Difference between revisions of "Language/Japanese/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation"

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Japanese language uses three ways to express sounds and writing ː Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji.
Japanese language uses three ways to express sounds and writing ː Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji.


There are to simple symbols tables called "Hiragana" and "Katakana" and the borrowed Chinese characters called Kanji.
There are simple symbols derived from Chinese characters are called "Hiragana" and "Katakana", Chinese characters called Kanji.


== Hiragana ==
== Hiragana ==
Hiragana is the most common. You can find it everywhere, in restaurant, train stations...
Hiragana is the most common. you can find it everywhere, in restaurant, train stations...


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|あ
|'''あ'''
|A
|a
|か
|[a]
|KA
|'''か'''
|さ
|ka
|SA
|[ka]
|た
|'''さ'''
|TA
|sa
|な
|[sa]
|NA
|'''た'''
|は
|ta
|HA
|[ta]
|ま
|'''な'''
|MA
|na
|や
|[na]
|YA
|'''は'''
|ら
|ha
|RA
|[ha], [wa]
|わ
|'''ま'''
|WA
|ma
|ん
|[ma]
|N
|'''や'''
|ya
|[ja]
|'''ら'''
|ra
|[ɾa]
|'''わ'''
|wa
|[wa]
|'''ん'''
|n
|[n], [m], [ŋ],[ɴ], [ɯ̃], [ĩ]
|-
|-
|い
|'''い'''
|I
|i
|き
|[i]
|KI
|'''き'''
|し
|ki
|SHI
|[kʲi]
|ち
|'''し'''
|CHI
|shi
|に
|[ɕi]
|NI
|'''ち'''
|ひ
|chi
|HI
|[t͡ɕi]
|み
|'''に'''
|MI
|ni
|
|[ɲi]
|
|'''ひ'''
|り
|hi
|RI
|[çi]
|
|'''み'''
|
|mi
|
|[mi]
|
!
!
!
|'''り'''
|ri
|[ɾi]
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|-
|う
|'''う'''
|U
|u
|く
|[ɯ]
|KU
|'''く'''
|す
|ku
|SU
|[kɯ]
|つ
|'''す'''
|TSU
|su
|ぬ
|[sɯ]
|NU
|'''つ'''
|ふ
|tsu
|FU
|[t͡sɯ]
|む
|'''ぬ'''
|MU
|nu
|ゆ
|[nɯ]
|YU
|'''ふ'''
|る
|fu
|RU
|[ɸɯ]
|
|'''む'''
|
|mu
|
|[mɯ]
|
|'''ゆ'''
|yu
|[jɯ]
|'''る'''
|ru
|[ɾɯ]
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|-
|え
|'''え'''
|E
|e
|け
|[e]
|KE
|'''け'''
|せ
|ke
|SE
|[ke]
|て
|'''せ'''
|TE
|se
|ね
|[se]
|NE
|'''て'''
|へ
|te
|HE
|[te]
|め
|'''ね'''
|ME
|ne
|
|[ne]
|
|'''へ'''
|れ
|he
|RE
|[he], [e]
|
|'''め'''
|
|me
|
|[me]
|
!
!
!
|'''れ'''
|re
|[ɾe]
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|-
|お
|'''お'''
|O
|o
|こ
|[o]
|KO
|'''こ'''
|そ
|ko
|SO
|[ko]
|と
|'''そ'''
|TO
|so
|の
|[so]
|NO
|'''と'''
|ほ
|to
|HO
|[to]
|も
|'''の'''
|MO
|no
|よ
|[no]
|YO
|'''ほ'''
|ろ
|ho
|RO
|[ho]
|を
|'''も'''
|WO
|mo
|
|[mo]
|
|'''よ'''
|yo
|[jo]
|'''ろ'''
|ro
|[ɾo]
|'''を'''
|wo
|[(w)o]
!
!
!
|}
|}
Also, to form some sounds like Z, P or B we have to use some additional symbols to complete basic ones.
゛(dakuten) makes K becomes G, S become Z, T becomes D, H becomes B
'''゜''' (handakuten) makes H becomes P
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|が
|'''が'''
|GA
|ga
|ざ
|[ɡa]
|ZA
|'''ざ'''
|だ
|za
|DA
|[za]
|ば
|'''だ'''
|BA
|da
|
|[da]
|ぱ
|'''ば'''
|PA
|ba
|[ba]
|'''ぱ'''
|pa
|[pa]
|-
|-
|ぎ
|'''ぎ'''
|GI
|gi
|じ
|[ɡʲi]
|JI
|'''じ'''
|ぢ
|Ji
|DZI
|[(d)ʑi]
|び
|'''ぢ'''
|BI
|dzi
|
|[(d)ʑi]
|ぴ
|'''び'''
|PI
|bi
|[bi]
|'''ぴ'''
|pi
|[pi]
|-
|-
|ぐ
|'''ぐ'''
|GU
|gu
|ず
|[ɡɯ]
|ZU
|'''ず'''
|づ
|zu
|DZU
|(d)zɯ]
|ぶ
|'''づ'''
|BU
|dzu
|
|[(d)zɯ]
|ぷ
|'''ぶ'''
|PU
|bu
|[bɯ]
|'''ぷ'''
|pu
|[pɯ]
|-
|-
|げ
|'''げ'''
|GE
|ge
|ぜ
|[ɡe]
|ZE
|'''ぜ'''
|で
|ze
|DE
|[ze]
|べ
|'''で'''
|BE
|de
|
|[de]
|ぺ
|'''べ'''
|PE
|be
|[be]
|'''ぺ'''
|pe
|[pe]
|-
|-
|ご
|'''ご'''
|GO
|go
|ぞ
|[ɡo]
|ZO
|'''ぞ'''
|ど
|zo
|DO
|[zo]
|ぼ
|'''ど'''
|BO
|do
|
|[do]
|ぽ
|'''ぼ'''
|PO
|bo
|[bo]
|'''ぽ'''
|po
|[po]
|}
|}


