Difference between revisions of "Language/Italian/Culture/Italy-Historical-Events"

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This page lists the main historical events that have occurred over time in Friuli, from ancient times to the present day. By chronology, from the Latin ''chronologia'' , we mean the organization of the classification of historical events based on their succession over time, and of the regular subdivision of the same. A chronology is called "absolute", when it is based on a certain dating linked to a precise and well-known event, or "relative", when it identifies relationships and contemporaneity between events whose exact date is not known. Below is a brief "relative" chronology of Friulian history.
= Italy Historical Events Chronology (1860 - 1940) =


* '''Stone and Bronze Ages''' It is believed that Friuli was inhabited by Paleovenete tribes, probably by the Euganei. They were devoted to hunting, cattle breeding and agriculture. These tribes will be protagonists of the "culture of the castellieri".
=== 1860 ===
'''May 11''' . At the head of a body of a thousand volunteers, Giuseppe Garibaldi, disembarks in Sicily (expedition of the Thousand). His troops entered Naples on September 7.


* '''950 BC (approximately)''' The Venetians, probably arrived from Illyria, occupy the lands of the Euganei.
=== 1861 ===
'''March 17''' . The Parliament meeting in Turin proclaims the kingdom of Italy. Victor-Emmanuel II takes the title of king.


* '''400 BC (approximately)''' The Carni cross the Alps; they penetrate into Friuli subduing the Venetians. The Carni were a people of Celtic language and culture. They were devoted to hunting and herding and were skilled in working with iron and wood.
=== 1870 ===
'''September 20''' . Italian troops seize Rome, which becomes the capital of the kingdom.


* '''186 BC''' The Roman Senate sends its legions to defend the territories of northern Italy (probably following the foundation, by the Carni, of a fortified village near Medea).
=== 1896 ===
'''March 1''' . Italy's military defeat against Menelik II's troops at Adoua (Ethiopia).


* '''181 BC''' Aquileia, the last of the great Roman colonies in northern Italy, is founded.
=== 1911-1912 ===
Italo-Turkish War in Libya. The Ottoman Empire ceded in particular Tripolitania and Cyrenaica to the Italians.


* '''169 BC''' Aquileia already has 15,000 inhabitants.
=== 1915 ===
'''May''' . Initially neutral in the world conflict, Italy goes to war, in exchange for territorial promises, alongside France, Great Britain and Russia.


* '''148 BC''' Aquileia is reached by the Via Postumia.
=== 1919-1920 ===
'''March 23''' . Benito Mussolini creates the Combat Bundles.


* '''128 BC''' Aquileia is reached by the Via Annia.
'''1919-1920''' Treaties of Versailles and Saint-Germain. The promises made to Italy, which recovers among others Trentino and Istria, are largely unsatisfied.


* '''115 BC''' The Roman consul Marco Emilio Scauro definitively puts an end to the Celtic resistance. The whole of Friuli is slowly "romanized".
=== 1921 ===
'''January 21''' . Birth of the Italian Communist Party (PCI).


* '''58-42 BC''' The cities of Forum Iulii (today's Cividale del Friuli), Iulium Carnicum (today's Zuglio) and Iulia Concordia (today's Concordia Sagittaria) are founded.
=== 1922 ===
'''October 27''' . March of the fascists on . Mussolini was appointed chairman of the board two days later. He created the great council of fascism in December.


* '''27''' The emperor Augustus divides Italy into “regiones”; Aquileia becomes the capital of the X Augustan Region " ''Venetia et Histria'' ". An important river port, it is strategic both from a commercial and a military point of view. It is now the fourth largest city in Italy and one of the main cities of the empire.
=== 1925-1926 ===
With the "  fascist " laws  , the Duce becomes the absolute master of the . The fascist dictatorship replaces the constitutional state.


* '''167''' The Germanic tribe of the Quadi besieges Aquileia without however succeeding in conquering it.
=== 1929 ===
'''February 11''' . Signing of the Lateran Agreements between Mussolini and the Holy See. Catholicism becomes the official religion of the country.


