Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Hanisation"

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Hi polyglots.
Hi polyglots.


In the 1990s and early 2000s, when the Internet was popularised rapidly and Michael Jackson was alive, many people were open to the idea of cosmopolitanism. However, as time goes by, people choose to hole up, instead of diving into the ocean of unfamiliar parts of the world. There is a famous story in the Bible: Tower of Babble, where the God plays the trick of “divide and conquer” on the human. What if all humans can understand each other?
From 1980s till 2000s, when people like Samantha Reed Smith and Michael Jackson were active, many people were open to the idea of cosmopolitanism. However, as time goes by, people choose to hole up, instead of diving into the ocean of unfamiliar parts of the world. There is a popular story in the Bible: tower of Babble, where the God plays the trick of “divide and conquer” on the human. What if all humans can understand each other?


Following the globalisation through European colonisation, the Latin alphabet has been spread to the whole human world. Almost all languages have got their romanisations. Because Latin characters are phonograms, people around the world can try to pronounce a foreign name without knowing about another writing system. In the 2020s, where China becomes more and more influential, people start to notice a different approach. In the field of languages, because Han characters are logograms, people around the world can try to understand a foreign text without knowing about that language, without online translations. As the computer technology has evolved enough, with the help of an input method editor, one can type Han characters in other writing systems with ease.
This is already partially achieved: mathematical and physics notations, chemical notations, electronic symbols, musical notations, phonetic notations, traffic signs, safety signs, computer languages, and so on. Following the globalisation through European colonisation, almost all languages have got their romanisations. Because Latin characters are phonograms, people around the world can try to pronounce a foreign name without knowing about another writing system. In 2020s, when China becomes influential worldwide, people start to notice a different approach. In the field of languages, because Han characters are logograms, people around the world can try to understand a foreign text without knowing about pronunciations in that language.


In pre-modern times, if the text is written in Chinese, then speakers of other languages knowing only Chinese script and syntax can also understand the text. This is called “brushtalk”, as texts are written with brushes. In the modern time, “Pseudo-Chinese”, which is Japanese in Hàn script without syllables, emerged since 2009. Simply after getting familiar with Japanese syntax and some vocabularies, Chinese speakers can also understand texts written in it. There is a Pseudo-Chinese messaging app [https://zenn.dev/40yd/articles/a73333a16415fa 「対多」] online, which shows that the solution of sharing the same writing system for different languages works.


Here are some ideas of the hanisation:
When will people around the world get interested into learning Han script? The possible scenario is when countries/regions in Sinosphere get united economically, then culturally, which still takes years to happen.
* There can be different hanisations for a language, like that there are different romanisations for it;
* Function words with too many senses and affixes by inflections are not hanised, like the mixed writings in Japanese and Korean;


Here is a demonstration of an experimental solution.
A comparison of the Hanisation transcriptions with translations: 7100 languages require 7100×7099=50402900 translations and only 7100 transcriptions. With transcriptions, their syntaxes are preserved.


== Demonstration ==
Here demonstrated is a counterpart to International Phonetic Alphabet. It can be called Common Semantic Writing (公義書). The name of International Phonetic Alphabet is derived from the International Phonetic Association, however, the word “international” implies the division on people by nation-states, which may be considered reinforcing the nationalist narrative, while the word “common” is more neutral; the word “alphabet” or “logogram” refers to characters only, while there are actually rules in addition, so the word “writing” is preferred over “logogram”.
=== Text Direction ===
{| class="wikitable"
!original script
!Han script with ruby
|-
|<big><big>
Θεσσαλονίκη
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>帖撒羅尼迦<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Θεσσαλονίκη</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
<div style="text-align:right">شیراز‎</div>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<div style="text-align:right"><ruby><div style="direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override">設拉子<sup><small>固</small></sup></div><rt>شیراز‎</rt></ruby></div>
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
<div style="writing-mode:vertical-rl">ᠱᠠᠩᠳᠤ</div>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<div style="writing-mode:vertical-rl"><ruby>上都<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>ᠱᠠᠩᠳᠤ</rt></ruby></div>
</big></big>
|}
=== Part of Speech and Grammatical Category ===
{| class="wikitable"
!tense and aspect
!original script
!Han script with ruby
|-
|present simple
|I see.
|<big><big>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>見<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>see</rt></ruby>。
</big></big>
|-
|present continuous
|I am seeing.