Notes ː   
Notes ː   


As you can see, for "W" sound, there are only A and O.  
As you can see, for "w" sound, there are only a and o.  


Concerning the "Y" section, there are only A, U and O.
Concerning the "y" section, there are only a, u and o.


Also, to form some sounds like Z, P or B we have to use some additional symbols to complete basic ones.
Also, to form some sounds like z, p or b we have to use some additional symbols to complete basic ones.


゛makes K become G, S become Z, T become D, H become B
゛makes k become g, s become z, t become d, h become b


'''゜'''  makes H become P
'''゜'''  makes h become p


The difference between じ and ぢ, ず and づ is if the consonant is voiceless or voiced.
The difference between じ and ぢ, ず and づ is if the consonant is voiceless or voiced.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Digraph
|きゃ
|kya
|[kʲa]
|しゃ
|sha
|[ɕa]
|ちゃ
|cha
|[t͡ɕa]
|にゃ
|nyo
|[ɲa]
|ひゃ
|hya
|[ça]
|みゃ
|mya
|[mʲa]
|りゃ
|rya
|[ɾʲa]
|ぎゃ
|gya
|[ɡʲa]
|じゃ
|ja
|[d͡ʑa]
|びゃ
|bya
|[bʲa]
|ぴゃ
|pya
|[pʲa]
|-
|きゅ
|kyu
|[kʲɯ]
|しゅ
|shu
|[ɕɯ]
|ちゅ
|chu
|[t͡ɕɯ]
|にゅ
|nyu
|[ɲɯ]
|ひゅ
|hyu
|[çɯ]
|みゅ
|myu
|[mʲɯ]
|りゅ
|ryu
|[ɾʲɯ]
|ぎゅ
|gyu
|[ɡʲɯ]
|じゅ
|ju
|[d͡ʑɯ]
|びゅ
|byu
|[bʲɯ]
|ぴゅ
|pyu
|[pʲɯ]
|-
|きょ
|kyo
|[kʲo]
|しょ
|sho
|[ɕo]
|ちょ
|cho
|[t͡ɕo]
|にょ
|nya
|[ɲo]
|ひょ
|hyo
|[ço]
|みょ
|myo
|[mʲo]
|りょ
|ryo
|[ɾʲo]
|ぎょ
|gyo
|[ɡʲo]
|じょ
|jo
|[d͡ʑo]
|びょ
|byo
|[bʲo]
|ぴょ
|pyo
|[pʲo]
|}


