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= Italy Historical Events Chronology (1860 - 1940) =
= Italy Historical Events Chronology (1860 - 2011) =


=== 1860 ===
=== 1860 ===
'''May 11''' . At the head of a body of a thousand volunteers, Giuseppe Garibaldi, disembarks in Sicily (expedition of the Thousand). His troops entered Naples on September 7.
'''May 11''' . At the head of a body of a thousand volunteers, Giuseppe Garibaldi, disembarks in Sicily (expedition of the Thousand). His troops entered Naples on September 7.


=== 1861 ===
=== 1861 ===
'''March 17''' . The Parliament meeting in Turin proclaims the kingdom of Italy. Victor-Emmanuel II takes the title of king.
'''March 17''' . The Parliament meeting in Turin proclaims the kingdom of Italy. Victor-Emmanuel II takes the title of king.


=== 1870 ===
=== 1870 ===
'''September 20''' . Italian troops seize Rome, which becomes the capital of the kingdom.
'''September 20''' . Italian troops seize Rome, which becomes the capital of the kingdom.


=== 1896 ===
=== 1896 ===
'''March 1''' . Italy's military defeat against Menelik II's troops at Adoua (Ethiopia).
'''March 1''' . Italy's military defeat against Menelik II's troops at Adoua (Ethiopia).


=== 1911-1912 ===
=== 1911-1912 ===
Italo-Turkish War in Libya. The Ottoman Empire ceded in particular Tripolitania and Cyrenaica to the Italians.
Italo-Turkish War in Libya. The Ottoman Empire ceded in particular Tripolitania and Cyrenaica to the Italians.


'''1915-1918''' : participates in the First World War alongside the Allies. 
=== 1915-1918===
participates in the First World War alongside the Allies.  


'''1922''' : in a context of social crisis, Mussolini marches on  at the head of his militias, the black shirts. King Victor Emmanuel II entrusted him with the government. 
=== 1922===
in a context of social crisis, Mussolini marches on  at the head of his militias, the black shirts. King Victor Emmanuel II entrusted him with the government.  


'''1922-1943''' : Mussolini establishes a fascist regime. 
=== 1922-1943===
Mussolini establishes a fascist regime.


'''1935-36''' : conquest of . 
===1935-36===
conquest of .  


'''1940''' : goes to war alongside Nazi Germany. 
===1940===
  goes to war alongside Nazi Germany.  


'''1943''' : Anglo-American landing. Mussolini takes refuge in the North where he creates the . 
===1943===
Anglo-American landing. Mussolini takes refuge in the North where he creates the .  


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'''1944''' : Victor Emmanuel II abdicates. 
===1944===
Victor Emmanuel II abdicates.  


'''1945''' : Mussolini is arrested and shot. 
===1945===
Mussolini is arrested and shot.  


'''1946''' : a referendum puts an end to royalty; the republic is proclaimed; The Christian Democracy (DC) dominates political life.  
===1946===
a referendum puts an end to royalty; the republic is proclaimed; The Christian Democracy (DC) dominates political life.


'''1957''' : is one of the six founding members of the . 
===1957===
  is one of the six founding members of the .  


'''1963''' : Aldo Moro takes the head of a coalition government Christian Democracy-Italian Socialist Party (PSI). 
===1963===
Aldo Moro takes the head of a coalition government Christian Democracy-Italian Socialist Party (PSI).  


'''1968-1972''' : period of political instability and social unrest. beginning of the " years of lead ", marked by far-right and far-left terrorism. 
===1968-1972===
period of political instability and social unrest. beginning of the " years of lead ", marked by far-right and far-left terrorism.  


'''1976''' : "Historical compromise"; alliance between Christian democracy and the powerful Communist Party, until then ostracized.  
===1976===
"Historical compromise"; alliance between Christian democracy and the powerful Communist Party, until then ostracized.


'''1978''' : assassination of former Council President Aldo Moro by the Red Brigades. 
===1978===
assassination of former Council President Aldo Moro by the Red Brigades.  


'''1980''' : an attack, perpetrated by the extreme right, makes 84 dead in the station of .  
===1980===
an attack, perpetrated by the extreme right, makes 84 dead in the station of .


