Difference between revisions of "Language/Amharic/Grammar/Verbs-and-Tenses"

Revision as of 07:55, 21 June 2023

◀️ Nouns and Pronouns — Previous Lesson	Next Lesson — Adjectives and Adverbs ▶️

Amharic → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Basic Sentence Structure → Verbs and Tenses

Introduction

Welcome to the lesson on Amharic grammar, specifically focusing on verbs and tenses. In this lesson, we will explore the fundamental aspects of Amharic verbs, their conjugation, and how they are used in different tenses within sentences. Understanding verbs and tenses is crucial for constructing meaningful and accurate sentences in Amharic, and it will greatly enhance your communication skills in the language.

Throughout this lesson, we will provide comprehensive explanations, numerous examples, and engaging practice exercises to reinforce your understanding and application of Amharic verbs and tenses. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid foundation in using verbs correctly and expressing different tenses in Amharic sentences.

Let's get started!

Amharic Verbs: An Overview

In Amharic, verbs play a central role in constructing sentences, conveying actions, states, and events. Understanding how verbs function in the language is essential for effective communication.

A verb in Amharic consists of a root or base form, which carries the core meaning of the verb, and various affixes that indicate tense, aspect, mood, and person. Amharic verbs are highly inflected, meaning that they change their form to convey different grammatical information.

Amharic verbs are conjugated based on the subject of the sentence, indicating the person, number, and gender of the subject. Let's explore the different aspects of Amharic verb conjugation in more detail.

Conjugation of Amharic Verbs

Amharic verbs are conjugated based on the subject of the sentence. The conjugation process involves adding specific affixes to the verb base form to indicate the person, number, and gender of the subject.

Let's take a look at the conjugation of the verb "to eat" (አምጣ /ameta/) in the present tense:

Person	Singular	Plural
1st Person	እኔ አምጥበሻል	እኛ አምጥባለ።
2nd Person (Masculine)	አንቺ አምጥበሽ	እሺ አምጥች።
2nd Person (Feminine)	ልጅሽ አምጥበሽ	ልጆችሽ አምጥቷል።
3rd Person (Masculine)	የእርሱ አምጥቶች ናቸው።	የእርሶቹ አምጥቶች ናቸው።
3rd Person (Feminine)	የልጅሽ አምጥቶች ናቸው።	የልጆችሽ አምጥቶች ናቸው።

As you can see from the table above, the verb "to eat" is conjugated differently based on the person, number, and gender of the subject. This conjugation pattern applies to most verbs in Amharic.

It's important to note that Amharic has a distinction between singular and plural forms for all persons. The singular forms are used when referring to one person, while the plural forms are used when referring to multiple people or objects.

Tenses in Amharic

Amharic has various tenses that allow speakers to express actions or states that occurred in the past, are happening in the present, or will happen in the future. Each tense has its own conjugation patterns and markers that indicate the timeframe of the verb.

Let's explore some of the commonly used tenses in Amharic:

Present Tense

The present tense in Amharic is used to describe actions or states that are happening at the current moment. The conjugation of verbs in the present tense depends on the person, number, and gender of the subject.

Here are some examples of verbs conjugated in the present tense:

Amharic	Pronunciation	English
አምጥበሻል	ametalesh	I am eating
አምጥባለ።	ametable	We are eating
አምጥበሽ	ametabesh	You (singular) are eating (masculine)
አምጥቷል።	ametabe	You (singular) are eating (feminine)
አምጥቶች ናቸው።	ametetoch nachew	They (masculine) are eating
አምጥቶች ናቸው።	ametetoch nachew	They (feminine) are eating

As you can see, the present tense conjugation of verbs in Amharic varies based on the subject's person, number, and gender.

Past Tense

The past tense in Amharic is used to describe actions or states that occurred in the past. Verbs in the past tense are conjugated differently based on the person, number, and gender of the subject.

Here are some examples of verbs conjugated in the past tense:

Amharic	Pronunciation	English
አምጥቦሻል	ametobeshal	I ate
አምጥባለ።	ametobale	We ate
አምጥበሽ	ametobesh	You (singular) ate (masculine)
አምጥቷል።	ametobe	You (singular) ate (feminine)
አምጥቶች ናቸው።	ametetoch nachew	They (masculine) ate
አምጥቶች ናቸው።	ametetoch nachew	They (feminine) ate

In the past tense, the verb "to eat" is conjugated differently from the present tense, reflecting the action that took place in the past.