== Katakana ==
== Katakana ==
Line 210: Line 385:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|ア
|'''ア'''
|A
|a
|カ
|[a]
|KA
|'''カ'''
|サ
|ka
|SA
|[ka]
|タ
|'''サ'''
|TA
|sa
|ナ
|[sa]
|NA
|'''タ'''
|ハ
|ta
|HA
|[ta]
|マ
|'''ナ'''
|MA
|na
|ヤ
|[na]
|YA
|'''ハ'''
|ラ
|ha
|RA
|[ha], [wa]
|ワ
|'''マ'''
|WA
|ma
|ン
|[ma]
|N
|'''ヤ'''
|ya
|[ja]
|'''ラ'''
|ra
|[ɾa]
|'''ワ'''
|wa
|[wa]
|'''ン'''
|n
|[n], [m], [ŋ],[ɴ], [ɯ̃], [ĩ]
|-
|-
|イ
|'''イ'''
|I
|i
|キ
|[i]
|KI
|'''キ'''
|シ
|ki
|SHI
|[kʲi]
|チ
|'''シ'''
|CHI
|shi
|二
|[ɕi]
|NI
|'''チ'''
|ヒ
|chi
|HI
|[t͡ɕi]
|ミ
|'''二'''
|MI
|ni
|
|[ɲi]
|
|'''ヒ'''
|リ
|hi
|RI
|[çi]
|
|'''ミ'''
|
|mi
|
|[mi]
|
!
!
!
|'''リ'''
|ri
|[ɾi]
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|-
|ウ
|'''ウ'''
|U
|u
|ク
|[ɯ]
|KU
|'''ク'''
|ス
|ku
|SU
|[kɯ]
|ツ
|'''ス'''
|TSU
|su
|ヌ
|[sɯ]
|NU
|'''ツ'''
|フ
|tsu
|FU
|[t͡sɯ]
|ム
|'''ヌ'''
|MU
|nu
|ユ
|[nɯ]
|YU
|'''フ'''
|ル
|fu
|RU
|[ɸɯ]
|
|'''ム'''
|
|mu
|
|[mɯ]
|
|'''ユ'''
|yu
|[jɯ]
|'''ル'''
|ru
|[ɾɯ]
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|-
|エ
|'''エ'''
|E
|e
|ケ
|[e]
|KE
|'''ケ'''
|セ
|ke
|SE
|[ke]
|テ
|'''セ'''
|TE
|se
|ネ
|[se]
|NE
|'''テ'''
|へ
|te
|HE
|[te]
|メ
|'''ネ'''
|ME
|ne
|
|[ne]
|
|'''へ'''
|レ
|he
|RE
|[he], [e]
|
|'''メ'''
|
|me
|
|[me]
|
!
!
!
|'''レ'''
|re
|[ɾe]
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|-
|オ
|'''オ'''
|O
|o
|コ
|[o]
|KO
|'''コ'''
|ソ
|ko
|SO
|[ko]
|ト
|'''ソ'''
|TO
|so
|ノ
|[so]
|NO
|'''ト'''
|ホ
|to
|HO
|[to]
|モ
|'''ノ'''
|MO
|no
|ヨ
|[no]
|YO
|'''ホ'''
|ロ
|ho
|RO
|[ho]
|ヲ
|'''モ'''
|WO
|mo
|
|[mo]
|
|'''ヨ'''
|yo
|[jo]
|'''ロ'''
|ro
|[ɾo]
|'''ヲ'''
|wo
|[(w)o]
!
!
!
