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| <div style="font-size:300%">Modern Greek Alphabet, IPA Pronuncation, Video, Virtual Keyboard...</div>
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| Hello Polyglots,
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| In today's lesson, you will learn how to write the different letters of the Modern Greek alphabet, how to pronounce these letters whether it is through the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), or through a video with the pronunciation of the letters by a native speaker.
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| You will also find at the end of this lesson a virtual keyboard to be able to type each special character of this language.
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| __TOC__
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| ==Modern Greek Alphabet and IPA Pronunciation==
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| |[o] | | |[o] |
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| === Digraphs and letter combinations ===
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| Several letter combinations have special conventional sound values different from those of their single components. Among them are several [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] of vowel letters that formerly represented [[diphthong]]s but are now monophthongized. In addition to the four mentioned above ({{angbr|{{lang|el|ει}}, αι, οι, υι,}}), there is also {{angbr|{{lang|el|ηι, ωι}}}}, and {{angbr|{{lang|el|ου}}}}, pronounced {{IPA|/u/}}. The Ancient Greek diphthongs {{angbr|{{lang|el|αυ}}}}, {{angbr|{{lang|el|ευ}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|el|ηυ}}}} are pronounced {{IPA|[av]}}, {{IPA|[ev]}} and {{IPA|[iv]}} in Modern Greek. In some environments, they are devoiced to {{IPA|[af]}}, {{IPA|[ef]}} and {{IPA|[if]}} respectively.<ref>Additionally, the more ancient combination {{angbr|{{lang|el|ωυ}}}} or {{angbr|{{lang|el|ωϋ}}}} can occur in ancient especially in [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] texts or in personal names.</ref> The Modern Greek consonant combinations {{angbr|{{lang|el|μπ}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|el|ντ}}}} stand for {{IPA|[b]}} and {{IPA|[d]}} (or {{IPA|[mb]}} and {{IPA|[nd]}}) respectively; {{angbr|{{lang|el|τζ}}}} stands for {{IPA|[dz]}} and {{angbr|{{lang|el|τσ}}}} stands for {{IPA|[t͡s]}}. In addition, both in Ancient and Modern Greek, the letter {{angbr|{{lang|el|γ}}}}, before another [[velar consonant]], stands for the [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|[ŋ]}}; thus {{angbr|{{lang|el|γγ}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|el|γκ}}}} are pronounced like English {{angbr|ng}}. In analogy to {{angbr|{{lang|el|μπ}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|el|ντ}}}}, {{angbr|{{lang|el|γκ}}}} is also used to stand for {{IPA|[g]}}. There are also the combinations {{angbr|{{lang|el|γχ}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|el|γξ}}}}.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| !Combination
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| !Pronunciation
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| !Devoiced pronunciation
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| |{{angbr|{{lang|el|αυ}}}}
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| |{{IPA|[av]}}
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| |{{IPA|[af]}}
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| |{{angbr|{{lang|el|ευ}}}}
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| |{{IPA|[ev]}}
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| |{{IPA|[ef]}}
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| |-
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| |{{angbr|{{lang|el|ηυ}}}}
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| |{{IPA|[iv]}}
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| |{{IPA|[if]}}
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| |{{angbr|{{lang|el|μπ}}}}
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| |{{IPA|[b]}}
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| |–
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| |-
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| |{{angbr|{{lang|el|ντ}}}}
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| |{{IPA|[d]}}
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| |–
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| |-
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| |{{angbr|{{lang|el|γκ}}}}
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| |{{IPA|[ɡ]}}
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| |–
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| |-
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| |{{angbr|{{lang|el|τζ}}}}
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| |{{IPA|[dz]}}
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| |–
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| |-
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| |{{angbr|{{lang|el|τσ}}}}
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| |{{IPA|[t͡s]}}
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| |–
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| |}
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| === Diacritics ===
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| {{Main|Greek diacritics}}
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| In the [[polytonic orthography]] traditionally used for ancient Greek, the stressed vowel of each word carries one of three accent marks: either the [[acute accent]] ({{Big|{{lang|grc|ά}}}}), the [[grave accent]] ({{Big|{{lang|grc|ὰ}}}}), or the [[circumflex accent]] ({{Big|{{lang|grc|α̃}}}} or {{big|{{lang|grc|α̑}}}}). These signs were originally designed to mark different forms of the phonological [[pitch accent]] in Ancient Greek. By the time their use became conventional and obligatory in Greek writing, in late antiquity, pitch accent was evolving into a single [[Stress (linguistics)|stress accent]], and thus the three signs have not corresponded to a phonological distinction in actual speech ever since. In addition to the accent marks, every word-initial vowel must carry either of two so-called "breathing marks": the [[Spiritus asper|rough breathing]] ({{Big|{{lang|grc|ἁ}}}}), marking an {{IPA|/h/}} sound at the beginning of a word, or the [[Spiritus lenis|smooth breathing]] ({{Big|{{lang|grc|ἀ}}}}), marking its absence. The letter rho (ρ), although not a vowel, also carries a rough breathing in word-initial position. If a rho was geminated within a word, the first {{lang|el|ρ}} always had the smooth breathing and the second the rough breathing (ῤῥ) leading to the transliteration rrh.
