْتُمَا; أَنْتُم; أَنْتُنَّ‎; حَضْرَتْكُم
|common gender, dual; masculine, plural; feminine, plural; formal
|common gender, dual; masculine, plural; feminine, plural; formal
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Aramaic
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Aramaic
|ܐܢܬܘܢ/אנתון‎; אנתין‎/ܐܢܬܝܢ‎
|ܐܢܬܘܢ/אנתון‎; אנתין‎/ܐܢܬܝܢ‎
|masculine; feminine
|masculine; feminine
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Bengali
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Bengali
|তোরা; তোমরা; আপনারা; তোমরা
|তোরা; তোমরা; আপনারা; তোমরা
|familiar; very familiar; polite; polite
|familiar; very familiar; polite; polite
|-
|-
|Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese ||Burmese
|Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese
|Burmese
|နင်တို့; နင်တို့; ရှင်တို့
|နင်တို့; နင်တို့; ရှင်တို့
|to younger people; polite, by male; polite, by female
|to younger people; polite, by male; polite, by female
|-
|-
|Indo-European ||Danish
|Indo-European
|Danish
|I; De
|I; De
|familiar; polite
|familiar; polite
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Germanic ||German
|Indo-European, Germanic
|German
|ihr; Sie
|ihr; Sie
|familiar; polite
|familiar; polite
|-
|-
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian ||Hawaiian
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
|Hawaiian
|ʻolua; ʻoukou
|ʻolua; ʻoukou
|dual; plural
|dual; plural
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Hebrew
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Hebrew
|אֲתֶּם‎; אֲתֶּן‎
|אֲתֶּם‎; אֲתֶּן‎
|masculine; feminine
|masculine; feminine
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian ||Hindi
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian
|Hindi
|तुम; आप
|तुम; आप
|mid-polite; polite
|mid-polite; polite
|-
|-
|Uralic, Finno-Ugric ||Hungarian
|Uralic, Finno-Ugric
|Hungarian
|ti; önök
|ti; önök
|familiar; polite
|familiar; polite
|-
|-
|Japonic ||Japanese
|Japonic
|Japanese
|貴方達; 貴方方; お前達; 君達; 貴様等
|貴方達; 貴方方; お前達; 君達; 貴様等
|generic; honorific; slightly rude; intimate or toward subordinates; highly insulting
|generic; honorific; slightly rude; intimate or toward subordinates; highly insulting
|-
|-
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo ||Korean
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo
|Korean
|너희; 여러분; 너희; 당신들; 이놈들; 니네; 니들; 자네들
|너희; 여러분; 너희; 당신들; 이놈들; 니네; 니들; 자네들
|generic, discourteous if used for a superior; honorific; slightly rude; slightly rude; highly insulting; very familiar; very familiar; intimate toward subordinates
|generic, discourteous if used for a superior; honorific; slightly rude; slightly rude; highly insulting; very familiar; very familiar; intimate toward subordinates
|-
|-
|Turkic, Common Turkic ||Kyrgyz
|Turkic, Common Turkic
|Kyrgyz
|силер; сиздер
|силер; сиздер
|familiar; polite
|familiar; polite
|}
|}


=== How to indicate people including the speaker and the listener? ===
== How to indicate people including the speaker and the listener? ==
==== By the first-person plural pronoun (inclusive “we”). ====
=== By the first-person plural pronoun (inclusive “we”). ===
===== Are there different first-person plural pronouns (inclusive “we”) for different use? =====
==== Are there different first-person plural pronouns (inclusive “we”) for different use? ====
====== No. ======
===== No. =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
Line 745: Line 901:
!note
!note
|-
|-
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic ||Arabic
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
|Arabic
|نَحْنُ‎‎
|نَحْنُ‎‎
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||French
|Indo-European, Italic
|French
|nous
|nous
|
|
|-
|-
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian ||Malay
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
|Malay
|kita
|kita
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Italic ||Portuguese
|Indo-European, Italic
|Portuguese
|nós
|nós
|
|
|-
|-
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian ||Telugu
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian
|Telugu
|మనము
|మనము
|
|
|}
|}
====== Yes. ======