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|ガ
|'''ガ'''
|GA
|ga
|ザ
|[ɡa]
|ZA
|'''ザ'''
|ダ
|za
|DA
|[za]
|バ
|'''ダ'''
|BA
|da
|
|[da]
|パ
|'''バ'''
|PA
|ba
|[ba]
|'''パ'''
|pa
|[pa]
|-
|-
|ギ
|'''ギ'''
|GI
|gi
|ジ
|[ɡʲi]
|JI
|'''ジ'''
|ヂ
|Ji
|DZI
|[(d)ʑi]
|ビ
|'''ヂ'''
|BI
|dzi
|
|[(d)ʑi]
|ピ
|'''ビ'''
|PI
|bi
|[bi]
|'''ピ'''
|pi
|[pi]
|-
|-
|グ
|'''グ'''
|GU
|gu
|ズ
|[ɡɯ]
|ZU
|'''ズ'''
|ヅ
|zu
|DZU
|(d)zɯ]
|ブ
|'''ヅ'''
|BU
|dzu
|
|[(d)zɯ]
|プ
|'''ブ'''
|PU
|bu
|[bɯ]
|'''プ'''
|pu
|[pɯ]
|-
|-
|ゲ
|'''ゲ'''
|GE
|ge
|ゼ
|[ɡe]
|ZE
|'''ゼ'''
|デ
|ze
|DE
|[ze]
|ベ
|'''デ'''
|BE
|de
|
|[de]
|ペ
|'''ベ'''
|PE
|be
|[be]
|'''ペ'''
|pe
|[pe]
|-
|-
|ゴ
|'''ゴ'''
|GO
|go
|ゾ
|[ɡo]
|ZO
|'''ゾ'''
|ド
|zo
|DO
|[zo]
|ボ
|'''ド'''
|BO
|do
|
|[do]
|ポ
|'''ボ'''
|PO
|bo
|[bo]
|'''ポ'''
|po
|[po]
|}
{| class =" wikitable "
|+Digraph
|キャ
|kya
|[kʲa]
|シャ
|sha
|[ɕa]
|チャ
|cha
|[t͡ɕa]
|ニャ
|nyo
|[ɲa]
|ヒゃ
|hya
|[ça]
|ミゃ
|mya
|[mʲa]
|リャ
|rya
|[ɾʲa]
|ぎゃ
|gya
|[ɡʲa]
|ジャ
|ja
|[d͡ʑa]
|びゃ
|bya
|[bʲa]
|ぴゃ
|pya
|[pʲa]
|-
|キゅ
|kyu
|[kʲɯ]
|シゅ
|shu
|[ɕɯ]
|チゅ
|chu
|[t͡ɕɯ]
|ニゅ
|nyu
|[ɲɯ]
|ヒゅ
|hyu
|[çɯ]
|ミゅ
|myu
|[mʲɯ]
|リゅ
|ryu
|[ɾʲɯ]
|ぎゅ
|gyu
|[ɡʲɯ]
|ジゅ
|ju
|[d͡ʑɯ]
|びゅ
|byu
|[bʲɯ]
|ぴゅ
|pyu
|[pʲɯ]
|-
|キょ
|kyo
|[kʲo]
|ショ
|sho
|[ɕo]
|チョ
|cho
|[t͡ɕo]
|ニょ
|nya
|[ɲo]
|ヒょ
|hyo
|[ço]
|ミょ
|myo
|[mʲo]
|リょ
|ryo
|[ɾʲo]
|ギョ
|gyo
|[ɡʲo]
|ジょ
|jo
|[d͡ʑo]
|びょ
|byo
|[bʲo]
|ぴょ
|pyo
|[pʲo]
|}
|}
There is a small difficulty in katakana symbols table due to the very similar looking of some ː ノ、ソ、ン、シ、ツ...＋ゾ、ジ、ヅ。
There is a small difficulty in katakana symbols table due to the very similar looking of some ː ノ、ソ、ン、シ、ツ...＋ゾ、ジ、ヅ。