|<big><big>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>見<sup><small>動持</small></sup><rt>am seeing</rt></ruby>。
</big></big>
|-
|present perfect simple
|I have seen.
|<big><big>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>見<sup><small>動完</small></sup><rt>have seen</rt></ruby>。
</big></big>
|-
|present perfect continuous
|I have been seeing.
|<big><big>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>見<sup><small>動完持</small></sup><rt>have been seeing</rt></ruby>。
</big></big>
|-
|past simple
|I saw.
|<big><big>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>見<sup><small>動去</small></sup><rt>saw</rt></ruby>。
</big></big>
|-
|past continuous
|I was seeing.
|<big><big>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>見<sup><small>動去持</small></sup><rt>was seeing</rt></ruby>。
</big></big>
|-
|past perfect simple
|I had seen.
|<big><big>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>見<sup><small>動去完</small></sup><rt>had seen</rt></ruby>。
</big></big>
|-
|past perfect continuous
|I had been seeing.
|<big><big>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>見<sup><small>動去完持</small></sup><rt>had been seeing</rt></ruby>。
</big></big>
|-
|future simple
|I will see.
|<big><big>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>見<sup><small>動來</small></sup><rt>will see</rt></ruby>。
</big></big>
|-
|future continuous
|I will be seeing.
|<big><big>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>見<sup><small>動來持</small></sup><rt>will be seeing</rt></ruby>。
</big></big>
|-
|future perfect simple
|I will have seen.
|<big><big>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>見<sup><small>動來完</small></sup><rt>will have seen</rt></ruby>。
</big></big>
|-
|future perfect continuous
|I will have been seeing.
|<big><big>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>見<sup><small>動來完持</small></sup><rt>will have been seeing</rt></ruby>。
</big></big>
|}
=== Transliteration and Transcription ===
{| class="wikitable"
!original script
!transliteration
in Han script with ruby
!transcription
in Han script with ruby
|-
|vermaken
|<big><big>
<ruby>作製<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>ver·maken</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>娛樂<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>vermaken</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|entertain
|<big><big>
<ruby>間持<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>enter·tain</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>娛樂<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>entertain</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|divertir
|<big><big>
<ruby>離向<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>di·vertir</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>娛樂<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>divertir</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|unterhalten
|<big><big>
<ruby>下持<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>unter·halten</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>娛樂<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>unterhalten</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|divertìre
|<big><big>
<ruby>離向<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>di·vertìre</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>娛樂<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>divertìre</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|divertir
|<big><big>
<ruby>離向<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>di·vertir</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>娛樂<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>divertir</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|развлечь
|<big><big>
<ruby>離引<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>раз·влечь</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>娛樂<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>развлечь</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|divertir
|<big><big>
<ruby>離向<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>di·vertir</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>娛樂<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>divertir</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|}
=== Phonetic Transcription and Transliteration ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Latin script
!phonetic transcription
in Mandarin Chinese
in Han script with ruby
!transliteration
in Han script with ruby
|-
|Bristol
|<big><big>
<ruby>布里斯托爾<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Bristol</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>橋邊<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Bri·stol</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|Greenville
|<big><big>
<ruby>格林維爾<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Greenville</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>翠鄉<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Green·ville</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|Hamilton
|<big><big>
<ruby>漢彌爾頓<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Hamilton</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>兀丘<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Hamil·ton</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|Manchester
|<big><big>
<ruby>曼彻斯特<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Manchester</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>母營<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Man·chester</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|Montgomery
|<big><big>
<ruby>蒙哥馬利<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Montgomery</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>山君<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Mont·gomery</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|Oxford
|<big><big>
<ruby>奧克斯福德<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Oxford</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>牛津<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Ox·ford</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|Portland
|<big><big>
<ruby>波特蘭<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Portland</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>埠地<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Port·land</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|Springfield
|<big><big>
<ruby>斯普林菲爾德<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Springfield</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>春田<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Spring·field</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|}
=== Phono-Semantic Borrowing ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Latin script
!phonetic transcription
in Mandarin Chinese
in Han script with ruby
!borrowed phono-semantic word
in Han script with ruby
|-
|crêpe
|<big><big>
<ruby>可麗餅<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>crêpe</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>䭓<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>crêpe</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|diyogí
|<big><big>
<ruby>迪約吉織物<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>diyogí</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>䌦紓綺<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>diyogí</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|gaṅgā
|<big><big>
<ruby>恒伽河<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>gaṅgā</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>洹泇<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>gaṅgā</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|moʻai
|<big><big>
<ruby>摩艾石像<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>moʻai</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>砪砹<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>moʻai</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|}
=== Annotation ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!field of study
!original script
!original script
!mixed script
!Han script with ruby
|-
|classical thermodynamics
|Entropie
|<big><big>
<ruby>熵<small><sub>經典熱力學</sub><sup>名</small></sup><rt>Entropie</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|-
|English
|statistical mechanics
|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
|Entropie
|全 人在s are 生orn 自由 and 平等 in 尊嚴 and 權利s. 彼等 are 賦ed with 理性 and 良心 and 應ould 舉動 互相 in a 精神 of 兄弟關係.