'''1983''' : thanks to the decline of the Christian Democracy Bettino Craxi is the first socialist president of the council. 
===1983===
thanks to the decline of the Christian Democracy Bettino Craxi is the first socialist president of the council.  


'''1991''' : the Communist Party transforms into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS). 
===1991===
the Communist Party transforms into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS).  


'''February 1992''' : start of " Clean Mains " ( ''Mani pulite'' ), a legal operation launched against corruption in the political world. 
===February 1992===
start of " Clean Mains " ( ''Mani pulite'' ), a legal operation launched against corruption in the political world.  


'''April 1992''' : decline of traditional political parties and emergence of the Northern League (an ultraconservative regionalist party) during the legislative elections. 
===April 1992===
decline of traditional political parties and emergence of the Northern League (an ultraconservative regionalist party) during the legislative elections.  


'''May 1992''' : Assassination of anti-mafia judge Giovanni Falcone. 
===May 1992===
Assassination of anti-mafia judge Giovanni Falcone.  


'''February 1993''' : implicated in the operation "Clean hands", the president of the Socialist Party Bettino Craxi resigns. He went into exile in  in 1994 to evade justice which sentenced him to 27 years in prison. 
===February 1993===
implicated in the operation "Clean hands", the president of the Socialist Party Bettino Craxi resigns. He went into exile in  in 1994 to evade justice which sentenced him to 27 years in prison.  


'''April 1993''' : the electoral law is amended by referendum. A majority vote is introduced to put an end to government instability.  
===April 1993===
the electoral law is amended by referendum. A majority vote is introduced to put an end to government instability.


'''1994''' : Victory in the legislative elections of the right-wing coalition led by businessman Silvio Berlusconi . It brings together his party Forza Italia, the Northern League of Umberto Bossi and the neo-fascists of the National Alliance, led by Gianfranco Fini. Umberto Bossi will break up the coalition a few months later. 
===1994===
Victory in the legislative elections of the right-wing coalition led by businessman Silvio Berlusconi . It brings together his party Forza Italia, the Northern League of Umberto Bossi and the neo-fascists of the National Alliance, led by Gianfranco Fini. Umberto Bossi will break up the coalition a few months later.  


'''1996''' : victory of the " Olivier ", a center-left coalition in the legislative elections; Romano Prodi becomes Chairman of the Board. 
===1996===
victory of the " Olivier ", a center-left coalition in the legislative elections; Romano Prodi becomes Chairman of the Board.  


'''1998''' : Massimo d'Alema, leader of the Left Democrats (DS, ex-PDS), becomes President of the Council. 
===1998===
Massimo d'Alema, leader of the Left Democrats (DS, ex-PDS), becomes President of the Council.  


'''April 2000''' : the defeat of the center-left coalition in the regional elections leads to the resignation of Massimo d'Alema who is replaced by Giuliano Amato. 
===April 2000===
the defeat of the center-left coalition in the regional elections leads to the resignation of Massimo d'Alema who is replaced by Giuliano Amato.  


'''2001''' 
===2001===


'''May''' : victory for the right-wing coalition, the Maison des Libertés, led by Silvio Berlusconi who wins an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.
=====May=====
victory for the right-wing coalition, the Maison des Libertés, led by Silvio Berlusconi who wins an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.


'''August''' : adoption by the parliament of the decriminalization of the offense of forgery in balance sheet.
=====August=====
adoption by the parliament of the decriminalization of the offense of forgery in balance sheet.


'''October''' : referendum on federalism. 64% of voters approve the law strengthening the power of regions and local communities.  
=====October=====
referendum on federalism. 64% of voters approve the law strengthening the power of regions and local communities.


'''2002''' 
===2002===


'''March''' : assassination of Marco Biagi, adviser to the Ministry of Labor, claimed by the "Red Brigades for the constitution of the fighting Communist Party".
=====March=====
assassination of Marco Biagi, adviser to the Ministry of Labor, claimed by the "Red Brigades for the constitution of the fighting Communist Party".