* '''238''' The Bellum Aquileiensis takes place. Aquileia is besieged by Giulio Vero Massimino known as the Thrace, proclaimed emperor by his troops but considered usurper by the Roman Senate. The citizens of Aquileia will emerge victorious from the siege.
=== 1935-1936 ===
Conquest of . The Italian Empire was proclaimed in May 1936.


* '''313''' The Edict of Constantine (or Edict of Tolerance) is issued which officially puts an end to all religious persecutions. Christianity spreads throughout Friuli.
=== 1940 ===
 
'''June 10''' .  takes part in the world conflict (...) 
* '''350 (approximately)''' The Bishop of Aquileia Fortunaziano is still forced to write the commentary on the Gospels in rustic language; this meant that there were still many local characters of the "Romanized" population.
 
* '''381''' An important council is held in Aquileia presided over by the local bishop, Valeriano and in which numerous other bishops participate, including bishop Ambrose. The council publicly condemns the Aryan heresy and its followers.
 
* '''401''' The Visigoths led by Alaric sack Friuli, a few years later it will be the turn of the Ostrogoths led by Radagaiso, then again the Visigoths (410).
 
* '''452 At the''' hands of Attila king of the Huns, Aquileia falls, which is sacked and set on fire.
 
* '''476''' The Erulo general Odoacer deposes the emperor Romulus Augustulus (the last of the Western Roman Empire) and proclaims himself king of Italy.
 
* '''489''' The Ostrogoths coming from Pannonia under the leadership of Theodoric invade Friuli and easily defeat Odoacer. The chronicles of the time speak of the new Gothic kingdom as a period of severe famines, tax exacerbations, disputes between Latins and barbarians.
 
* '''526''' Theodoric dies; Friuli will long be a battlefield between the Byzantines and the Goths.
 
* '''553''' Pope Virgil, yields to the requests of the emperor Justinian I of Byzantium and signs the "condemnation of the Three Chapters".
 
* '''568''' Following the dissent generated by the condemnation of the "Three Chapters", the church of Aquileia becomes hierarchically independent by appointing Bishop Paolino I, Patriarch. In the same year, the Lombards from Pannonia and led by King Alboin invade Friuli. The invasion takes place slowly and without encountering any armed resistance; an invasion very different from the previous ones, which had instead left behind them death and ruins. In a short time the Lombards took possession of a large part of Italy; Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli) becomes the capital of the Duchy of Friuli, the first in Italy (569). For 208 years the history of Friuli will be confused with that of the Lombards.
 
* '''569''' Gisulfo, nephew of the king, is the first Duke of Friuli. The organization of the Friulian Duchy is based on four “municipalities”: Forum Iulii (Cividale), Aquileia, Iulium Carnicum (Zuglio) and Concordia. In this way, all the lands located between the Livenza and the Timavo are united under the same government.
 
* '''606''' On the death of the Patriarch Severus, the Patriarchate of Aquileia is divided into two seats. The patriarch Giovanni was appointed in Aquileia, supported by the Lombards; the Catholic patriarch Candidian was appointed in Grado, to whose seat jurisdiction over the territories of Byzantine domination was reserved.
 
* '''610''' Incursion of the Avars. Killing of Duke Gisulfo II and sacking of Cividale.
 
* '''643''' Edict of King Rotari.
 
* '''662''' The Duke Lupo sacks Grado, (which remained Byzantine) thus taking back the treasures of the Patriarchate of Aquileia brought here by the Patriarch Pauline at the time of the Lombard invasion.
 
* '''664''' New raid by the Avars. Killing of the Duke Wolf.
 
* '''689''' In the battle of Coronate, the Lombard king Cunipert, a Catholic, defeats the Duke Alachis, an Aryan, who led a composite front of insurgents in north-eastern Italy, among whom there were also many adherents to the tricapitolino schism.
 
* '''698''' King Cunipert convenes a synod in Pavia in which the Catholic bishops and tricapitolini recompose the schism "in the spirit of Chalcedon".
 
* '''706''' Pemmone is proclaimed Duke of Friuli. There is a period of great cultural and economic development.
 