== Kanji ==
== Kanji ==


Kanji makes homonyms to be understood more precisely. For example, kami may means god, paper, hair. With Kanji, one can express the proper meaning.
Kanji makes homonyms to be understood more precisely. For example, kami may means god, paper, hair. with kanji, one can express the proper meaning.


==Authors==
==Authors==
[http://polyglotclub.com/member/BriceJ BriceJ]
[http://polyglotclub.com/member/BriceJ briceJ]
{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Japanese Alphabet and Pronunciation
|title=Japanese Alphabet and Pronunciation

Revision as of 20:00, 20 June 2017

Japanese-alphabet-pronunciation.png

Japanese language uses three ways to express sounds and writing ː Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji.

There are simple symbols derived from Chinese characters are called "Hiragana" and "Katakana", Chinese characters called Kanji.

Hiragana

Hiragana is the most common. you can find it everywhere, in restaurant, train stations...

あ a [a] か ka [ka] さ sa [sa] た ta [ta] な na [na] は ha [ha], [wa] ま ma [ma] や ya [ja] ら ra [ɾa] わ wa [wa] ん n [n], [m], [ŋ],[ɴ], [ɯ̃], [ĩ]
い i [i] き ki [kʲi] し shi [ɕi] ち chi [t͡ɕi] に ni [ɲi] ひ hi [çi] み mi [mi] り ri [ɾi]
う u [ɯ] く ku [kɯ] す su [sɯ] つ tsu [t͡sɯ] ぬ nu [nɯ] ふ fu [ɸɯ] む mu [mɯ] ゆ yu [jɯ] る ru [ɾɯ]
え e [e] け ke [ke] せ se [se] て te [te] ね ne [ne] へ he [he], [e] め me [me] れ re [ɾe]
お o [o] こ ko [ko] そ so [so] と to [to] の no [no] ほ ho [ho] も mo [mo] よ yo [jo] ろ ro [ɾo] を wo [(w)o]
が ga [ɡa] ざ za [za] だ da [da] ば ba [ba] ぱ pa [pa]
ぎ gi [ɡʲi] じ Ji [(d)ʑi] ぢ dzi [(d)ʑi] び bi [bi] ぴ pi [pi]
ぐ gu [ɡɯ] ず zu (d)zɯ] づ dzu [(d)zɯ] ぶ bu [bɯ] ぷ pu [pɯ]
げ ge [ɡe] ぜ ze [ze] で de [de] べ be [be] ぺ pe [pe]
ご go [ɡo] ぞ zo [zo] ど do [do] ぼ bo [bo] ぽ po [po]

Notes ː

As you can see, for "w" sound, there are only a and o.

Concerning the "y" section, there are only a, u and o.

Also, to form some sounds like z, p or b we have to use some additional symbols to complete basic ones.

゛makes k become g, s become z, t become d, h become b

゜ makes h become p

The difference between じ and ぢ, ず and づ is if the consonant is voiceless or voiced.

Digraph
きゃ kya [kʲa] しゃ sha [ɕa] ちゃ cha [t͡ɕa] にゃ nyo [ɲa] ひゃ hya [ça] みゃ mya [mʲa] りゃ rya [ɾʲa] ぎゃ gya [ɡʲa] じゃ ja [d͡ʑa] びゃ bya [bʲa] ぴゃ pya [pʲa]
きゅ kyu [kʲɯ] しゅ shu [ɕɯ] ちゅ chu [t͡ɕɯ] にゅ nyu [ɲɯ] ひゅ hyu [çɯ] みゅ myu [mʲɯ] りゅ ryu [ɾʲɯ] ぎゅ gyu [ɡʲɯ] じゅ ju [d͡ʑɯ] びゅ byu [bʲɯ] ぴゅ pyu [pʲɯ]
きょ kyo [kʲo] しょ sho [ɕo] ちょ cho [t͡ɕo] にょ nya [ɲo] ひょ hyo [ço] みょ myo [mʲo] りょ ryo [ɾʲo] ぎょ gyo [ɡʲo] じょ jo [d͡ʑo] びょ byo [bʲo] ぴょ pyo [pʲo]