'''April''' : the first general strike in 20 years, called to protest against the social reforms of the Berlusconi government, in particular the relaxation of dismissal rules, paralyzes with 13 million strikers.
====April====
the first general strike in 20 years, called to protest against the social reforms of the Berlusconi government, in particular the relaxation of dismissal rules, paralyzes with 13 million strikers.


'''July''' : adoption of a law toughening immigration legislation. At the same time, 700,000 undocumented migrants are regularized. 
====July====
adoption of a law toughening immigration legislation. At the same time, 700,000 undocumented migrants are regularized.  


'''2003''' 
===2003'''  


'''January''' : alongside the heads of state of eight European countries (, , , , , , and ) supports , which pleads for military intervention in .
====January====
alongside the heads of state of eight European countries (, , , , , , and ) supports , which pleads for military intervention in .


'''September''' : a blackout paralyzes the whole country for several hours.  imports 20% of its electricity consumption.
====September====
a blackout paralyzes the whole country for several hours. imports 20% of its electricity consumption.


'''November''' : 18 Italian soldiers are killed in a car bomb attack on a military base in Nassiriyah (southern ). 
====November====
18 Italian soldiers are killed in a car bomb attack on a military base in Nassiriyah (southern ).  


'''2004''' 
===2004'''  


'''January''' : the invalidates a law, adopted in June 2003, which grants immunity, during their mandate, to the five most senior officials of the State.
====January====
the invalidates a law, adopted in June 2003, which grants immunity, during their mandate, to the five most senior officials of the State.


'''June 2004''' : victory of the center-left opposition in local elections; it now controls ten of the twenty regions and 52 of the 63 provinces. 
===June 2004===
victory of the center-left opposition in local elections; it now controls ten of the twenty regions and 52 of the 63 provinces.  


'''2005''' 
===2005'''  


'''April''' : the center-left wins the regional by-elections, winning 11 out of 13 regions. The ruling coalition loses six of the eight regions it led.
====April====
the center-left wins the regional by-elections, winning 11 out of 13 regions. The ruling coalition loses six of the eight regions it led.


'''December''' : adoption of a new electoral law restoring the proportional system with a majority bonus.  
====December====
adoption of a new electoral law restoring the proportional system with a majority bonus.


'''2006''' 
===2006'''  


'''January''' : the Minister of Defense announces the total withdrawal of Italian troops from  before the end of 2006.
====January====
the Minister of Defense announces the total withdrawal of Italian troops from  before the end of 2006.


'''February''' : Parliament approves the "Pecorella law", which removes the possibility for the prosecution to appeal in case of acquitted or acquitted during a trial. Silvio Berlusconi comes out unscathed, thanks to this law, from a trial in for corruption of a judge.
====February====
Parliament approves the "Pecorella law", which removes the possibility for the prosecution to appeal in case of acquitted or acquitted during a trial. Silvio Berlusconi comes out unscathed, thanks to this law, from a trial in for corruption of a judge.


'''April''' : short victory for the center-left coalition, the Unione, led by Romano Prodi, against the House of Freedoms of Silvio Berlusconi, during the legislative elections (49.8% against 49.7%).
====April====
short victory for the center-left coalition, the Unione, led by Romano Prodi, against the House of Freedoms of Silvio Berlusconi, during the legislative elections (49.8% against 49.7%).


Arrest of Bernardo Provenzano , the supreme leader of the Sicilian mafia, on the run for 43 years.
Arrest of Bernardo Provenzano , the supreme leader of the Sicilian mafia, on the run for 43 years.


'''May''' :Giorgio Napolitano (Left Democrats) as President of the Republic.
===May''' :Giorgio Napolitano (Left Democrats) as President of the Republic.


The new head of government, Romano Prodi, announces that he will propose to Parliament the withdrawal of the 2,500 soldiers still present in .
The new head of government, Romano Prodi, announces that he will propose to Parliament the withdrawal of the 2,500 soldiers still present in .


'''June''' : the Italians reject by 61% of "no" the constitutional revision project wanted by the previous government of Silvio Berluscon which granted more powers to the President of the Council and reinforced the autonomy of the regions.  
====June====
the Italians reject by 61% of "no" the constitutional revision project wanted by the previous government of Silvio Berluscon which granted more powers to the President of the Council and reinforced the autonomy of the regions.