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| The vowel letters {{angbr|{{lang|el|α, η, ω}}}} carry an additional diacritic in certain words, the so-called [[iota subscript]], which has the shape of a small vertical stroke or a miniature {{angbr|{{lang|el|ι}}}} below the letter. This iota represents the former offglide of what were originally long diphthongs, {{angbr|{{lang|el|ᾱι, ηι, ωι}}}} (i.e. {{IPA|/aːi, ɛːi, ɔːi/}}), which became monophthongized during antiquity.
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| Another diacritic used in Greek is the [[Double dot (diacritic)|diaeresis]] ({{big|{{lang|grc|¨}}}}), indicating a [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]].
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| This system of diacritics was first developed by the scholar [[Aristophanes of Byzantium]] ({{circa}} 257 – {{circa}} 185/180 BC), who worked at the [[Musaeum]] in Alexandria during the third century BC.{{sfn|Dickey|2007|pages=92–93}} Aristophanes of Byzantium also was the first to divide poems into lines, rather than writing them like prose, and also introduced a series of signs for [[textual criticism]].{{sfn|Dickey|2007|page=93}} In 1982, a new, simplified orthography, known as "monotonic", was adopted for official use in Modern Greek by the Greek state. It uses only a single accent mark, the acute (also known in this context as ''tonos'', i.e. simply "accent"), marking the stressed syllable of polysyllabic words, and occasionally the diaeresis to distinguish diphthongal from digraph readings in pairs of vowel letters, making this monotonic system very similar to the accent mark system used in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. The polytonic system is still conventionally used for writing Ancient Greek, while in some book printing and generally in the usage of conservative writers it can still also be found in use for Modern Greek.
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| Although it is not a diacritic, the [[comma]] has a similar function as a [[silent letter]] in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing {{wikt-lang|el|ό,τι}} (''ó,ti'', "whatever") from {{wikt-lang|el|ότι}} (''óti'', "that").<ref name=nicky>Nicolas, Nick. "[http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120806003722/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html |date=2012-08-06 }}". 2005. Accessed 7 Oct 2014.</ref>
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| === Romanization ===
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| {{Main|Romanization of Greek}}
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| There are many different methods of rendering Greek text or Greek names in the Latin script.{{sfn|Verbrugghe|1999|pages=499–511}} The form in which classical Greek names are conventionally rendered in English goes back to the way Greek loanwords were incorporated into Latin in antiquity.{{sfn|Verbrugghe|1999|pages=499–502}} In this system, {{angbr|{{lang|el|κ}}}} is replaced with {{angbr|c}}, the diphthongs {{angbr|{{lang|el|αι}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|el|οι}}}} are rendered as {{angbr|ae}} and {{angbr|oe}} (or {{angbr|æ,œ}}) respectively; and {{angbr|{{lang|el|ει}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|el|ου}}}} are simplified to {{angbr|i}} and {{angbr|u}} respectively.{{sfn|Verbrugghe|1999|pages=499–502, 510–511}} Smooth breathing marks are usually ignored and rough breathing marks are usually rendered as the letter {{angbr|h}}.{{sfn|Verbrugghe|1999|pages=499–502, 509}} In modern scholarly transliteration of Ancient Greek, {{angbr|{{lang|el|κ}}}} will usually be rendered as {{angbr|k}}, and the vowel combinations {{angbr|{{lang|el|αι}}, οι, ει, ου}} as {{angbr|ai, oi, ei, ou}} respectively.{{sfn|Verbrugghe|1999|pages=499–511}} The letters {{angbr|{{lang|el|θ}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|el|φ}}}} are generally rendered as {{angbr|th}} and {{angbr|ph}}; {{angbr|{{lang|el|χ}}}} as either {{angbr|ch}} or {{angbr|kh}}; and word-initial {{angbr|{{lang|el|ρ}}}} as {{angbr|rh}}.{{sfn|Verbrugghe|1999|pages=510–511}}
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| Multiple different transcription conventions exist for Modern Greek.{{sfn|Verbrugghe|1999|pages=505–507, 510–511}} These differ widely, depending on their purpose, on how close they stay to the conventional letter correspondences of Ancient Greek-based transcription systems, and to what degree they attempt either an exact letter-by-letter [[transliteration]] or rather a phonetically-based transcription.{{sfn|Verbrugghe|1999|pages=505–507, 510–511}} Standardized formal transcription systems have been defined by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (as [[ISO 843]]),{{sfn|Verbrugghe|1999|pages=505–507, 510–511}}<ref name="ISO843">{{cite book|title=ISO 843:1997 (Conversion of Greek characters into Latin characters)|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/5215.html|url-access=subscription|author=ISO|author-link=International Organization for Standardization|year=2010}}</ref> by the [[United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Greek|url=http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_el.htm|author=UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems|access-date=2012-07-15|year=2003}}</ref> by the [[ALA-LC romanization|Library of Congress]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Greek (ALA-LC Romanization Tables)|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/greek.pdf|year=2010}}</ref> and others.