Future Tense

The future tense in Amharic is used to describe actions or states that will happen in the future. Verbs in the future tense are conjugated based on the person, number, and gender of the subject.

Here are some examples of verbs conjugated in the future tense:

Amharic	Pronunciation	English
እርስዎ አምጥቶች ይሆናሉ።	ersiwotoch yihonalu	We will eat
እሺ አምጥች።	eshi ametechu	You (masculine) will eat
ልጆችሽ አምጥቷል።	ljoche ameteto'al	You (feminine) will eat
የእርሱ አምጥቶች ይሆናሉ።	yerisu ametetoch yihonalu	They (masculine) will eat
የልጅሽ አምጥቶች ይሆናሉ።	yeljoche ametetoch yihonalu	They (feminine) will eat

The future tense conjugation of verbs in Amharic indicates actions or states that will take place in the future, providing a clear timeframe for the intended meaning.

Cultural Insights

Amharic, as the official language of Ethiopia, carries significant cultural and historical significance. Understanding the cultural context and variations in language usage is crucial for effective communication and appreciation of the Amharic language.

In different regions of Ethiopia, there may be slight variations in the usage and understanding of certain verb forms and tenses. These regional variations are influenced by historical, cultural, and linguistic factors.

For example, in some regions, certain verb conjugations may be more prevalent or preferred over others. These variations reflect the linguistic diversity and cultural richness of Ethiopia.

It's also important to note that Amharic has been influenced by other languages, such as Ge'ez, Arabic, and English, due to historical interactions and trade. This linguistic influence has contributed to the evolution and development of Amharic verbs and tenses.

Practice Exercises

Now it's time to practice what you've learned! Below are some exercises to help you reinforce your understanding of Amharic verbs and tenses. Try to complete the exercises on your own before referring to the solutions provided.

Exercise 1: Conjugate the verb "to run" (ማርያም /maryam/) in the present tense for different subjects:

I run
You (singular) run (masculine)
You (singular) run (feminine)
We run
They (masculine) run
They (feminine) run

Exercise 2: Conjugate the verb "to sleep" (አመጣ /ameta/) in the past tense for different subjects:

I slept
You (singular) slept (masculine)
You (singular) slept (feminine)
We slept
They (masculine) slept
They (feminine) slept

Exercise 3: Conjugate the verb "to study" (ሰርዝር /serezir/) in the future tense for different subjects:

I will study
You (singular) will study (masculine)
You (singular) will study (feminine)
We will study
They (masculine) will study
They (feminine) will study

Solutions: Exercise 1:

ማርያምኛለሁ።
ማርያምኛለሁ።
ማርያምኛል።
ማርያምኛል።
ማርያምኛል።
ማርያምኛል።

Exercise 2:

አመጣሁ።
አመጣህ።
አመጣህ።
አመጣን።
አመጣን።
አመጣን።

Exercise 3:

ሰርዝርኛለሁ።
ሰርዝርኛለሁ።
ሰርዝርኛል።
ሰርዝርኛል።
ሰርዝርኛል።
ሰርዝርኛል።

Take your time to practice and ensure that you understand the conjugation patterns and tenses in Amharic.

Conclusion

Congratulations on completing the lesson on Amharic verbs and tenses! You have learned the essentials of Amharic verb conjugation and how to express different tenses in sentences.

Remember to practice regularly to reinforce your understanding and improve your fluency in using Amharic verbs. Understanding verbs and tenses will greatly enhance your ability to communicate accurately and effectively in Amharic.

Continue to explore the fascinating world of Amharic grammar and vocabulary to further enhance your language skills. Keep up the great work, and soon you will be well on your way to mastering the Amharic language!