'''2008''' 
===2008'''  


'''January''' : " waste crisis " in . Nearly 100,000 tons of garbage pile up in the streets, due to malfunctioning treatment centers. Littering in the streets of Neapolitan has been a recurring problem since 1994.
====January====
" waste crisis " in . Nearly 100,000 tons of garbage pile up in the streets, due to malfunctioning treatment centers. Littering in the streets of Neapolitan has been a recurring problem since 1994.


'''February''' : dissolution of parliament after Romano Prodi lost a vote of confidence in the Senate and resigned in January. His room for maneuver was very narrow since his short legislative victory in 2006 and the establishment of a coalition ranging from the far left to centrist Catholics, made up of thirteen parties.
====February====
dissolution of parliament after Romano Prodi lost a vote of confidence in the Senate and resigned in January. His room for maneuver was very narrow since his short legislative victory in 2006 and the establishment of a coalition ranging from the far left to centrist Catholics, made up of thirteen parties.


''''''April'''''' : legislative and senatorial elections; the right-wing coalition (People of Freedom) of Silvio Berlusconiwins an absolute majority in both Chambers.
==='''April'''===
legislative and senatorial elections; the right-wing coalition (People of Freedom) of Silvio Berlusconiwins an absolute majority in both Chambers.


'''May''' : Silvio Berlusconi is appointed Chairman of the Board; it presents a government strongly anchored to the right.
====May====
Silvio Berlusconi is appointed Chairman of the Board; it presents a government strongly anchored to the right.


Vast operation against the crime linked to illegal immigration. nearly 400 people, mainly from and the , are arrested. This security policy has aroused criticism, in particular from the European Union, which is worried about a xenophobic drift .
Vast operation against the crime linked to illegal immigration. nearly 400 people, mainly from and the , are arrested. This security policy has aroused criticism, in particular from the European Union, which is worried about a xenophobic drift .


'''June''' : MPs pass a billknown as "Alfano law" providing for the "temporary suspension" of legal proceedings against the highest officials of the State, when Silvio Berlusconi is tried in Milan on a corruption case.
====June====
MPs pass a billknown as "Alfano law" providing for the "temporary suspension" of legal proceedings against the highest officials of the State, when Silvio Berlusconi is tried in Milan on a corruption case.


'''August''' : Silvio Berlusconi apologizes "in the name of the Italian people" to Libya for the atrocities committed during the colonial occupation (1912-1945).  will pay $ 5 billion in compensation spread over twenty years.  wants in return that collaborates in the fight against illegal immigration.  
====August====
Silvio Berlusconi apologizes "in the name of the Italian people" to Libya for the atrocities committed during the colonial occupation (1912-1945). will pay $ 5 billion in compensation spread over twenty years. wants in return that collaborates in the fight against illegal immigration.


'''2009 ''' 
===2009 '''  


'''January''' : Alitalia, threatened with bankruptcy, chooses Air France-KLM as a future partner to acquire a 25% stake in its capital.
====January====
Alitalia, threatened with bankruptcy, chooses Air France-KLM as a future partner to acquire a 25% stake in its capital.


'''February''' : after the dismal failure of the left in regional elections in , Walter Veltroni resigns from the leadership of the Democratic Party.
====February====
after the dismal failure of the left in regional elections in , Walter Veltroni resigns from the leadership of the Democratic Party.


Silvio Berlusconi concludes with  an agreement relating to the construction of nuclear power stations, more than twenty years after the decision to close them, by referendum in 1987.
Silvio Berlusconi concludes with  an agreement relating to the construction of nuclear power stations, more than twenty years after the decision to close them, by referendum in 1987.


The government adopts a decree-law establishing the principle of unarmed popular militias , to fight against insecurity.
The government adopts a decree-law establishing the principle of unarmed popular militias , to fight against insecurity.


'''Mars''' : merger of the two main right-wing formations, Forza Italia, the movement of Silvio Berlusconi, and the National Alliance, the party of Gianfranco Fini.
===Mars===
merger of the two main right-wing formations, Forza Italia, the movement of Silvio Berlusconi, and the National Alliance, the party of Gianfranco Fini.


