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<div style="font-size:300%"> Preverbs and their functions in Georgian</div>
<div style="font-size:300%"> Preverbs and their functions in Georgian</div>


a) Preverbs show the direction of a verbal act.  
== a) Preverbs show the direction of a verbal act. ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
მი- away (from the I person) მიდის “he/she/it goes”
|მი- 
მო- towards (to the I person) მოდის “he/she/it comes”
|away (from the I person) 
ა- up ადის “he/she/it rises/goes up”
|მიდის 
და- down; sometimes an intensive act დადის “he/she/it walks”; “it goes down” (e.g. temperature)  
|“he/she/it goes” 
ჩა- down inside ჩადის “he/she/it descends/goes down(hill)”
|-
შე- from outside to inside შედის “he/she/it enters/goes in”
|მო- 
გა- from inside to outside გადის “he/she/it goes out” (e.g. from the house)  
|towards (to the I person) 
გადა- over a barrier გადადის “he/she/it crosses/goes over (something)”
|მოდის 
წა- away წავიდა “he/she/it left/went away”
|“he/she/it comes” 
 
|-
|ა- 
|up 
|ადის 
|“he/she/it rises/goes up” 
|-
|და- 
|down; sometimes an intensive act 
|დადის  
|“he/she/it walks”; “it goes down” (e.g. temperature)
|-
|ჩა- 
|down inside 
|ჩადის 
|“he/she/it descends/goes down(hill)” 
|-
|შე- 
|from outside to inside 
|შედის 
|“he/she/it enters/goes in” 
|-
|გა- 
|from inside to outside 
|გადის 
|“he/she/it goes out” (e.g. from the house) 
|-
|გადა- 
|over a barrier 
|გადადის 
|“he/she/it crosses/goes over (something)” 
|-
|წა- 
|away 
|წავიდა 
|“he/she/it left/went away” 
|}




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{| class="wikitable"
ამო- up ამოდის “he/she/it rises/comes up”
|ამო- 
ჩამო- down inside ჩამოდის “he/she/it arrives/comes down”
|up 
შემო- from outside to inside შემოდის “he/she/it enters/comes in”
|ამოდის 
გამო- from inside to outside გამოდის “he/she/it emerges/comes out”
|“he/she/it rises/comes up” 
გადმო- over a barrier გადმოდის “he/she/it comes across/over”
|-
წამო- towards the I person წამოვიდა “he/she/it came over/out”
|ჩამო- 
 
|down inside 
 
|ჩამოდის 
 
|“he/she/it arrives/comes down” 
b) When preverbs produce new rows of conjugation in the I series, then they don’t show any direction.
|-
 
|შემო- 
 
|from outside to inside 
ხატავს “he/she/it paints” დახატავს “he/she/it will paint” წერს “he/she/it writes” დაწერს “he/she/it will write” No verbal direction is exposed here.
|შემოდის 
|“he/she/it enters/comes in” 
|-
|გამო- 
|from inside to outside 
|გამოდის 
|“he/she/it emerges/comes out” 
|-
|გადმო- 
|over a barrier 
|გადმოდის 
|“he/she/it comes across/over” 
|-
|წამო- 
|towards the I person 
|წამოვიდა 
|“he/she/it came over/out” 
|}




== b) When preverbs produce new rows of conjugation in the I series, then they don’t show any direction. ==
{| class="wikitable"
|ხატავს 
|“he/she/it paints”
|დახატავს 
|“he/she/it will paint” 
|-
|წერს 
|“he/she/it writes”
|დაწერს 
|“he/she/it  will write” No verbal direction is exposed here. 
|}


c) Preverbs don’t show direction while producing the perfective aspect.


