Difference between revisions of "Language/Lingala/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation"

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__TOC__
__TOC__
----
----
==Alphabet and IPA==
==Alphabet==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter
!Letter
Line 82: Line 82:
|z
|z
|}
|}
== Phonology ==
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Back
|-
!Close
|i
|u
|-
!Close-mid
|e
|o
|-
!Open-mid
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!Open
|a
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!IPA
!Example (IPA)
!Example (written)
!Meaning
!Notes
|-
|i
|/lilála/
|lilála
|orange
|
|-
|u
|/kulutu/
|kulútu
|elder
|
|-
|e
|/eloᵑɡi/
|elongi
|face
|
|-
|o
|/mobáli/
|mobáli
|boy
|pronounced slightly higher than the cardinal o,
realized as [o̝]
|-
|ɛ
|/lɛlɔ́/
|lɛlɔ́
|today
|
|-
|ɔ
|/ᵐbɔ́ᵑɡɔ/
|mbɔ́ngɔ
|money
|
|-
|a
|/áwa/
|áwa
|here
|
|}
==== Vowel harmony ====
Lingala words show vowel harmony to some extent. The close-mid vowels /e/ and /o/ normally do not mix with the open-mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ in words. For example, the words ''ndɔbɔ'' 'fishhook' and ''ndobo'' 'mouse trap' are found, but not ''*ndɔbo'' or ''*ndobɔ''.
==== Vowel shift ====
The Lingala spoken in Kinshasa shows a vowel shift from /ɔ/ to /o/, leading to the absence of the phoneme /ɔ/ in favor of /o/. The same occurs with /ɛ/ and /e/, leading to just /e/. So in Kinshasa, a native speaker will say ''mbóte'' as /ᵐbóte/, compared to the more traditional pronunciation of /ᵐbɔ́tɛ/.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Alveolar
! colspan="2" |Post-
alveolar
!Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
|-
!<small>Nasal</small>
|
|m
|
|n
|
|
|ɲ
|
|-
!<small>Stop</small>
|p
|b
|t
|d
| colspan="2" |
|
|k
|g
|-
!Pre-nasalized
|ᵐp
|ᵐb
|ⁿt
ⁿs
|ⁿd
ⁿz
| colspan="2" |
|
|ᵑk
|ᵑg
|-
!<small>Fricative</small>
|f
|v
|s
|z
|ʃ
|(ʒ)
|
| colspan="2" |
|-
!<small>Approximant</small>
|
|w
|
|l
|
|
|j
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!IPA
!Example (IPA)
!Example (written)
!Meaning
|-
|p
|/napɛ́si/
|napɛ́sí
|I give
|-
|ᵐp
|/ᵐpɛᵐbɛ́ni/
|mpɛmbɛ́ni
|near
|-
|b
|/boliᵑɡo/
|bolingo
|love
|-
|ᵐb
|/ᵐbɛlí/
|mbɛlí
|knife
|-
|t
|/litéja/
|litéya
|lesson
|-
|ⁿt
|/ⁿtɔ́ᵑɡɔ́/
|ntɔ́ngó
|dawn
|-
|d
|/daidai/
|daidai
|sticky
|-
|ⁿd
|/ⁿdeko/
|ndeko
|sibling, cousin, relative
|-
|k
|/mokɔlɔ/
|mokɔlɔ
|day
|-
|ᵑk
|/ᵑkóló/
|nkóló
|owner
|-
|ɡ
|/ɡalamɛ́lɛ/
|galamɛ́lɛ
|grammar
|-
|ᵑɡ
|/ᵑɡáí/
|ngáí
|me
|-
|m
|/mamá/
|mamá
|mother
|-
|n
|/bojini/
|boyini
|hate
|-
|ɲ
|/ɲama/
|nyama
|animal
|-
|f
|/fɔtɔ́/
|fɔtɔ́
|photograph
|-
|v
|/veló/
|veló
|bicycle
|-
|s
|/sɔ̂lɔ/
|sɔ̂lɔ
|truly
|-
|ⁿs
|/ɲɔ́ⁿsɔ/
|nyɔ́nsɔ
|all
|-
|z
|/zɛ́lɔ/
|zɛ́lɔ
|sand
|-
|ⁿz <small>(1)</small>
|/ⁿzáᵐbe/
|nzámbe
|God
|-
|ʃ
|/ʃakú/
|cakú or shakú
|African grey parrot
|-
|l
|/ɔ́lɔ/
|ɔ́lɔ
|gold
|-
|j
|/jé/
|yé
|him; her (object pronoun)
|-
|w
|/wápi/
|wápi
|where
|}
==Pronunciation: VIDEO==
==Pronunciation: VIDEO==
<youtube>iiDWgi_YdLU</youtube>
<youtube>iiDWgi_YdLU</youtube>