'''April''' : an earthquake strikes the Abruzzo region, particularly the city of L'Aquila, leaving nearly 40,000 dead and nearly 40,000 homeless.
====April====
an earthquake strikes the Abruzzo region, particularly the city of L'Aquila, leaving nearly 40,000 dead and nearly 40,000 homeless.


Fiat takes 20% of the capital of the American Chrysler , which has placed itself under the protection of Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy law.
Fiat takes 20% of the capital of the American Chrysler , which has placed itself under the protection of Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy law.


'''May''' : the deputies adopt the " security package ", which creates an offense of illegal immigration, prolongs the stay of illegal immigrants in detention centers from two to six months and legalizes "citizens' rounds" to report to the police breaches of public order.
====May====
the deputies adopt the " security package ", which creates an offense of illegal immigration, prolongs the stay of illegal immigrants in detention centers from two to six months and legalizes "citizens' rounds" to report to the police breaches of public order.


<nowiki>:</nowiki> the European Commission announces its intention to examine the "security package" adopted by the Senate to verify its "compatibility" with Community law.
<nowiki>:</nowiki> the European Commission announces its intention to examine the "security package" adopted by the Senate to verify its "compatibility" with Community law.


'''October''' : 23 people are killed in in a landslide , angering the population who denounce the failure to respect construction standards on the island.
====October====
23 people are killed in in a landslide , angering the population who denounce the failure to respect construction standards on the island.


Silvio Berlusconi's holding company, Fininvest , is ordered to pay 750 million euros in damages to a competitor for its controversial takeover of publisher Mondadori in the 1990s.
Silvio Berlusconi's holding company, Fininvest , is ordered to pay 750 million euros in damages to a competitor for its controversial takeover of publisher Mondadori in the 1990s.


The invalidates the immunity law who has protected Silvio Berlusconi since his return to power in April 2008.
The invalidates the immunity law who has protected Silvio Berlusconi since his return to power in April 2008.


'''December''' : Silvio Berlusconi is attacked by an imbalance during a meeting in . 
====December====
Silvio Berlusconi is attacked by an imbalance during a meeting in .  


'''2010''' 
===2010'''  


'''January''' : more than a thousand African immigrants, who have come to pick fruit in Calabria , are forced into exodus after being victims of manhunts.
====January====
more than a thousand African immigrants, who have come to pick fruit in Calabria , are forced into exodus after being victims of manhunts.


'''February''' : the Chamber of Deputies approves a law allowing the postponement of the trials against Silvio Berlusconi for 18 months.
====February====
the Chamber of Deputies approves a law allowing the postponement of the trials against Silvio Berlusconi for 18 months.


'''March''' : regional elections . Silvio Berlusconi's coalition seizes four regions controlled by the left, in particular thanks to his ally the Northern League. Silvio Berlusconi had adopted, a few days before the election, a decree relaxing the criteria for the registration of electoral lists , in order to allow registration, after the legal deadline,his party lists .
=====March=====
regional elections . Silvio Berlusconi's coalition seizes four regions controlled by the left, in particular thanks to his ally the Northern League. Silvio Berlusconi had adopted, a few days before the election, a decree relaxing the criteria for the registration of electoral lists , in order to allow registration, after the legal deadline,his party lists .


'''July''' : Silvio Berlusconi calls for the resignation of his ally Gianfranco Fini from the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies, the president of the Chamber of Deputies who is increasingly distancing himself from the head of government, in particular on corruption cases. Gianfranco Fini announces that he will regain his independence.
====July====
Silvio Berlusconi calls for the resignation of his ally Gianfranco Fini from the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies, the president of the Chamber of Deputies who is increasingly distancing himself from the head of government, in particular on corruption cases. Gianfranco Fini announces that he will regain his independence.


'''November''' : a few days after the revelation of a new Silvio Berlusconi scandal , Gianfranco Fini calls for the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi, in a speech delivered to the members of his new party, called Avenir et Liberté, but the Cavaliere escapes two motions from censorship . 
====November====
a few days after the revelation of a new Silvio Berlusconi scandal , Gianfranco Fini calls for the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi, in a speech delivered to the members of his new party, called Avenir et Liberté, but the Cavaliere escapes two motions from censorship .  