|<big><big>
<ruby>熵<small><sub>統計力學</sub><sup>名</small></sup><rt>Entropie</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|-
|French
|astrophysics
|Tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité et en droits. Ils sont doués de raison et de conscience et doivent agir les uns envers les autres dans un esprit de fraternité.
|Entropie
|全 les 在s人s 生sent 自由s et 平等 en 尊嚴 et en 權利s. 彼等 sont 賦s de 理性 et de 良心 et 應vent 舉動ir 互相 dans un 精神 de 兄弟關係.
|<big><big>
<ruby>熵<small><sub>天體物理學</sub><sup>名</small></sup><rt>Entropie</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|-
|German
|information theory
|Alle Menschen sind frei und gleich an Würde und Rechten geboren. Sie sind mit Vernunft und Gewissen begabt und sollen einander im Geist der Brüderlichkeit begegnen.
|Entropie
|全e 人en sind 自由 und 平等 an 尊嚴 und 權利en ge生en. 彼等 sind mit 理性 und 良心 be賦t und 應en 互相 im 精神 der 兄弟關係 be舉動en.
|<big><big>
<ruby>熵<small><sub>信息論</sub><sup>名</small></sup><rt>Entropie</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|-
|Spanish
|sociology
|Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos y, dotados como están de razón y conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente los unos con los otros.
|Entropie
|全s los 在es人s 生en 自由s e 平等es en 尊嚴 y 權利s y, 賦s como están de 理性 y 良心, 應en 舉動se 兄弟般 互相.
|<big><big>
<ruby>熵<small><sub>社會學</sub><sup>名</small></sup><rt>Entropie</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!requirement
!mixed script
!original script
!Han script with ruby
|-
|-
|Japanese
|simple
|すべての人間は、生れながらにして自由であり、かつ、尊厳と権利とについて平等である。人間は、理性と良心とを授けられており、互いに同胞の精神をもって行動しなければならない。
|peasant
|<big><big>
<ruby>田舍者<small><sup>名</small></sup><rt>peasant</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|-
|Korean
|explanatory
|모든 人間은 태어날 때부터 自由로우며 그 尊嚴과 權利에 있어 同等하다. 人間은 天賦적으로 理性과 良心을 附與받았으며 서로 兄弟애의 精神으로 行動하여야 한다.
|peasant
|<big><big>
<ruby>農民<small><sub>特指佃户，泛指無知無禮者</sub><sup>名</small></sup><rt>peasant</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|}
|}


=== Separable Word ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!language
!original script
!original script
!Han script with ruby
|-
|Es kommt darauf an.