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| !scope="col" | Letter
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| !scope="col" | Traditional Latin transliteration{{sfn|Verbrugghe|1999|pages=510–511}}
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| | {{lang|el|Α α}}
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| | A a
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| | {{lang|el|Β β}}
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| | B b
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| | {{lang|el|Γ γ}}
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| | G g
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| | {{lang|el|Δ δ}}
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| | D d
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| | {{lang|el|Ε ε}}
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| | E e
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| | {{lang|el|Ζ ζ}}
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| | Z z
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| | {{lang|el|Η η}}
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| | Ē ē
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| | {{lang|el|Θ θ}}
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| | Th th
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| | {{lang|el|Ι ι}}
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| | I i
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| | {{lang|el|Κ κ}}
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| | C c, K k
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| | {{lang|el|Λ λ}}
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| | L l
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| | {{lang|el|Μ μ}}
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| | M m
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| | {{lang|el|Ν ν}}
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| | N n
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| | {{lang|el|Ξ ξ}}
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| | X x
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| | {{lang|el|Ο ο}}
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| | O o
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| | {{lang|el|Π π}}
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| | P p
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| | {{lang|el|Ρ ρ}}
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| | R r, Rh rh
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| | {{lang|el|Σ σ}}/ς
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| | S s
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| | {{lang|el|Τ τ}}
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| | T t
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| | {{lang|el|Υ υ}}
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| | Y y, U u
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| | {{lang|el|Φ φ}}
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| | Ph ph
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| | {{lang|el|Χ χ}}
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| | Ch ch, Kh kh
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| | {{lang|el|Ψ ψ}}
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| | Ps ps
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| | {{lang|el|Ω ω}}
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| | Ō ō
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| |}
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| ==Video - Modern Greek Alphabet Pronunciation by a Native Speaker==
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| <youtube>28yu1PFc438</youtube> | | <youtube>28yu1PFc438</youtube> |
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| ==Greek (Modern) Online Virtual Keyboard==
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| __NOCACHE__
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| <include iframe="" src="https://polyglotclub.com/keyboard.php?souscat_url=modern-greek-1453" height="600px" frameborder="0" scrolling="yes" />
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| [[Category:Alphabet-and-Pronunciation]] | | [[Category:Alphabet-and-Pronunciation]] |