=== 2011 ===
=== 2011 ===
'''February''' : the prosecution requests the immediate judgment of the Cavaliere , under investigation for recourse to underage prostitution and abuse of office, in the context of the so-called "Rubygate" case.
'''February===
the prosecution requests the immediate judgment of the Cavaliere , under investigation for recourse to underage prostitution and abuse of office, in the context of the so-called "Rubygate" case.


'''June''' : after its failure in municipal and regional elections , Berlusconi was disowned in four referendums on nuclear power, water and judicial immunity.
====June====
after its failure in municipal and regional elections , Berlusconi was disowned in four referendums on nuclear power, water and judicial immunity.


'''July-October''' : Under pressure from the IMF, the European Union and rating agencies,  adopts an austerity plan to bring public finances back to balance in 2014. The austerity plan, 54 billion euros,This prevents 2 rating agencies degrade the rating of Italy .
===July-October===
Under pressure from the IMF, the European Union and rating agencies,  adopts an austerity plan to bring public finances back to balance in 2014. The austerity plan, 54 billion euros,This prevents 2 rating agencies degrade the rating of Italy .


'''October''' : a demonstration in on the occasion of the world day of the "indignant" is punctuated by violence. 135 people are injured, including 105 police officers. the damage is estimated at one million euros.
====October====
a demonstration in on the occasion of the world day of the "indignant" is punctuated by violence. 135 people are injured, including 105 police officers. the damage is estimated at one million euros.


'''November''' : dropped by his main ally in the Northern League , Berlusconi loses the absolute majority in Parliament. He announces that he will leave power , after the adoption of budgetary measures and economic reforms promised to the European Union.   
====November====
dropped by his main ally in the Northern League , Berlusconi loses the absolute majority in Parliament. He announces that he will leave power , after the adoption of budgetary measures and economic reforms promised to the European Union.

Revision as of 14:25, 5 December 2021

Italian-polyglot-club.jpg

Italy Historical Events Chronology (1860 - 2011)

1860

May 11 . At the head of a body of a thousand volunteers, Giuseppe Garibaldi, disembarks in Sicily (expedition of the Thousand). His troops entered Naples on September 7.

1861

March 17 . The Parliament meeting in Turin proclaims the kingdom of Italy. Victor-Emmanuel II takes the title of king.

1870

September 20 . Italian troops seize Rome, which becomes the capital of the kingdom.

1896

March 1 . Italy's military defeat against Menelik II's troops at Adoua (Ethiopia).

1911-1912

Italo-Turkish War in Libya. The Ottoman Empire ceded in particular Tripolitania and Cyrenaica to the Italians.

1915-1918

participates in the First World War alongside the Allies.

1922

in a context of social crisis, Mussolini marches on at the head of his militias, the black shirts. King Victor Emmanuel II entrusted him with the government.

1922-1943

Mussolini establishes a fascist regime.

1935-36

conquest of .

1940

goes to war alongside Nazi Germany.

1943

Anglo-American landing. Mussolini takes refuge in the North where he creates the .


1944

Victor Emmanuel II abdicates.

1945

Mussolini is arrested and shot.

1946

a referendum puts an end to royalty; the republic is proclaimed; The Christian Democracy (DC) dominates political life.

1957

is one of the six founding members of the .

1963

Aldo Moro takes the head of a coalition government Christian Democracy-Italian Socialist Party (PSI).

1968-1972

period of political instability and social unrest. beginning of the " years of lead ", marked by far-right and far-left terrorism.

1976

"Historical compromise"; alliance between Christian democracy and the powerful Communist Party, until then ostracized.

1978

assassination of former Council President Aldo Moro by the Red Brigades.

1980

an attack, perpetrated by the extreme right, makes 84 dead in the station of .

1983

thanks to the decline of the Christian Democracy Bettino Craxi is the first socialist president of the council.

1991

the Communist Party transforms into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS).

February 1992

start of " Clean Mains " ( Mani pulite ), a legal operation launched against corruption in the political world.

April 1992

decline of traditional political parties and emergence of the Northern League (an ultraconservative regionalist party) during the legislative elections.