=== How to indicate people excluding the speaker and the listener? ===
===== Yes. =====
==== By the third-person plural pronoun. ====
 
===== Are there different third-person plural pronouns for different use? =====
== How to indicate people excluding the speaker and the listener? ==
====== No. ======
==== By the third-person plural pronoun. ===
==== Are there different third-person plural pronouns for different use? ====
===== No. =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1st-level branch
!family & 1st-level branch
Line 778: Line 940:
|-
|-
|
|
|Danish
|de
|
|-
|
|English
|they
|
|
|-
|
|
|German
|sie
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|Hungarian
|ők
|
|
|-
|
|
|Malay
|mereka
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|Rapa Nui
|raua
|
|
|-
|
|Russian
|они́
|
|-
|
|Swahili
|wao
|
|-
|
|Tok Pisin
|ol
|
|-
|
|
|Vietnamese
|họ
|
|
|}
|}


====== Yes. ======
===== Yes. =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1st-level branch
!family & 1st-level branch
Line 816: Line 1,013:
|}
|}


=== Are “exclusive we” and “inclusive we” different words? ===
== Are “exclusive we” and “inclusive we” different words? ==
==== No. ====
=== No. ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
Line 824: Line 1,021:
!note
!note
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Germanic ||English
|Indo-European, Germanic
|English
|we
|we
|
|
|-
|-
|Uralic, Finnic ||Finnish
|Uralic, Finnic
|Finnish
|me
|me
|
|
|-
|-
|Indo-European, Germanic ||German
|Indo-European, Germanic
|German
|wir
|wir
|
|
|-
|-
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic ||Mandarin Chinese
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic
|Mandarin Chinese
|我們/我们
|我們/我们
|
|
|}
|}


==== Yes. ====
=== Yes. ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
!family & 1<sup>st</sup>-level branch
Line 848: Line 1,049:
!note
!note
|-
|-
|English Creole, Pacific ||Bislama
|English Creole, Pacific
|Bislama
|yumitu; yumitri; yumi; mitufala; mitrifala; mifala
|yumitu; yumitri; yumi; mitufala; mitrifala; mifala
|inclusive dual; inclusive trial; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive trial; exclusive plural
|inclusive dual; inclusive trial; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive trial; exclusive plural
|-
|-
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian ||Hawaiian
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian
|Hawaiian
|kāua; kākou; māua; mākou
|kāua; kākou; māua; mākou
|inclusive dual; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive plural
|inclusive dual; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive plural
|-
|-
|Austro-Asiatic, Vietic ||Vietnamese
|Austro-Asiatic, Vietic
|Vietnamese
|chúng ta; chúng tôi
|chúng ta; chúng tôi
|inclusive; exclusive
|inclusive; exclusive
|}
|}

Revision as of 16:05, 10 May 2019

If you have learned some languages, you will want to ask a question like this: what can I do to express something in this language.

Different languages have different answers.

This lesson is far from being completed.

Note: every “word” is in nominative case.

How to indicate the speaker?

By the first-person singular pronoun.

Are there different first-person singular pronouns for different use?

