Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Pronouns"

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=== How to indicate people including the speaker and excluding the listener? ===
=== How to indicate people including the speaker and excluding the listener? ===
==== By the first-person plural pronoun and context. ====
==== By the first-person plural pronoun and context. ====
===== Are there different first-person plural pronouns for different use? =====
====== No. ======
====== Yes. ======


==== By the first-person plural pronoun (exclusive “we”). ====
==== By the first-person plural pronoun (exclusive “we”). ====
===== Are there different first-person plural pronouns for different use? =====
====== No. ======
====== Yes. ======


=== How to indicate people excluding the speaker and including the listener? ===
=== How to indicate people excluding the speaker and including the listener? ===
==== By the second-person plural pronoun. ====
==== By the second-person plural pronoun. ====
===== Are there different second-person plural pronouns for different use? =====
====== No. ======
====== Yes. ======


=== How to indicate people including the speaker and the listener? ===
=== How to indicate people including the speaker and the listener? ===
==== By the first-person plural pronoun and context. ====
==== By the first-person plural pronoun and context. ====
 
===== Are there different first-person plural pronouns for different use? =====
====== No. ======
====== Yes. ======
==== By the first-person plural pronoun (inclusive “we”). ====
==== By the first-person plural pronoun (inclusive “we”). ====
===== Are there different first-person plural pronouns for different use? =====
====== No. ======
====== Yes. ======


=== How to indicate people excluding the speaker and the listener? ===
=== How to indicate people excluding the speaker and the listener? ===
==== By the third-person plural pronoun. ====
==== By the third-person plural pronoun. ====
 
===== Are there different third-person plural pronouns for different use? =====
=== Are there different first-person plural pronouns for different use? ===
====== No. ======
==== No. ====
====== Yes. ======
==== Yes. ====
 
=== Are there different second-person plural pronouns for different use? ===
==== No. ====
==== Yes. ====
 
=== Are there different third-person plural pronouns for different use? ===
==== No. ====
==== Yes. ====

Revision as of 13:55, 26 October 2018

If you have learned some languages, you will want to ask a question like this: what can I do to express something in this language.

Different languages have different answers.

Far from being completed.

pronoun

How to indicate the speaker?

By the first-person singular pronoun.

Are there different first-person singular pronouns for different use?
No.
language word note
Amharic እኔ
Arabic أَنَا‎‎
Basque ni
Bengali আমি
Chinese 我
English I
French je
German ich
Hausa ni
Hebrew אֲנִי
Hindi मैं; हम the latter can also mean plural
Italian io
Javanese aku
Kabyle nekk
Kannada ನಾನು
Malayalam ഞാന്
Marathi मी
Mon အဲ
Portuguese eu
Punjabi ਮੈਂ
Russian я
Spanish yo
Swahili mimi
Tamil நான்
Telugu నేను
Tigrinya ኣነ
Turkish ben
Urdu ہم; میں The latter can also mean plural
Yes.
language word note
Burmese ကျွန်တော်; ကျွန်မ; ငါ; ကျုပ် formal, male; formal, female; informal; more polite
Indonesian saya; aku formal; informal
Japanese 私(わたし); 私(わたくし); 僕; あたし; 俺 common; formal; informal; female; male
Khmer ខ្ញុំ; ខ្ញុំបាទ; នាងខ្; ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា; ខ្ញុំព្រះអង្គ; ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់ common; formal, male; formal, female; royalty; royalty, male; royalty, female
Korean 나; 저 common; formal
Malay saya; aku; daku; hamba; patik; beta formal; informal; poetic; lowest social strata; facing royalties; royalties
Thai ผม; ดิฉัน; ฉัน; กระหม่อม; ข้าพเจ้า; หนู; กู male; female; informal; more formal; more formal; child to adult; crude
Tsafiki la; čiʰké; če adult male; adult female; immature
Vietnamese tôi; tớ; ta; mình common; informal; informal; intimate

How to indicate the listener?

By the second-person singular pronoun.