May 1992

Assassination of anti-mafia judge Giovanni Falcone.

February 1993

implicated in the operation "Clean hands", the president of the Socialist Party Bettino Craxi resigns. He went into exile in in 1994 to evade justice which sentenced him to 27 years in prison.

April 1993

the electoral law is amended by referendum. A majority vote is introduced to put an end to government instability.

1994

Victory in the legislative elections of the right-wing coalition led by businessman Silvio Berlusconi . It brings together his party Forza Italia, the Northern League of Umberto Bossi and the neo-fascists of the National Alliance, led by Gianfranco Fini. Umberto Bossi will break up the coalition a few months later.

1996

victory of the " Olivier ", a center-left coalition in the legislative elections; Romano Prodi becomes Chairman of the Board.

1998

Massimo d'Alema, leader of the Left Democrats (DS, ex-PDS), becomes President of the Council.

April 2000

the defeat of the center-left coalition in the regional elections leads to the resignation of Massimo d'Alema who is replaced by Giuliano Amato.

2001

May

victory for the right-wing coalition, the Maison des Libertés, led by Silvio Berlusconi who wins an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.

August

adoption by the parliament of the decriminalization of the offense of forgery in balance sheet.

October

referendum on federalism. 64% of voters approve the law strengthening the power of regions and local communities.

2002

March

assassination of Marco Biagi, adviser to the Ministry of Labor, claimed by the "Red Brigades for the constitution of the fighting Communist Party".

April

the first general strike in 20 years, called to protest against the social reforms of the Berlusconi government, in particular the relaxation of dismissal rules, paralyzes with 13 million strikers.

July

adoption of a law toughening immigration legislation. At the same time, 700,000 undocumented migrants are regularized.

===2003

January

alongside the heads of state of eight European countries (, , , , , , and ) supports , which pleads for military intervention in .

September

a blackout paralyzes the whole country for several hours. imports 20% of its electricity consumption.

November

18 Italian soldiers are killed in a car bomb attack on a military base in Nassiriyah (southern ).

===2004

January

the invalidates a law, adopted in June 2003, which grants immunity, during their mandate, to the five most senior officials of the State.

June 2004

victory of the center-left opposition in local elections; it now controls ten of the twenty regions and 52 of the 63 provinces.

===2005

April

the center-left wins the regional by-elections, winning 11 out of 13 regions. The ruling coalition loses six of the eight regions it led.

December

adoption of a new electoral law restoring the proportional system with a majority bonus.

===2006

January

the Minister of Defense announces the total withdrawal of Italian troops from before the end of 2006.

February

Parliament approves the "Pecorella law", which removes the possibility for the prosecution to appeal in case of acquitted or acquitted during a trial. Silvio Berlusconi comes out unscathed, thanks to this law, from a trial in for corruption of a judge.

April

short victory for the center-left coalition, the Unione, led by Romano Prodi, against the House of Freedoms of Silvio Berlusconi, during the legislative elections (49.8% against 49.7%).

Arrest of Bernardo Provenzano , the supreme leader of the Sicilian mafia, on the run for 43 years.

===May :Giorgio Napolitano (Left Democrats) as President of the Republic.

The new head of government, Romano Prodi, announces that he will propose to Parliament the withdrawal of the 2,500 soldiers still present in .

June

the Italians reject by 61% of "no" the constitutional revision project wanted by the previous government of Silvio Berluscon which granted more powers to the President of the Council and reinforced the autonomy of the regions.

===2008

January

" waste crisis " in . Nearly 100,000 tons of garbage pile up in the streets, due to malfunctioning treatment centers. Littering in the streets of Neapolitan has been a recurring problem since 1994.

February

dissolution of parliament after Romano Prodi lost a vote of confidence in the Senate and resigned in January. His room for maneuver was very narrow since his short legislative victory in 2006 and the establishment of a coalition ranging from the far left to centrist Catholics, made up of thirteen parties.

April

legislative and senatorial elections; the right-wing coalition (People of Freedom) of Silvio Berlusconiwins an absolute majority in both Chambers.

May

Silvio Berlusconi is appointed Chairman of the Board; it presents a government strongly anchored to the right.