No.
family & 1st-level branch language word note
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Amharic እኔ
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Arabic أَنَا‎‎
Language isolate Basque ni
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Bengali আমি
Indo-European, Germanic English I
Indo-European, Italic French je
Indo-European, Germanic German ich
Afro-Asiatic, Chadic Hausa ni
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Hebrew אֲנִי
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Hindi मैं; हम
Indo-European, Italic Italian io
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian Javanese aku
Afro-Asiatic, Berber Kabyle nekk
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian Kannada ನಾನು
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian Malayalam ഞാന്
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic Mandarin Chinese 我
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Marathi मी
Austro-Asiatic, Monic Mon အဲ
Indo-European, Italic Portuguese eu
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Punjabi ਮੈਂ
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic Russian я
Indo-European, Italic Spanish yo
Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo Swahili mimi
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian Tamil நான்
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian Telugu నేను
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Tigrinya ኣነ
Turkic, Common Turkic Turkish ben
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Urdu ہم; میں
Yes.
family & 1st-level branch language word note
Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese Burmese ကျွန်တော်; ကျွန်မ; ငါ; ကျုပ် formal, male; formal, female; informal; more polite
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian Indonesian saya; aku formal; informal
Japonic Japanese 私(わたし); 私(わたくし); 僕; あたし; 俺 common; formal; informal; female; male
Austro-Asiatic Khmer ខ្ញុំ; ខ្ញុំបាទ; នាងខ្; ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា; ខ្ញុំព្រះអង្គ; ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់ common; formal, male; formal, female; royalty; royalty, male; royalty, female
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo Korean 나; 저 common; formal
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian Malay saya; aku; daku; hamba; patik; beta formal; informal; poetic; lowest social strata; facing royalties; royalties
Kra–Dai, Tai Thai ผม; ดิฉัน; ฉัน; กระหม่อม; ข้าพเจ้า; หนู; กู male; female; informal; more formal; more formal; child to adult; crude
Barbacoan, Southern Barbacoan Tsafiki la; čiʰké; če adult male; adult female; immature
Austro-Asiatic, Vietic Vietnamese tôi; tớ; ta; mình common; informal; informal; intimate

How to indicate the listener?

By the second-person singular pronoun.

Are there different second-person singular pronouns for different use?

No.
family & 1st-level branch language word note
Indo-European, Germanic English you
(Constructed language) Esperanto vi
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian Malayalam നീ
Austro-Asiatic, Monic Mon ဗှ်ေ
Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo Swahili wewe
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Kanauri Tibetan ཁྱེད་རང
Austro-Asiatic, Vietic Vietnamese bạn
Yes.
family & 1st-level branch language word note
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Amharic አንተ; አንቺ; እርስዎ to male; to female; formal
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Arabic أَنْتَ‎‎ ; أَنْتِ‎‎ ; حَضْرَتَك‎‎ ; حَضْرَتِك‎‎ to male; to female; to male, formal; to female, formal
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Bengali তুই; তুমি; আপনি informal; intimate; formal
Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese Burmese နင်; မင်း; ခင်ဗျား; ရှင် informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female
Indo-European, Italic French tu; vous informal; formal
Indo-European, Germanic German du; Sie informal; formal
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Hebrew אַתָּה; אַתְּ‎‎ to male; to female
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Hindi तू; तुम; आप informal; polite; more polite
Indo-European, Italic Italian tu; lei informal; formal
Japonic Japanese 貴方; 君; お前; あんた; てまえ; 貴様 polite; familiar; intimate or rude; by female or by older male; vulgar, by male; insulting
Austro-Asiatic Khmer លោក; លោកស្រី; នាងស្រី; អ្នក to male or Buddhist monk; to older female; to younger female; common
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo Korean 당신; 너; 네; 자네 common; informal; informal; to low social strata
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian Malay kamu; awak; anda; dikau; engkau common; informal; formal; poetic; poetic, informal
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic Mandarin Chinese 你; 您 informal; formal
Indo-European, Italic Portuguese tu; você familiar in Portugal, rarely used in Brazil; polite in Portugal, general in Brazil
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic Russian ты; Вы; вы familiar; polite; polite
Indo-European, Italic Spanish tú; usted; vos familiar; polite; familiar
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian Tamil நீ; நீங்கள்; தாங்கள் familiar; polite; more polite
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian Telugu నీవు; మీరు familiar; polite
Kra–Dai, Tai Thai คุณ; เธอ; มึง; เอ็ง; ท่าน; นาย; หล่อน; เรา; โยม; ประสก; สีกา colloquial; polite; vulgar, familiar; less vulgar, familiar; colloquial; colloquial, to male; colloquial, to female; elder to younger; vulgar; priest to layperson; priest to layman; priest to laywoman
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Tigrinya ንስኻ; ንስኺ; ንስኹም; ንስኽን informal, to male; informal, to female; formal, to male; formal, to female
Turkic, Common Turkic Turkish sen; siz familiar; polite
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Urdu آپ‎‎; تم‎‎; تو‎‎ formal; less informal; informal
Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo Yoruba ìwọ; ệyin informal; formal

How to indicate a person being neither the speaker nor the listener?