* '''734''' Ratchis, Pemmone's eldest son, is named Duke in place of his father. The economic and artistic development of the Duchy continues. In 744, Ratchis was later named King of Italy.
 
* '''744''' His brother Astolfo takes over the government of Friuli and will also become king of Italy when Ratchis retires to the convent of Montecassino.
 
* '''775-776''' Duke Rotgaudo, head of the Friulian resistance opposes the Carolingian power, demonstrating that Friuli has now acquired its own autonomy. However, he is defeated and killed in battle. Cividale suffers a severe repression. Despite the defeat, the ethnic and cultural heritage left by the Lombards will never be canceled.
 
* '''776''' Carlo the Great, re dei Franchi, dopo aver sconfitto i Lombards if you say " ''By the grace of God king of the Franks and the Lombards'' ".
 
* '''781''' The duchy of Friuli is reorganized on a count basis and entrusted to his son Pipino.
 
* '''791''' Annexation of Istria to the Friulian Duchy. The city of Cividale is blooming again, now called Civitas Austriae and no longer Forum Iulii, a term that will instead identify the name of the entire region.
 
* '''787''' Paolino II from Cividale is elevated Patriarch with the consent of Charlemagne himself. The possessions of the Aquileian church and new important donations are recognized to the new patriarch (792).
 
* '''836-866''' Duke Everardo will guarantee a long period of stability and cultural growth. Friuli is elevated to Marca (846).
 
* '''899-952''' Friuli undergoes the longest and most devastating invasion at the hands of the Hungarians. At least 12 raids will cause fires, deaths and ruins. The consequences of the Hungarian invasions were fatal for Friuli: depopulation of the region, interruption of communication routes, abandonment of productive activities.
 
* '''955 (approximately)''' After the victory over the Hungarians by Henry, Duke of Bavaria and Carinthia, Friuli was incorporated into the Veronese March. In 989 it was then annexed to the Duchy of Carinthia.
 
* '''1019''' It will be the Patriarchate of Aquileia and in particular the Patriarch Volfango known as Poppo (or Poppone) to undertake an important work of reconstruction. The following years will be, for Friuli, years of social and material rebirth.
 
* '''1076''' A "civil war" breaks out between the German princes and the emperor after the latter's excommunication by Pope Gregory VIII. Patriarch Sigerardo remains faithful to Henry IV.
 
* '''1077''' In Pavia on '''3 April'''  1077 the emperor Henry IV grants the feudal investiture to the patriarch Sigeardo with ducal prerogatives over the entire county of Friuli. It is the birth certificate of the Friulian patriarchal state. With this act Friuli regained its territorial integrity and its political autonomy.
 
* '''1077-1204''' Sigeardo's successors remained faithful to the policy of Henry IV and then of his son Henry V, making the Friulian state the advanced pawn of imperial politics in Italy. The territorial unity of the Friulian state (at the end of the 12th century the largest and most compact state in northern Italy) is also accompanied by an ethnic-cultural unity that can now be defined simply as “Friulian”.
 
* '''1204''' Friuli approaches the period of maximum splendor of the patriarchate; Friuli has never achieved such autonomy and prestige in foreign policy as in this period. Under the patriarchate of Volchero (1204-1218) great impetus was given to commercial traffic and productive activities, the road network was improved and cultural activity was also brilliant.
 
* '''1218''' Bertoldo of Andechs-Merania (1218-1251) is appointed patriarch who from the beginning had an eye for the city of Udine which in a short time passed from a small village to a metropolis. The conquest aims of the Ghibellines Ezzelino III da Romano and Mainardo III, count of Gorizia, forced the patriarch to seek help from the opposing party (the Guelph party) by allying himself with Venice and the Duke of Carinthia.
 
* '''1231''' On 6 July the first session of the "Parliament of the Fatherland" is held, in which the cities of Aquileia, Cividale, Gemona, Sacile, Tolmezzo and Udine participate.
 