[[Category:Alphabet-and-Pronunciation]]
[[Category:Alphabet-and-Pronunciation]]

Revision as of 19:32, 11 October 2021

Lingala-Language-PolyglotClub.png

Alphabet

Letter A a B b C c D d E e Ɛ ɛ F f G g Gb gb H h I i K k L l M m Mb mb Mp mp N n Nd nd Ng ng Nk nk Ns ns Ns ns Nt nt Ny ny Nz nz O o Ɔ ɔ P p R r S s Sh sh T t U u V v W w Y y Z z
IPA a b ʃ d e ɛ f g gb h i k l m n mb mp n nd ŋg ŋk ns nt ɲ nz o ɔ p r s ʃ t u v w j z

Phonology

Vowels

Front Back
Close i u
Close-mid e o
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a
IPA Example (IPA) Example (written) Meaning Notes
i /lilála/ lilála orange
u /kulutu/ kulútu elder
e /eloᵑɡi/ elongi face
o /mobáli/ mobáli boy pronounced slightly higher than the cardinal o,

realized as [o̝]

ɛ /lɛlɔ́/ lɛlɔ́ today
ɔ /ᵐbɔ́ᵑɡɔ/ mbɔ́ngɔ money
a /áwa/ áwa here

Vowel harmony

Lingala words show vowel harmony to some extent. The close-mid vowels /e/ and /o/ normally do not mix with the open-mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ in words. For example, the words ndɔbɔ 'fishhook' and ndobo 'mouse trap' are found, but not *ndɔbo or *ndobɔ.

Vowel shift

The Lingala spoken in Kinshasa shows a vowel shift from /ɔ/ to /o/, leading to the absence of the phoneme /ɔ/ in favor of /o/. The same occurs with /ɛ/ and /e/, leading to just /e/. So in Kinshasa, a native speaker will say mbóte as /ᵐbóte/, compared to the more traditional pronunciation of /ᵐbɔ́tɛ/.

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Post-

alveolar

Palatal Velar
Nasal m n ɲ
Stop p b t d k g
Pre-nasalized ᵐp ᵐb ⁿt

ⁿs

ⁿd

ⁿz

ᵑk ᵑg
Fricative f v s z ʃ (ʒ)
Approximant w l j
IPA Example (IPA) Example (written) Meaning
p /napɛ́si/ napɛ́sí I give
ᵐp /ᵐpɛᵐbɛ́ni/ mpɛmbɛ́ni near
b /boliᵑɡo/ bolingo love
ᵐb /ᵐbɛlí/ mbɛlí knife
t /litéja/ litéya lesson
ⁿt /ⁿtɔ́ᵑɡɔ́/ ntɔ́ngó dawn
d /daidai/ daidai sticky
ⁿd /ⁿdeko/ ndeko sibling, cousin, relative
k /mokɔlɔ/ mokɔlɔ day
ᵑk /ᵑkóló/ nkóló owner
ɡ /ɡalamɛ́lɛ/ galamɛ́lɛ grammar
ᵑɡ /ᵑɡáí/ ngáí me
m /mamá/ mamá mother
n /bojini/ boyini hate
ɲ /ɲama/ nyama animal
f /fɔtɔ́/ fɔtɔ́ photograph
v /veló/ veló bicycle
s /sɔ̂lɔ/ sɔ̂lɔ truly
ⁿs /ɲɔ́ⁿsɔ/ nyɔ́nsɔ all
z /zɛ́lɔ/ zɛ́lɔ sand
ⁿz (1) /ⁿzáᵐbe/ nzámbe God
ʃ /ʃakú/ cakú or shakú African grey parrot
l /ɔ́lɔ/ ɔ́lɔ gold
j /jé/ yé him; her (object pronoun)
w /wápi/ wápi where

Pronunciation: VIDEO

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