|<big><big>
<ruby>其<small><sup>代</small></sup><rt>Es</rt></ruby>
<ruby>依<small><sup>動</small></sup><rt>kommt</rt></ruby>
｛
<ruby>彼上<small><sup>副</small></sup><rt>darauf</rt></ruby>
｝
<ruby>存<small><sup>動</small></sup><rt>an</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|}
=== Parallel Text ===
{| class="wikitable"
!original script
!Han script with ruby
|-
|<big><big>
Alle mensen worden vrij en gelijk in waardigheid en rechten geboren. Zij zijn begiftigd met verstand en geweten, en behoren zich jegens elkander in een geest van broederschap te gedragen.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>全<sup><small>定</small></sup><rt>Alle</rt></ruby>
<ruby>人<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>mensen</rt></ruby>
<ruby>爲<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>worden</rt></ruby>
<ruby>自由<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>vrij</rt></ruby>
<ruby>共<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>en</rt></ruby>
<ruby>平等<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>gelijk</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>in</rt></ruby>
<ruby>尊嚴<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>waardigheid</rt></ruby>
<ruby>共<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>en</rt></ruby>
<ruby>權利<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>rechten</rt></ruby>
<ruby>生<sup><small>分去</small></sup><rt>geboren</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>其<sup><small>代複</small></sup><rt>Zij</rt></ruby>
<ruby>係<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>zijn</rt></ruby>
<ruby>賦<sup><small>分去</small></sup><rt>begiftigd</rt></ruby>
<ruby>以<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>met</rt></ruby>
<ruby>理性<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>verstand</rt></ruby>
<ruby>共<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>en</rt></ruby>
<ruby>良心<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>geweten</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>且<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>en</rt></ruby>
<ruby>適於<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>behoren</rt></ruby>
<ruby>自身<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>zich</rt></ruby>
<ruby>對於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>jegens</rt></ruby>
<ruby>彼此<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>elkander</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>in</rt></ruby>
<ruby>一<sup><small>冠</small></sup><rt>een</rt></ruby>
<ruby>精神<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>geest</rt></ruby>
<ruby>屬<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>van</rt></ruby>
<ruby>兄弟關係<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>broederschap</rt></ruby>
<ruby>行<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>te</rt></ruby>
<ruby>擧止<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>gedragen</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>全<sup><small>定</small></sup><rt>All</rt></ruby>
<ruby>人類<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>human beings</rt></ruby>
<ruby>係<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>are</rt></ruby>
<ruby>生<sup><small>分去</small></sup><rt>born</rt></ruby>
<ruby>自由<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>free</rt></ruby>
<ruby>且<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>and</rt></ruby>
<ruby>平等<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>equal</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>in</rt></ruby>
<ruby>尊嚴<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>dignity</rt></ruby>
<ruby>共<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>and</rt></ruby>
<ruby>權利<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>rights</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>其<sup><small>代複</small></sup><rt>They</rt></ruby>
<ruby>係<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>are</rt></ruby>
<ruby>賦<sup><small>分去</small></sup><rt>endowed</rt></ruby>
<ruby>以<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>with</rt></ruby>
<ruby>理性<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>reason</rt></ruby>
<ruby>共<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>and</rt></ruby>
<ruby>良心<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>conscience</rt></ruby>
<ruby>且<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>and</rt></ruby>
<ruby>應<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>should</rt></ruby>
<ruby>行動<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>act</rt></ruby>
<ruby>對於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>towards</rt></ruby>
<ruby>彼此<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>one another</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>in</rt></ruby>
<ruby>一<sup><small>冠</small></sup><rt>a</rt></ruby>
<ruby>精神<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>spirit</rt></ruby>
<ruby>屬<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>of</rt></ruby>
<ruby>兄弟關係<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>brotherhood</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
Tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité et en droits. Ils sont doués de raison et de conscience et doivent agir les uns envers les autres dans un esprit de fraternité.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>全<sup><small>定</small></sup><rt>Tous</rt></ruby>
<ruby>其<sup><small>冠</small></sup><rt>les</rt></ruby>
<ruby>人類<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>êtres humains</rt></ruby>