* '''1277''' Pordenone passes to the Habsburgs, effectively becoming a German enclave in the Friulian territory. Friuli, which has become an element of strength of the Guelph league, is on the way to a slow but inexorable decline.
 
* '''1334''' With the appointment as patriarch of Bertrando di Saint Geneìs (1334-1350), the Friulian state is once again given prestige and prestige. Loved by the people, he achieved numerous military and diplomatic successes without ever neglecting his duties as bishop.
 
* '''1344''' Foundation of the University of Cividale.
 
* '''1350''' On 6 June Bertrando, now ninety, is killed by a conspiracy led by the count of Gorizia, the municipality of Cividale and other Friulian feudal lords. He was succeeded by Nicholas of Luxembourg (1350-1358) who immediately established an authoritarian and unusually violent government. All those responsible for Bertrando's death were prosecuted; the count of Gorizia himself was forced to give back all the usurped lands and castles.
 
* '''1365''' The vice-dominant Francesco Savorgnan, thanks to numerous victories on the field, puts an end to the expansionist aims of the Habsburgs. Marquard of Randeck (1365-1381) was then appointed patriarch.
 
* '''1366''' On 11 June the Constitution of the Patria del Friuli ( ''Constitutiones Patriae Foriiulii'' ) was promulgated, the basis of Friulian law until 1797.
 
* '''1381-1410''' With the death of Marquardo a period of relative political stability also came to an end. The patriarchal state was by now on the threshold of decadence weakened by the spirit of "faction", hatred and revenge of the Friulian municipalities, in particular between those of Udine and Cividale; quarrel that took on international dimensions.
 
* '''1411''' Friuli becomes a battlefield; facing each other are the imperial army (lined up with Cividale) and the Venetian one (lined up with Udine). In December the emperor's army seizes Udine.
 
* '''1419''' On 13 July the Venetian army occupies Cividale and prepares for the conquest of Udine.
 
* '''1420''' On 7 June, after a strenuous defense, the Venetian army conquers the city of Udine; immediately afterwards Gemona, San Daniele, Venzone, Tolmezzo fall. It is the end of the Friulian patriarchal state.
 
* '''1445''' After long negotiations, the patriarch Ludovico Trevisan will accept the concordat imposed by Venice by which the right of independence of Friuli was effectively abolished.
 
* '''1472-1499''' Friuli annexed to the Serenissima Republic finds itself at the mercy of Turkish raids: hundreds of towns are set on fire.
 
* '''1500''' The county of Gorizia passes to Austria.
 
* '''1508''' The war between Austria and Venice begins, claiming the Gorizia possessions. Pordenone is incorporated into the Venetian territories.
 
* '''1511''' Peasant revolt (February 27) supported by the pro-Venetian Antonio Savorgnan. Numerous castles and noble villas are set on fire. In the same year a terrible earthquake hit Friuli (March 26), and then the plague.
 
* '''1521''' With the "Diet of Worms" the Friulian territory is divided halfway between Venice and Austria. The Venetians are left with Central Friuli, Monfalcone and western Friuli. To Austria, Eastern Friuli with Aquileia.
 
* '''1593''' Palmanova is founded.
 
* '''1615-1617''' War of Gradisca. Austria and Venice come into conflict again. War will not bring significant changes to the borders.
 
* '''1629''' Friuli is hit by a severe famine.
 
* '''1700''' An earthquake hits Carnia.
 
* '''1751''' Definitive suppression of the Patriarchate of Aquileia. In its place, the archbishops of Udine and Gorizia were created.
 
* '''1754''' The County of Gradisca is reunited with that of Gorizia.
 
* '''1797''' Venice falls following the Napoleonic campaign in Italy. With the treaty of Campoformio, Napoleon Buonaparte ceded Friuli to Austria.
 
* '''1805''' Friuli becomes part of the Italic Kingdom created by Napoleon.
 
* '''1815''' The Congress of Vienna defines new borders: Friuli and Veneto return to Austria and together with Lombardy they form the Lombard-Veneto Kingdom controlled by the Austrians.
 
* '''1838''' The district of Portogruaro until now always included in the "Province of Friuli" is assigned to the Province of Venice.
 