Table of Contents - Amharic Course - 0 to A1

Course Presentation

Introduction to Amharic Alphabet

Basic Vocabulary

Basic Sentence Structure

Everyday Vocabulary

Intermediate Sentence Structure

Advanced Vocabulary

Ethiopian Culture and Traditions

Videos

Learn Amharic: Grammar - Present Continuous Verbs - YouTube

Sources

Other Lessons

◀️ Nouns and Pronouns — Previous Lesson	Next Lesson — Adjectives and Adverbs ▶️

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <span pgnav>
 {| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
@@ Line 8: / Line 9: @@
 {{Amharic-Page-Top}}
 <div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Amharic|Amharic]]  → [[Language/Amharic/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Basic Sentence Structure → Verbs and Tenses</div>
 __TOC__
-==Introduction==
+== Introduction ==
-In this lesson, we will cover the basic structure of Amharic sentences and focus specifically on verbs and tenses. Verbs are an integral part of Amharic grammar as they are used to express actions, states, and events in a sentence. Understanding basic sentence structure and verb conjugation is essential to communicate effectively in Amharic.
+Welcome to the lesson on Amharic grammar, specifically focusing on verbs and tenses. In this lesson, we will explore the fundamental aspects of Amharic verbs, their conjugation, and how they are used in different tenses within sentences. Understanding verbs and tenses is crucial for constructing meaningful and accurate sentences in Amharic, and it will greatly enhance your communication skills in the language.
+Throughout this lesson, we will provide comprehensive explanations, numerous examples, and engaging practice exercises to reinforce your understanding and application of Amharic verbs and tenses. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid foundation in using verbs correctly and expressing different tenses in Amharic sentences.
+Let's get started!
+== Amharic Verbs: An Overview ==
+In Amharic, verbs play a central role in constructing sentences, conveying actions, states, and events. Understanding how verbs function in the language is essential for effective communication.
+A verb in Amharic consists of a root or base form, which carries the core meaning of the verb, and various affixes that indicate tense, aspect, mood, and person. Amharic verbs are highly inflected, meaning that they change their form to convey different grammatical information.
-<span link>After mastering this lesson, these related pages might interest you: [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Direct-and-Indirect-Object-Affixes|Direct and Indirect Object Affixes]] & [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Object-Pronouns|Object Pronouns]].</span>
+Amharic verbs are conjugated based on the subject of the sentence, indicating the person, number, and gender of the subject. Let's explore the different aspects of Amharic verb conjugation in more detail.
-==Verbs==
-In Amharic, a verb is a word that signifies an action, occurrence, or state of being. Verbs are conjugated according to different tenses, persons, and numbers to agree with the subject of the sentence.
-===Conjugation of Verbs===
+=== Conjugation of Amharic Verbs ===
-Amharic verbs are conjugated in three tenses: present, past, and future, along with imperative and participle forms.
-To form the present tense, you use the root of the verb and add different suffixes for each person or number. Here are the present tense suffixes for each person and number:
+Amharic verbs are conjugated based on the subject of the sentence. The conjugation process involves adding specific affixes to the verb base form to indicate the person, number, and gender of the subject.
+Let's take a look at the conjugation of the verb "to eat" (አምጣ /ameta/) in the present tense:
 {| class="wikitable"
-! Person/Number !! Suffix
+! Person !! Singular !! Plural
 |-
-| I || -ነ (-nä)
+| 1st Person || እኔ አምጥበሻል || እኛ አምጥባለ።
 |-
-| You (singular) (M) || -ህ (-h)