Are there different second-person singular pronouns for different use?
No.
language word note
English you
Malayalam നീ
Mon ဗှ်ေ
Swahili wewe
Tibetan ཁྱེད་རང
Vietnamese bạn
Yes.
language word note
Amharic አንተ; አንቺ; እርስዎ to male; to female; formal
Arabic أَنْتَ‎‎ ; أَنْتِ‎‎ ; حَضْرَتَك‎‎ ; حَضْرَتِك‎‎ to male; to female; to male, formal; to female, formal
Bengali তুই; তুমি; আপনি informal; intimate; formal
Burmese နင်; မင်း; ခင်ဗျား; ရှင် informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female
Chinese Mandarin 你; 您 informal; formal
French tu; vous informal; formal
German du; Sie informal; formal
Hebrew אַתָּה; אַתְּ‎‎ to male; to female
Hindi तू; तुम; आप informal; polite; more polite
Italian tu; lei informal; formal
Japanese 貴方; 君; お前; あんた; てまえ; 貴様 polite; familiar; intimate or rude; by female or by older male; vulgar, by male; insulting
Khmer លោក; លោកស្រី; នាងស្រី; អ្នក to male or Buddhist monk; to older female; to younger female; common
Korean 당신; 너; 네; 자네 common; informal; informal; to low social strata
Malay kamu; awak; anda; dikau; engkau common; informal; formal; poetic; poetic, informal
Portuguese tu; você familiar in Portugal, rarely used in Brazil; polite in Portugal, general in Brazil
Russian ты; Вы; вы familiar; polite; polite
Spanish tú; usted; vos familiar; polite; familiar
Tamil நீ; நீங்கள்; தாங்கள் familiar; polite; more polite
Telugu నీవు; మీరు familiar; polite
Thai คุณ; เธอ; มึง; เอ็ง; ท่าน; นาย; หล่อน; เรา; โยม; ประสก; สีกา colloquial; polite; vulgar, familiar; less vulgar, familiar; colloquial; colloquial, to male; colloquial, to female; elder to younger; vulgar; priest to layperson; priest to layman; priest to laywoman
Tigrinya ንስኻ; ንስኺ; ንስኹም; ንስኽን informal, to male; informal, to female; formal, to male; formal, to female
Turkish sen; siz familiar; polite
Urdu آپ‎‎; تم‎‎; تو‎‎ formal; less informal; informal
Yoruba ìwọ; ệyin informal; formal

How to indicate a person being neither the speaker nor the listener?

By the third-person singular pronoun.

Are there different third-person singular pronouns for different use?
No.
language word note
Chinese Cantonese 佢
Filipino siya
Finnish hän
Haitian li
Hindi वह
Hungarian ő
Igbo ọ
Malay/Indonesian dia
Persian او
Swahili yeye
Turkish o
Punjabi ਉਹ
Shona iye
Urdu وہ
Yes.
language word note
Amharic እሱ; እሷ male; female
Arabic هُوَ; هِيَ‎‎ male; female
Basque bera; hura male; female
Bengali সে; আপনি familiar; polite
Burmese သူ; သူမ male or colloquial female; formal female
Chinese Mandarin 他; 她 male; female
English he; she male; female
French il; elle male; female
German er; sie male; female
Hausa shíi; ’ítá male; female
Hebrew הוא; היא male; female
Italian lui; lei; egli; ella male; female; male, literary; female, literary
Japanese 彼; 彼女 male; female
Kannada ಇವನು; ಇವ; ಅವನು; ಅವ; ಇವಳು; ಅವಳು this male; this male; that male; that male; this female; that female
Khmer គាត់; នាង male; female
Korean 그; 그녀 male; female
Malayalam അവൻ; അവൾ male; female
Portuguese ele; ela male; female
Russian он; она male; female
Somali isagu; iyada male; female
Spanish él; ella male; female
Tamil அவர்; அவள் male; female
Telugu అతను; ఆమె male; female
Vietnamese anh ta; bà ấy male; female
Yoruba oun; o male; female
= Human and animal. =
language word note
Finnish se/ne for inanimate and non-human animate things
Thai มัน for inanimate and non-human animate things
= Animate and inanimate. =
language word note
Finnish se/ne for inanimate and non-human animate things
Persian آن for singular inanimate things
Thai มัน for inanimate and non-human animate things

How to indicate people including the speaker and excluding the listener?

By the first-person plural pronoun and context.

Are there different first-person plural pronouns for different use?
No.
Yes.

By the first-person plural pronoun (exclusive “we”).

Are there different first-person plural pronouns for different use?
No.
Yes.

How to indicate people excluding the speaker and including the listener?

By the second-person plural pronoun.

Are there different second-person plural pronouns for different use?
No.
Yes.

How to indicate people including the speaker and the listener?

By the first-person plural pronoun and context.

Are there different first-person plural pronouns for different use?
No.
Yes.

By the first-person plural pronoun (inclusive “we”).

Are there different first-person plural pronouns for different use?
No.
Yes.

How to indicate people excluding the speaker and the listener?

By the third-person plural pronoun.

Are there different third-person plural pronouns for different use?
No.
Yes.
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