<ruby>生<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>naissent</rt></ruby>
<ruby>自由<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>libres</rt></ruby>
<ruby>且<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>et</rt></ruby>
<ruby>平等<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>égaux</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>en</rt></ruby>
<ruby>尊嚴<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>dignité</rt></ruby>
<ruby>共<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>et</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>en</rt></ruby>
<ruby>權利<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>droits</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>其<sup><small>代複</small></sup><rt>Ils</rt></ruby>
<ruby>係<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>sont</rt></ruby>
<ruby>賦<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>doués</rt></ruby>
<ruby>屬<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>de</rt></ruby>
<ruby>理性<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>raison</rt></ruby>
<ruby>共<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>et</rt></ruby>
<ruby>屬<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>de</rt></ruby>
<ruby>良心<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>conscience</rt></ruby>
<ruby>且<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>et</rt></ruby>
<ruby>應<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>doivent</rt></ruby>
<ruby>行動<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>agir</rt></ruby>
<ruby>彼此<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>les uns envers les autres</rt></ruby>
<ruby>由<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>dans</rt></ruby>
<ruby>一<sup><small>冠</small></sup><rt>un</rt></ruby>
<ruby>精神<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>esprit</rt></ruby>
<ruby>屬<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>de</rt></ruby>
<ruby>兄弟關係<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>fraternité</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
Alle Menschen sind frei und gleich an Würde und Rechten geboren. Sie sind mit Vernunft und Gewissen begabt und sollen einander im Geist der Brüderlichkeit begegnen.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>全<sup><small>定</small></sup><rt>Alle</rt></ruby>
<ruby>人<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>Menschen</rt></ruby>
<ruby>係<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>sind</rt></ruby>
<ruby>自由<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>frei</rt></ruby>
<ruby>且<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>und</rt></ruby>
<ruby>平等<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>gleich</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>an</rt></ruby>
<ruby>尊嚴<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Würde</rt></ruby>
<ruby>共<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>und</rt></ruby>
<ruby>權利<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>Rechten</rt></ruby>
<ruby>生<sup><small>分去</small></sup><rt>geboren</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>其<sup><small>代複</small></sup><rt>Sie</rt></ruby>
<ruby>係<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>sind</rt></ruby>
<ruby>以<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>mit</rt></ruby>
<ruby>理性<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Vernunft</rt></ruby>
<ruby>共<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>und</rt></ruby>
<ruby>良心<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Gewissen</rt></ruby>
<ruby>賦<sup><small>分去</small></sup><rt>begabt</rt></ruby>
<ruby>且<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>und</rt></ruby>
<ruby>應<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>sollen</rt></ruby>
<ruby>彼此<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>einander</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於其<sup><small>介冠與</small></sup><rt>im</rt></ruby>
<ruby>精神<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Geist</rt></ruby>
<ruby>其<sup><small>冠屬</small></sup><rt>der</rt></ruby>
<ruby>兄弟關係<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Brüderlichkeit</rt></ruby>
<ruby>對待<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>begegnen</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>全<sup><small>定</small></sup><rt>Tutti</rt></ruby>
<ruby>其<sup><small>冠</small></sup><rt>gli</rt></ruby>
<ruby>人類<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>esseri umani</rt></ruby>
<ruby>生<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>nascono</rt></ruby>
<ruby>自由<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>liberi</rt></ruby>
<ruby>且<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>ed</rt></ruby>
<ruby>平等<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>eguali</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>in</rt></ruby>
<ruby>尊嚴<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>dignità</rt></ruby>
<ruby>共<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>e</rt></ruby>
<ruby>權利<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>diritti</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>其<sup><small>代複</small></sup><rt>Essi</rt></ruby>
<ruby>係<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>sono</rt></ruby>
<ruby>賦<sup><small>分</small></sup><rt>dotati</rt></ruby>
<ruby>屬<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>di</rt></ruby>