By the third-person singular pronoun.

Are there different third-person singular pronouns for different use?

No.
family & 1st-level branch language word note
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Hindi वह; यह
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Persian او
Turkic, Common Turkic Turkish o
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Urdu وہ‎‎; يہ‎
Yes.
family & 1st-level branch language word note
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Amharic እሱ; እሷ; እሳቸው male or non-human; female; polite
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Arabic هُوَ; هِيَ‎‎ male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human
Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese Burmese သူ; သူမ male or colloquial female or non-human; formal female
Indo-European, Germanic English he; she; it male; female; non-human
Indo-European, Italic French il; elle; ce; ça male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; non-human; non-human
Indo-European, Germanic German er; sie; es male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Hebrew הוא; היא; זֶה; זֹאת male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human
Indo-European, Italic Italian lui; lei; esso; essa; egli; ella male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human; male, literary; female, literary
Japonic Japanese 彼; 彼女 male; female
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian Kannada ಇವನು; ಇವ; ಅವನು; ಅವ; ಇವಳು; ಅವಳು; ಇದು; ಅದು this male; this male; that male; that male; this female; that female; this non-human; that non-human
Austro-Asiatic Khmer គាត់; គេ; នាង; វា polite; polite, male or female; referring to a younger woman; non-human or referring to young children or people of lower rank
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo Korean 그; 그이; 그녀 male or female; polite, male; female
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian Malay dia; ia; baginda; beliau male or female; male or female or non-human; for kings, queens and Muslim prophets; for notable people
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic Mandarin Chinese 他; 她; 它 male; female; non-human
Indo-European, Italic Portuguese ele; ela male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic Russian он; она́; оно́ male of masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human
Indo-European, Italic Spanish él; ella; ello male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Tigrinya ንሱ; ንሳ male or non-human; female
Austro-Asiatic, Vietic Vietnamese anh ấy; ông ấy; chị ấy; cô ấy; bà ấy; hắn; nó young male; older or respected male; young female or older than the speaker; young female; older or respected female; informal or pejorative; child or non-human

How to indicate non-human in languages without third-person non-human pronoun?

By demonstrative pronouns.
family & 1st-level branch language word note
Japonic Japanese それ thing near the listener
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo Korean 그것 thing near the listener

How to indicate people including the speaker and excluding the listener?

By the first-person plural pronoun (exclusive “we”).

Are there different first-person plural pronouns (exclusive “we”) for different use?

No.
family & 1st-level branch language word note
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Amharic እኛ
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Arabic نَحْنُ‎‎
Language isolate Basque gu
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Bengali আমরা
Indo-European, Germanic English we
Indo-European, Germanic German wir
Afro-Asiatic, Chadic Hausa múu
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Hindi हम
Indo-European, Italic Italian noi
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian Kannada ನಾವು
Austro-Asiatic Khmer យើង
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian Malay kami
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic Mandarin Chinese 我們/我们
Austro-Asiatic, Monic Mon ပိုဲ
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic Russian мы
Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo Swahili sisi
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian Tamil நாங்கள்
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian Telugu మేము
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Tigrinya ንሕና
Turkic, Common Turkic Turkish biz
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Urdu ہم‎‎
Austro-Asiatic, Vietic Vietnamese chúng ta
Yes.
family & 1st-level branch language word note
English Creole, Pacific Bislama mitufala; mitrifala; mifala dual; trial; plural*
Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese Burmese ကျုပ်တို့; တို့; ကျွန်တော်တို့; ကျွန်မတို့; ငါတို့ informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female; informal
Indo-European, Italic French nous; on formal; informal
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian Hawaiian māua; mākou dual; plural*
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Hebrew אֲנַחְנוּ; אָנוּ formal; informal
Japonic Japanese 私達; 僕ら; 僕達; 我ら common; informal, humble; informal; formal, rarely used
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo Korean 우리; 저희 common; humble
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian Maori māua; mātou dual; plural*
Uralic, Sami Northern Sami moai; mii dual; plural*
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic Old Church Slavonic вѣ; мꙑ dual; plural*
Indo-European, Italic Portuguese nós; a gente common; informal
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian Rapa Nui maua; matou dual; plural*
Indo-European, Italic Spanish nosotros; nosotras masculine; feminine
English Creole, Pacific Tok Pisin mitupela; mitripela; mipela dual; trial; plural*

*“plural” in these languages means more than two or more than three.