* '''1852''' The municipality of Sappada is detached from the Province of Friuli and assigned to the Province of Belluno.
 
* '''1866''' Western and central Friuli become part of the kingdom of Italy. Eastern Friuli, on the other hand, remains under Austria.
 
* '''1915-18''' First World War. Bloody battles are fought in Friuli.
 
* '''1918''' The proposal for a broad autonomy of eastern Friuli within Austria-Hungary fails.
 
* '''1919''' Eastern Friuli also becomes part of Italy.
 
* '''1923''' The Province of Gorizia is suppressed.
 
* '''1927''' The Province of Gorizia is reconstituted (albeit with minor territories).
 
* '''1940-45''' During the Second World War Yugoslavia occupies Istria and Trieste. The Free Republic of Carnia is established (1944) then suffocated by the Germans.
 
* '''1947 The''' Italian Constitution provides for the establishment of the Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
 
* '''1954''' The city of Trieste is entrusted to the Italian administration.
 
* '''1963''' The Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia is established. The debate on the statute, in an attempt to find a compromise on the problem of the territory, had begun several years earlier, but for reasons of state (Italian) the claims on the Friulian autonomy linked to its history were soon set aside. The territory was granted the specificity of an autonomous region in order to guarantee the Italian character of the border area and of Trieste. The Trieste minority (3% of the territory and 20% of the population) was thus able to prevail over the Friulian majority. In the same year there was also the Vajont disaster.
 
* '''1968''' The province of Pordenone is created by subtracting several municipalities from that of Udine.
 
* '''1976''' A disastrous earthquake hits Carnia (May 6). The victims are thousands.
 
* '''1977''' The University of Udine is formally established (8 August).
 
* '''1991-1992''' In the Portogruaro district, consultative referendums are held for membership in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region, which give a positive outcome.
 
* '''1999''' Law 482/1999 "Rules for the protection of historical linguistic minorities" is approved by the Italian parliament. This is the first official (direct) recognition of the existence of a Friulian linguistic minority (15 December).
 
* '''2004''' A consultative referendum is held for the establishment of a province of Alto Friuli (Carnia). The consultation fails.
 
* '''2006''' Confirmative referendums for membership of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region take place in the Portogruaro district. All the municipalities are broadly in favor, but the quorum is reached only in Cinto Caomaggiore.

Revision as of 14:11, 5 December 2021

Italy Historical Events Chronology (1860 - 1940)

1860

May 11 . At the head of a body of a thousand volunteers, Giuseppe Garibaldi, disembarks in Sicily (expedition of the Thousand). His troops entered Naples on September 7.

1861

March 17 . The Parliament meeting in Turin proclaims the kingdom of Italy. Victor-Emmanuel II takes the title of king.

1870

September 20 . Italian troops seize Rome, which becomes the capital of the kingdom.

1896

March 1 . Italy's military defeat against Menelik II's troops at Adoua (Ethiopia).

1911-1912

Italo-Turkish War in Libya. The Ottoman Empire ceded in particular Tripolitania and Cyrenaica to the Italians.

1915

May . Initially neutral in the world conflict, Italy goes to war, in exchange for territorial promises, alongside France, Great Britain and Russia.

1919-1920

March 23 . Benito Mussolini creates the Combat Bundles.

1919-1920 Treaties of Versailles and Saint-Germain. The promises made to Italy, which recovers among others Trentino and Istria, are largely unsatisfied.

1921

January 21 . Birth of the Italian Communist Party (PCI).

1922

October 27 . March of the fascists on . Mussolini was appointed chairman of the board two days later. He created the great council of fascism in December.

1925-1926

With the "  fascist " laws  , the Duce becomes the absolute master of the . The fascist dictatorship replaces the constitutional state.

1929

February 11 . Signing of the Lateran Agreements between Mussolini and the Holy See. Catholicism becomes the official religion of the country.

1935-1936

Conquest of . The Italian Empire was proclaimed in May 1936.

1940

June 10 .  takes part in the world conflict (...) 

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