Vast operation against the crime linked to illegal immigration. nearly 400 people, mainly from and the , are arrested. This security policy has aroused criticism, in particular from the European Union, which is worried about a xenophobic drift .

June

MPs pass a billknown as "Alfano law" providing for the "temporary suspension" of legal proceedings against the highest officials of the State, when Silvio Berlusconi is tried in Milan on a corruption case.

August

Silvio Berlusconi apologizes "in the name of the Italian people" to Libya for the atrocities committed during the colonial occupation (1912-1945). will pay $ 5 billion in compensation spread over twenty years. wants in return that collaborates in the fight against illegal immigration.

===2009

January

Alitalia, threatened with bankruptcy, chooses Air France-KLM as a future partner to acquire a 25% stake in its capital.

February

after the dismal failure of the left in regional elections in , Walter Veltroni resigns from the leadership of the Democratic Party.

Silvio Berlusconi concludes with an agreement relating to the construction of nuclear power stations, more than twenty years after the decision to close them, by referendum in 1987.

The government adopts a decree-law establishing the principle of unarmed popular militias , to fight against insecurity.

Mars

merger of the two main right-wing formations, Forza Italia, the movement of Silvio Berlusconi, and the National Alliance, the party of Gianfranco Fini.

April

an earthquake strikes the Abruzzo region, particularly the city of L'Aquila, leaving nearly 40,000 dead and nearly 40,000 homeless.

Fiat takes 20% of the capital of the American Chrysler , which has placed itself under the protection of Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy law.

May

the deputies adopt the " security package ", which creates an offense of illegal immigration, prolongs the stay of illegal immigrants in detention centers from two to six months and legalizes "citizens' rounds" to report to the police breaches of public order.

: the European Commission announces its intention to examine the "security package" adopted by the Senate to verify its "compatibility" with Community law.

October

23 people are killed in in a landslide , angering the population who denounce the failure to respect construction standards on the island.

Silvio Berlusconi's holding company, Fininvest , is ordered to pay 750 million euros in damages to a competitor for its controversial takeover of publisher Mondadori in the 1990s.

The invalidates the immunity law who has protected Silvio Berlusconi since his return to power in April 2008.

December

Silvio Berlusconi is attacked by an imbalance during a meeting in .

===2010

January

more than a thousand African immigrants, who have come to pick fruit in Calabria , are forced into exodus after being victims of manhunts.

February

the Chamber of Deputies approves a law allowing the postponement of the trials against Silvio Berlusconi for 18 months.

March

regional elections . Silvio Berlusconi's coalition seizes four regions controlled by the left, in particular thanks to his ally the Northern League. Silvio Berlusconi had adopted, a few days before the election, a decree relaxing the criteria for the registration of electoral lists , in order to allow registration, after the legal deadline,his party lists .

July

Silvio Berlusconi calls for the resignation of his ally Gianfranco Fini from the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies, the president of the Chamber of Deputies who is increasingly distancing himself from the head of government, in particular on corruption cases. Gianfranco Fini announces that he will regain his independence.

November

a few days after the revelation of a new Silvio Berlusconi scandal , Gianfranco Fini calls for the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi, in a speech delivered to the members of his new party, called Avenir et Liberté, but the Cavaliere escapes two motions from censorship .

2011

February=== the prosecution requests the immediate judgment of the Cavaliere , under investigation for recourse to underage prostitution and abuse of office, in the context of the so-called "Rubygate" case.

June

after its failure in municipal and regional elections , Berlusconi was disowned in four referendums on nuclear power, water and judicial immunity.

July-October

Under pressure from the IMF, the European Union and rating agencies, adopts an austerity plan to bring public finances back to balance in 2014. The austerity plan, 54 billion euros,This prevents 2 rating agencies degrade the rating of Italy .

October

a demonstration in on the occasion of the world day of the "indignant" is punctuated by violence. 135 people are injured, including 105 police officers. the damage is estimated at one million euros.

November

dropped by his main ally in the Northern League , Berlusconi loses the absolute majority in Parliament. He announces that he will leave power , after the adoption of budgetary measures and economic reforms promised to the European Union.

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