+| 2nd Person (Masculine) || አንቺ አምጥበሽ || እሺ አምጥች።
+|-
+| 2nd Person (Feminine) || ልጅሽ አምጥበሽ || ልጆችሽ አምጥቷል።
+|-
+| 3rd Person (Masculine) || የእርሱ አምጥቶች ናቸው። || የእርሶቹ አምጥቶች ናቸው።
+|-
+| 3rd Person (Feminine) || የልጅሽ አምጥቶች ናቸው። || የልጆችሽ አምጥቶች ናቸው።
+|}
+As you can see from the table above, the verb "to eat" is conjugated differently based on the person, number, and gender of the subject. This conjugation pattern applies to most verbs in Amharic.
+It's important to note that Amharic has a distinction between singular and plural forms for all persons. The singular forms are used when referring to one person, while the plural forms are used when referring to multiple people or objects.
+=== Tenses in Amharic ===
+Amharic has various tenses that allow speakers to express actions or states that occurred in the past, are happening in the present, or will happen in the future. Each tense has its own conjugation patterns and markers that indicate the timeframe of the verb.
+Let's explore some of the commonly used tenses in Amharic:
+==== Present Tense ====
+The present tense in Amharic is used to describe actions or states that are happening at the current moment. The conjugation of verbs in the present tense depends on the person, number, and gender of the subject.
+Here are some examples of verbs conjugated in the present tense:
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Amharic !! Pronunciation !! English
 |-
-| You (singular) (F) || -ህልዋን (-hälwan)
+| አምጥበሻል || ametalesh || I am eating
 |-
-| He/She/It || -ን (-än)
+| አምጥባለ። || ametable || We are eating
 |-
-| We || -ኒህ (-nih)
+| አምጥበሽ || ametabesh || You (singular) are eating (masculine)
 |-
-| You (plural) (M) || -ዎች (-woch)
+| አምጥቷል። || ametabe || You (singular) are eating (feminine)
 |-
-| You (plural) (F) || -ኔት (-nät)
+| አምጥቶች ናቸው። || ametetoch nachew || They (masculine) are eating
 |-
-| They ||-ውህ (-wäh)
+| አምጥቶች ናቸው። || ametetoch nachew || They (feminine) are eating
 |}
-For example, here's how you conjugate the verb "to write" in the present tense:
+As you can see, the present tense conjugation of verbs in Amharic varies based on the subject's person, number, and gender.
-* I write - ግዕዝነት ነትህለኛለሁ (g'eezenä näthelägälluh)
-* You write (M) - ግዕዝነት አህለ (g'eezenä ahlä)
-* You write (F) - ግዕዝነት አህልዋን (g'eezenä ahlwan)
-* He/She/It writes - ግዕዝነት ነትህል (g'eezenä näthel)
-* We write - ግዕዝነት ነትህን (g'eezenä näthennih)
-* You write (plural, M) - ግዕዝነት አይደሉም (g'eezenä ayyedelum)
-* You write (plural, F) - ግዕዝነት አይደላሉም (g'eezenä ayyedelalum)
-* They write - ግዕዝነት እሳትያለሁ(g'eezenä isattyälähu)
-To form the past tense, you add different suffixes to the root of the verb. Here are the past tense suffixes for each person and number:
+==== Past Tense ====
+The past tense in Amharic is used to describe actions or states that occurred in the past. Verbs in the past tense are conjugated differently based on the person, number, and gender of the subject.
+Here are some examples of verbs conjugated in the past tense:
 {| class="wikitable"
-! Person/Number !! Suffix
+! Amharic !! Pronunciation !! English
 |-
-| I || -።፥ (-'əš)
+| አምጥቦሻል || ametobeshal || I ate
 |-
-| You (singular) (M) || -ልህ (-läh)
+| አምጥባለ። || ametobale || We ate
 |-
-| You (singular) (F) || -ልዋን (-lwan)
+| አምጥበሽ || ametobesh || You (singular) ate (masculine)
 |-
-| He/She/It || -፥ (-'u) or -፥ም (-'um)
+| አምጥቷል። || ametobe || You (singular) ate (feminine)
 |-
-| We || -ን (-än)
+| አምጥቶች ናቸው። || ametetoch nachew || They (masculine) ate
 |-
-| You (plural) (M) || -ችህ (-chih)
+| አምጥቶች ናቸው። || ametetoch nachew || They (feminine) ate
+|}
+In the past tense, the verb "to eat" is conjugated differently from the present tense, reflecting the action that took place in the past.
+==== Future Tense ====
+The future tense in Amharic is used to describe actions or states that will happen in the future. Verbs in the future tense are conjugated based on the person, number, and gender of the subject.
+Here are some examples of verbs conjugated in the future tense:
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Amharic !! Pronunciation !! English
+|-
+| እርስዎ አምጥቶች ይሆናሉ። || ersiwotoch yihonalu || We will eat
+|-
+| እሺ አምጥች። || eshi ametechu || You (masculine) will eat
+|-
+| ልጆችሽ አምጥቷል። || ljoche ameteto'al || You (feminine) will eat
 |-
-| You(plural) (F) || -ድህስ (-dihis)
+| የእርሱ አምጥቶች ይሆናሉ። || yerisu ametetoch yihonalu || They (masculine) will eat
 |-
-| They ||-፥ህ (-'äh) or -፥ሉ (-'alu)
+| የልጅሽ አምጥቶች ይሆናሉ። || yeljoche ametetoch yihonalu || They (feminine) will eat
 |}
-For example, here's how you conjugate the verb "to write" in the past tense:
+The future tense conjugation of verbs in Amharic indicates actions or states that will take place in the future, providing a clear timeframe for the intended meaning.
-* I wrote - ግዕዝነት ነገረህ (g'eezenä nägärehä)
-* You wrote (M) - ግዕዝነት አልተወደልህ (g'eezenä altewededaläh)
+== Cultural Insights ==
-* You wrote (F) - ግዕዝነት አልተወደልዋን (g'eezenä altewededälwan)
-* He/She/It wrote - ግዕዝነት ነገረ (g'eezenä nägärä)
+Amharic, as the official language of Ethiopia, carries significant cultural and historical significance. Understanding the cultural context and variations in language usage is crucial for effective communication and appreciation of the Amharic language.
-* We wrote - ግዕዝነት ነግስትህያን (g'eezenä nägästehyan)
-* You wrote (plural, M) - ግዕዝነት አይተሉም (g'eezenä ayyetelum)
+In different regions of Ethiopia, there may be slight variations in the usage and understanding of certain verb forms and tenses. These regional variations are influenced by historical, cultural, and linguistic factors.
-* You wrote (plural, F) - ግዕዝነት አይተላሉም (g'eezenä ayyetalalum)
-* They wrote - ግዕዝነት ከለዳውስ (g'eezenä kelladawas)
-The future tense is formed by adding the prefix -አ before the root of the verb. Here's how the future tense of "to write" is formed:
+For example, in some regions, certain verb conjugations may be more prevalent or preferred over others. These variations reflect the linguistic diversity and cultural richness of Ethiopia.
-* I will write - ነገረህ ግዕዝነት እንዳለው (nägärehä g'eezenä endälläwu)
+It's also important to note that Amharic has been influenced by other languages, such as Ge'ez, Arabic, and English, due to historical interactions and trade. This linguistic influence has contributed to the evolution and development of Amharic verbs and tenses.
-* You will write (M) - አልተወደልህ ግዕዝነት እንዳልሰራልህ (altewededaläh g'eezenä endälläseraläh)
-* You will write (F) - አልተወደልዋን ግዕዝነት እንዳልሰራልህ (altewededälwan g'eezenä endälläseraläh)
-* He/She/It will write - ነገራችን ግዕዝነት እንዳሉህ (nägärachin g'eezenä endälläluh)
-* We will write - እኛም ግዕዝነት እንዳለው (enämm g'eezenä endälläwu)
-* You will write (plural, M) - አይተሉም ግዕዝነት እንዳሉህ (ayyetalum g'eezenä endälläluh)
-* You will write (plural, F) - አይተላሉም ግዕዝነት እንዳሉህ (ayyetalalum g'eezenä endälläluh)
-* They will write - ከለዳውስ ግዕዝነት እንዳሉህ (kelladawas g'eezenä endälläluh)
-The imperative form is used to give commands or make requests. To form the imperative form, you simply use the second-person singular or plural without any suffixes. For example, "Write!" translates to ግዕዝነት (g'eezenä) in the imperative form.
+== Practice Exercises ==
-The participle form is used to express ongoing or completed actions. In Amharic, the participle is formed by adding the suffix -ት (-et) to the root of the verb. Here's an example of using the participle form in a sentence:
+Now it's time to practice what you've learned! Below are some exercises to help you reinforce your understanding of Amharic verbs and tenses. Try to complete the exercises on your own before referring to the solutions provided.
-* የግዕዝነት አባላት ድምጾት ተደርገዋል (yeg'eezenä abalat dimijot tedergäräwal) - "The writing children are practicing handwriting"
+Exercise 1: Conjugate the verb "to run" (ማርያም /maryam/) in the present tense for different subjects:
+* I run
+* You (singular) run (masculine)
+* You (singular) run (feminine)
+* We run
+* They (masculine) run
+* They (feminine) run
-===Strong and Weak Verbs===