How to indicate people excluding the speaker and including the listener?

By the second-person plural pronoun.

Are there different second-person plural pronouns for different use?

No.
family & 1st-level branch language word note
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Amharic እናንተ
Indo-European, Germanic English you
Indo-European, Italic French vous
Indo-European, Hellenic Greek εσείς
Indo-European, Germanic Icelandic þið
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic Mandarin Chinese 你們/你们
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian Malay kalian
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Pashto تاسې‎
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Persian شما‎
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic Russian вы
Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo Swahili ninyi
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic Ukrainian ви
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic Yue Chinese 你哋
Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo Zulu nina
Yes.
family & 1st-level branch language word note
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Arabic أَنْتُمَا; أَنْتُم; أَنْتُنَّ‎; حَضْرَتْكُم common gender, dual; masculine, plural; feminine, plural; formal
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Aramaic ܐܢܬܘܢ/אנתון‎; אנתין‎/ܐܢܬܝܢ‎ masculine; feminine
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Bengali তোরা; তোমরা; আপনারা; তোমরা familiar; very familiar; polite; polite
Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese Burmese နင်တို့; နင်တို့; ရှင်တို့ to younger people; polite, by male; polite, by female
Indo-European Danish I; De familiar; polite
Indo-European, Germanic German ihr; Sie familiar; polite
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian Hawaiian ʻolua; ʻoukou dual; plural
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Hebrew אֲתֶּם‎; אֲתֶּן‎ masculine; feminine
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian Hindi तुम; आप mid-polite; polite
Uralic, Finno-Ugric Hungarian ti; önök familiar; polite
Japonic Japanese 貴方達; 貴方方; お前達; 君達; 貴様等 generic; honorific; slightly rude; intimate or toward subordinates; highly insulting
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo Korean 너희; 여러분; 너희; 당신들; 이놈들; 니네; 니들; 자네들 generic, discourteous if used for a superior; honorific; slightly rude; slightly rude; highly insulting; very familiar; very familiar; intimate toward subordinates
Turkic, Common Turkic Kyrgyz силер; сиздер familiar; polite

How to indicate people including the speaker and the listener?

By the first-person plural pronoun (inclusive “we”).

Are there different first-person plural pronouns (inclusive “we”) for different use?

No.
family & 1st-level branch language word note
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Arabic نَحْنُ‎‎
Indo-European, Italic French nous
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian Malay kita
Indo-European, Italic Portuguese nós
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian Telugu మనము
Yes.

How to indicate people excluding the speaker and the listener?

= By the third-person plural pronoun.

Are there different third-person plural pronouns for different use?

No.
family & 1st-level branch language word note
Danish de
English they
German sie
Hungarian ők
Malay mereka
Rapa Nui raua
Russian они́
Swahili wao
Tok Pisin ol
Vietnamese họ
Yes.
family & 1st-level branch language word note

Are “exclusive we” and “inclusive we” different words?

No.

family & 1st-level branch language word note
Indo-European, Germanic English we
Uralic, Finnic Finnish me
Indo-European, Germanic German wir
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic Mandarin Chinese 我們/我们

Yes.

family & 1st-level branch language word note
English Creole, Pacific Bislama yumitu; yumitri; yumi; mitufala; mitrifala; mifala inclusive dual; inclusive trial; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive trial; exclusive plural
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian Hawaiian kāua; kākou; māua; mākou inclusive dual; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive plural
Austro-Asiatic, Vietic Vietnamese chúng ta; chúng tôi inclusive; exclusive
Retrieved from "https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/index.php?title=Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Pronouns&oldid=27314"