Compare:
== c) Preverbs don’t show direction while producing the perfective aspect. ==


Imperfective Perfective
'''Compare:''' 
ვხატე “I was painting” დავხატე “I painted”
ვწერე “I was writing” დავწერე “I wrote”


{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Imperfective 
| colspan="2" |Perfective 
|-
|ვხატე 
|“I was painting”
|დავხატე 
|“I painted” 
|-
|ვწერე 
|“I was writing”
|დავწერე 
|“I wrote” 
|}




d) Sometimes preverbs change the meaning of a word:  
d) Sometimes preverbs change the meaning of a word:  


მოიგო “he/she won [it]” (e.g. the game or money)  
{| class="wikitable"
გაიგო “he/she understood [it]”
|მოიგო 
წააგო “he/she lost [it]”
|“he/she won [it]” (e.g. the game or money) 
მიხვდა “he/she realized/understood [it]”
|-
მოხვდა “he/she got [it]”
|გაიგო 
შეხვდა “he/she met [him/her/them]”
|“he/she understood [it]” 
დახვდა “he/she met (ran into) [it/him/her/them]”
|-
|წააგო 
|“he/she lost [it]” 
|-
|მიხვდა 
|“he/she realized/understood [it]” 
|-
|მოხვდა 
|“he/she got [it]” 
|-
|შეხვდა 
|“he/she met [him/her/them]” 
|-
|დახვდა 
|“he/she met (ran into) [it/him/her/them]”
|}


==Sources==
==Sources==
http://eprints.iliauni.edu.ge/3071/1/Basic-Georgian%202%20bolo%20versia.pdf
http://eprints.iliauni.edu.ge/3071/1/Basic-Georgian%202%20bolo%20versia.pdf

Revision as of 11:45, 30 September 2021

Georgian-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Preverbs and their functions in Georgian

a) Preverbs show the direction of a verbal act.

მი-  away (from the I person)  მიდის  “he/she/it goes” 
მო-  towards (to the I person)  მოდის  “he/she/it comes” 
ა-  up  ადის  “he/she/it rises/goes up” 
და-  down; sometimes an intensive act  დადის   “he/she/it walks”; “it goes down” (e.g. temperature)
ჩა-  down inside  ჩადის  “he/she/it descends/goes down(hill)” 
შე-  from outside to inside  შედის  “he/she/it enters/goes in” 
გა-  from inside to outside  გადის  “he/she/it goes out” (e.g. from the house) 
გადა-  over a barrier  გადადის  “he/she/it crosses/goes over (something)” 
წა-  away  წავიდა  “he/she/it left/went away” 


All these preverbs show the direction away from the I person except “მო-”. They are simple preverbs, but they can have “მო-” added to become complex preverbs. By adding “მო-” the direction becomes orientated towards the I person. So, all complex preverbs show the direction to the I person.


ამო-  up  ამოდის  “he/she/it rises/comes up” 
ჩამო-  down inside  ჩამოდის  “he/she/it arrives/comes down” 
შემო-  from outside to inside  შემოდის  “he/she/it enters/comes in” 
გამო-  from inside to outside  გამოდის  “he/she/it emerges/comes out” 
გადმო-  over a barrier  გადმოდის  “he/she/it comes across/over” 
წამო-  towards the I person  წამოვიდა  “he/she/it came over/out” 


b) When preverbs produce new rows of conjugation in the I series, then they don’t show any direction.

ხატავს  “he/she/it paints” დახატავს  “he/she/it will paint” 
წერს  “he/she/it writes” დაწერს  “he/she/it will write” No verbal direction is exposed here. 


c) Preverbs don’t show direction while producing the perfective aspect.

Compare:

Imperfective  Perfective 
ვხატე  “I was painting” დავხატე  “I painted” 
ვწერე  “I was writing” დავწერე  “I wrote” 


d) Sometimes preverbs change the meaning of a word:

მოიგო  “he/she won [it]” (e.g. the game or money) 
გაიგო  “he/she understood [it]” 
წააგო  “he/she lost [it]” 
მიხვდა  “he/she realized/understood [it]” 
მოხვდა  “he/she got [it]” 
შეხვდა  “he/she met [him/her/them]” 
დახვდა  “he/she met (ran into) [it/him/her/them]”

Sources

http://eprints.iliauni.edu.ge/3071/1/Basic-Georgian%202%20bolo%20versia.pdf

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