+Exercise 2: Conjugate the verb "to sleep" (አመጣ /ameta/) in the past tense for different subjects:
-Amharic verbs are classified into two categories: strong and weak verbs. Strong verbs are those that undergo a change in the root when conjugated or formed into participle or imperative forms. Weak verbs, on the other hand, do not undergo any changes and follow a regular conjugation pattern.
+* I slept
+* You (singular) slept (masculine)
+* You (singular) slept (feminine)
+* We slept
+* They (masculine) slept
+* They (feminine) slept
-Here are a few examples of strong and weak verbs in Amharic:
+Exercise 3: Conjugate the verb "to study" (ሰርዝር /serezir/) in the future tense for different subjects:
+* I will study
+* You (singular) will study (masculine)
+* You (singular) will study (feminine)
+* We will study
+* They (masculine) will study
+* They (feminine) will study
-====Strong Verbs====
+Solutions:
+Exercise 1:
+* ማርያምኛለሁ።
+* ማርያምኛለሁ።
+* ማርያምኛል።
+* ማርያምኛል።
+* ማርያምኛል።
+* ማርያምኛል።
-| Amharic | Pronunciation | English |
+Exercise 2:
-| ------ | ------------ | ------- |
+* አመጣሁ።
-|ጠር
+* አመጣህ።
+* አመጣህ።
+* አመጣን።
+* አመጣን።
+* አመጣን።
+Exercise 3:
+* ሰርዝርኛለሁ።
+* ሰርዝርኛለሁ።
+* ሰርዝርኛል።
+* ሰርዝርኛል።
+* ሰርዝርኛል።
+* ሰርዝርኛል።
+Take your time to practice and ensure that you understand the conjugation patterns and tenses in Amharic.
+== Conclusion ==
+Congratulations on completing the lesson on Amharic verbs and tenses! You have learned the essentials of Amharic verb conjugation and how to express different tenses in sentences.
+Remember to practice regularly to reinforce your understanding and improve your fluency in using Amharic verbs. Understanding verbs and tenses will greatly enhance your ability to communicate accurately and effectively in Amharic.
+Continue to explore the fascinating world of Amharic grammar and vocabulary to further enhance your language skills. Keep up the great work, and soon you will be well on your way to mastering the Amharic language!
+{{#seo:
+|title=Amharic Grammar → Basic Sentence Structure → Verbs and Tenses
+|keywords=Amharic grammar, Amharic verbs, Amharic tenses, Amharic language, Amharic conjugation
+|description=In this lesson, you will learn about Amharic verbs, their conjugation, and how to use different tenses in sentences. Explore the cultural insights and practice exercises to enhance your understanding of Amharic grammar.
+}}
 {{Amharic-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
@@ Line 122: / Line 214: @@
 [[Category:0-to-A1-Course]]
 [[Category:Amharic-0-to-A1-Course]]
-<span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-3.5-turbo></span> <span temperature=1></span>
+<span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-3.5-turbo-16k></span> <span temperature=0.7></span>
 ==Videos==
@@ Line 128: / Line 220: @@
 ===Learn Amharic: Grammar - Present Continuous Verbs - YouTube===
 <youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Yi7nIyMCC0</youtube>
+==Sources==
+* [https://learningamharic.wordpress.com/introduction-to-verb-conjugation/ Introduction to Verb Conjugation – Learning Amharic]
+* [https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=ltt_etds GENERATING AMHARIC PRESENT TENSE VERBS: A NETWORK ...]
+* [https://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/35/paper1309.pdf The Interaction of Tense, Aspect, and Agreement in Amharic Syntax]
 ==Other Lessons==
@@ Line 141: / Line 242: @@
 * [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Noun-Gender-and-Articles|Noun Gender and Articles]]
-<span class='maj'></span>
-==Sources==
-* [https://learningamharic.wordpress.com/introduction-to-verb-conjugation/ Introduction to Verb Conjugation – Learning Amharic]
-* [https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=ltt_etds GENERATING AMHARIC PRESENT TENSE VERBS: A NETWORK ...]
-* [https://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/35/paper1309.pdf The Interaction of Tense, Aspect, and Agreement in Amharic Syntax]
 {{Amharic-Page-Bottom}}
-<span links></span>
 <span pgnav>
 {| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"