<ruby>理性<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>ragione</rt></ruby>
<ruby>共<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>e</rt></ruby>
<ruby>屬<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>di</rt></ruby>
<ruby>良心<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>coscienza</rt></ruby>
<ruby>且<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>e</rt></ruby>
<ruby>應<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>devono</rt></ruby>
<ruby>行動<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>agire</rt></ruby>
<ruby>彼此<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>gli uni verso gli altri</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>in</rt></ruby>
<ruby>精神<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>spirito </rt></ruby>
<ruby>屬<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>di</rt></ruby>
<ruby>兄弟關係<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>fratellanza</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
すべての<ruby>人間<rt>にんげん</rt></ruby>は、<ruby>生<rt>うま</rt></ruby>れながらにして<ruby>自由<rt>じゆ​う</rt></ruby>であり、かつ、<ruby>尊厳<rt>そんげん</rt></ruby>と<ruby>権利<rt>けんり</rt></ruby>とについて<ruby>平等<rt>びょうどう</rt></ruby>である
。<ruby>人間<rt>にんげん</rt></ruby>は、<ruby>理性<rt>りせい</rt></ruby>と<ruby>良心<rt>りょうしん</rt></ruby>とを<ruby>授<rt>さず</rt></ruby>けられており、<ruby>互<rt>たが</rt></ruby>いに<ruby>同胞<rt>どうほう</rt></ruby>の<ruby>精神<rt>せいしん</rt></ruby>をもって<ruby>行動<rt>こうどう</rt></ruby>しなければならない
。
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>全<rt>すべて</rt><sup><small>副</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>之<rt>の</rt><sup><small>助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>人間<rt>にんげん</rt><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>乃<rt>は</rt><sup><small>助</small></sup></ruby>
、
<ruby>生<rt>うまれながら</rt><sup><small>動連</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>於<rt>にして</rt><sup><small>助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>自由<rt>じゆ​う</rt><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>係<rt>であり</rt><sup><small>動</small></sup></ruby>
、
<ruby>且<rt>かつ</rt><sup><small>副</small></sup></ruby>
、
<ruby>尊嚴<rt>そんげん</rt><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>共<rt>と</rt><sup><small>助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>權利<rt>けんり</rt><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>共<rt>と</rt><sup><small>助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>關於<rt>について</rt><sup><small>助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>平等<rt>びょうどう</rt><sup><small>形</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>係<rt>である</rt><sup><small>動</small></sup></ruby>
。
<ruby>人間<rt>にんげん</rt><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>乃<rt>は</rt><sup><small>助</small></sup></ruby>
、
<ruby>理性<rt>りせい</rt><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>共<rt>と</rt><sup><small>助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>良心<rt>りょうしん</rt><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>共<rt>と</rt><sup><small>助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>作<rt>を</rt><sup><small>助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>授<rt>さずけられて</rt><sup><small>動對</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>係<rt>おり</rt><sup><small>動</small></sup></ruby>
、
<ruby>互<rt>たがいに</rt><sup><small>副</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>同胞<rt>どうほう</rt><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>之<rt>の</rt><sup><small>助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>精神<rt>せいしん</rt><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>作<rt>を</rt><sup><small>助對</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>以<rt>もって</rt><sup><small>連</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>行動必須<rt>こうどうしなければならない</rt><sup><small>動條</small></sup></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
모든 <ruby>人間<rt>인간</rt></ruby>은 태어날 때부터 <ruby>自由<rt>자유</rt></ruby>로우며 그 <ruby>尊嚴<rt>존엄</rt></ruby>과 <ruby>權利<rt>권리</rt></ruby>에 있어 <ruby>同等<rt>동등</rt></ruby>하다. <ruby>人間<rt>인간</rt></ruby>은 <ruby>天賦<rt>천부</rt></ruby>적으로 <ruby>理性<rt>이성</rt></ruby>과 <ruby>良心<rt>양심</rt></ruby>을 <ruby>附與<rt>부여</rt></ruby>받았으며 서로 <ruby>兄弟<rt>형제</rt></ruby>애의 <ruby>精神<rt>정신</rt></ruby>으로 <ruby>行動<rt>행동</rt></ruby>하여야 한다.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>全<rt>모든</rt><sup><small>定</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>人間係<rt>인간은</rt><sup><small>名助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>生<rt>태어날</rt><sup><small>定來</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>自從<rt>때부터</rt><sup><small>名助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>自由且<rt>자유로우며</rt><sup><small>名助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>彼<rt>그</rt><sup><small>定</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>尊嚴共<rt>존엄과</rt><sup><small>名助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>權利於<rt>권리에</rt><sup><small>名助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>有<rt>있어</rt><sup><small>動</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>同等爲<rt>동등하다</rt><sup><small>形動</small></sup></ruby>
。
<ruby>人間係<rt>인간은</rt><sup><small>名助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>天賦於<rt>천부적으로</rt><sup><small>名助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>理性共<rt>이성과</rt><sup><small>名助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>良心作<rt>양심을</rt><sup><small>名助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>附與且<rt>부여받았으며</rt><sup><small>動</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>彼此<rt>서로</rt><sup><small>副</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>兄弟般之<rt>형제애의</rt><sup><small>副助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>精神且<rt>정신으로</rt><sup><small>名助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>行動僅<rt>행동하여야</rt><sup><small>動</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>作<rt>한다</rt><sup><small>動</small></sup></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