Katakana

Based on the same concept of hiragana, katakana is especially made to translate foreign names and words

ア a [a] カ ka [ka] サ sa [sa] タ ta [ta] ナ na [na] ハ ha [ha], [wa] マ ma [ma] ヤ ya [ja] ラ ra [ɾa] ワ wa [wa] ン n [n], [m], [ŋ],[ɴ], [ɯ̃], [ĩ]
イ i [i] キ ki [kʲi] シ shi [ɕi] チ chi [t͡ɕi] 二 ni [ɲi] ヒ hi [çi] ミ mi [mi] リ ri [ɾi]
ウ u [ɯ] ク ku [kɯ] ス su [sɯ] ツ tsu [t͡sɯ] ヌ nu [nɯ] フ fu [ɸɯ] ム mu [mɯ] ユ yu [jɯ] ル ru [ɾɯ]
エ e [e] ケ ke [ke] セ se [se] テ te [te] ネ ne [ne] へ he [he], [e] メ me [me] レ re [ɾe]
オ o [o] コ ko [ko] ソ so [so] ト to [to] ノ no [no] ホ ho [ho] モ mo [mo] ヨ yo [jo] ロ ro [ɾo] ヲ wo [(w)o]
ガ ga [ɡa] ザ za [za] ダ da [da] バ ba [ba] パ pa [pa]
ギ gi [ɡʲi] ジ Ji [(d)ʑi] ヂ dzi [(d)ʑi] ビ bi [bi] ピ pi [pi]
グ gu [ɡɯ] ズ zu (d)zɯ] ヅ dzu [(d)zɯ] ブ bu [bɯ] プ pu [pɯ]
ゲ ge [ɡe] ゼ ze [ze] デ de [de] ベ be [be] ペ pe [pe]
ゴ go [ɡo] ゾ zo [zo] ド do [do] ボ bo [bo] ポ po [po]
Digraph
キャ kya [kʲa] シャ sha [ɕa] チャ cha [t͡ɕa] ニャ nyo [ɲa] ヒゃ hya [ça] ミゃ mya [mʲa] リャ rya [ɾʲa] ぎゃ gya [ɡʲa] ジャ ja [d͡ʑa] びゃ bya [bʲa] ぴゃ pya [pʲa]
キゅ kyu [kʲɯ] シゅ shu [ɕɯ] チゅ chu [t͡ɕɯ] ニゅ nyu [ɲɯ] ヒゅ hyu [çɯ] ミゅ myu [mʲɯ] リゅ ryu [ɾʲɯ] ぎゅ gyu [ɡʲɯ] ジゅ ju [d͡ʑɯ] びゅ byu [bʲɯ] ぴゅ pyu [pʲɯ]
キょ kyo [kʲo] ショ sho [ɕo] チョ cho [t͡ɕo] ニょ nya [ɲo] ヒょ hyo [ço] ミょ myo [mʲo] リょ ryo [ɾʲo] ギョ gyo [ɡʲo] ジょ jo [d͡ʑo] びょ byo [bʲo] ぴょ pyo [pʲo]

There is a small difficulty in katakana symbols table due to the very similar looking of some ː ノ、ソ、ン、シ、ツ...＋ゾ、ジ、ヅ。

Kanji

Kanji makes homonyms to be understood more precisely. For example, kami may means god, paper, hair. with kanji, one can express the proper meaning.

Authors

briceJ

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