<ruby>人人<rt>ㄖㄣˊ ㄖㄣˊ</rt>生<rt>ㄕㄥ</rt>而<rt>ㄦˊ</rt>自由<rt>ㄗˋ ㄧㄡˊ</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>在<rt>ㄗㄞˋ</rt>尊嚴<rt>ㄗㄨㄣ ㄧㄢˊ</rt>和<rt>ㄏㄜˊ</rt>權利<rt>ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄌㄧˋ</rt>上<rt>ㄕㄤˋ</rt>一律<rt>ㄧ ㄌㄩˋ</rt>平等<rt>ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄉㄥˇ</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>他們<rt>ㄊㄚ ˙ㄇㄣ</rt>賦有<rt>ㄈㄨˋ ㄧㄡˇ</rt>理性<rt>ㄌㄧˇ ㄒㄧㄥˋ</rt>和<rt>ㄏㄜˊ</rt>良心<rt>ㄌㄧㄤˊ ㄒㄧㄣ</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>並<rt>ㄅㄧㄥˋ</rt>應<rt>ㄧㄥ</rt>以<rt>ㄧˇ</rt>兄弟<rt>ㄒㄩㄥ ㄉㄧˋ</rt>關係<rt>ㄍㄨㄢ ㄒㄧˋ</rt>的<rt>˙ㄉㄜ</rt>精神<rt>ㄐㄧㄥ ㄕㄣˊ</rt>相<rt>ㄒㄧㄤ</rt>對待<rt>ㄉㄨㄟˋ ㄉㄞˋ</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>人人<rt>ㄖㄣˊ ㄖㄣˊ</rt><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>生<rt>ㄕㄥ</rt><sup><small>動</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>而<rt>ㄦˊ</rt><sup><small>連</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>自由<rt>ㄗˋ ㄧㄡˊ</rt><sup><small>形</small></sup></ruby>
，
<ruby>在<rt>ㄗㄞˋ</rt><sup><small>助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>尊嚴<rt>ㄗㄨㄣ ㄧㄢˊ</rt><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>和<rt>ㄏㄜˊ</rt><sup><small>連</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>權利<rt>ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄌㄧˋ</rt><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>上<rt>ㄕㄤˋ</rt><sup><small>副</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>一律<rt>ㄧ ㄌㄩˋ</rt><sup><small>副</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>平等<rt>ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄉㄥˇ</rt><sup><small>形</small></sup></ruby>
。
<ruby>他們<rt>ㄊㄚ ˙ㄇㄣ</rt><sup><small>代</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>賦有<rt>ㄈㄨˋ ㄧㄡˇ</rt><sup><small>動</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>理性<rt>ㄌㄧˇ ㄒㄧㄥˋ</rt><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>和<rt>ㄏㄜˊ</rt><sup><small>連</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>良心<rt>ㄌㄧㄤˊ ㄒㄧㄣ</rt></ruby><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
，
<ruby>並<rt>ㄅㄧㄥˋ</rt></ruby><sup><small>連</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>應<rt>ㄧㄥ</rt></ruby><sup><small>動</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>以<rt>ㄧˇ</rt></ruby><sup><small>介</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>兄弟關係<rt>ㄒㄩㄥ ㄉㄧˋ ㄍㄨㄢ ㄒㄧˋ</rt><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>的<rt>˙ㄉㄜ</rt><sup><small>助</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>精神<rt>ㄐㄧㄥ ㄕㄣˊ</rt><sup><small>名</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>相<rt>ㄒㄧㄤ</rt><sup><small>副</small></sup></ruby>
<ruby>對待<rt>ㄉㄨㄟˋ ㄉㄞˋ</rt><sup><small>動</small></sup></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
Todos os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e em direitos. Dotados de razão e de consciência, devem agir uns para com os outros em espírito de fraternidade.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>全<sup><small>定</small></sup><rt>Todos</rt></ruby>
<ruby>其<sup><small>冠</small></sup><rt>os</rt></ruby>
<ruby>人類<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>seres humanos</rt></ruby>
<ruby>生<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>nascem</rt></ruby>
<ruby>自由<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>livres</rt></ruby>
<ruby>且<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>e</rt></ruby>
<ruby>平等<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>iguais</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>em</rt></ruby>
<ruby>尊嚴<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>dignidade</rt></ruby>
<ruby>共<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>e</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>em</rt></ruby>
<ruby>權利<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>direitos</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>賦<sup><small>動複</small></sup><rt>Dotados</rt></ruby>
<ruby>屬<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>de</rt></ruby>
<ruby>理性<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>razão</rt></ruby>
<ruby>共<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>e</rt></ruby>
<ruby>屬<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>de</rt></ruby>
<ruby>良心<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>consciência</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>應<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>devem</rt></ruby>
<ruby>行動<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>agir</rt></ruby>
<ruby>彼此<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>uns para com os outros</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>em</rt></ruby>
<ruby>精神<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>espírito </rt></ruby>
<ruby>屬<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>de</rt></ruby>
<ruby>兄弟關係<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>fraternidade</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
Все люди рождаются свободными и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. Они наделены разумом и совестью и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>全<sup><small>定</small></sup><rt>Все</rt></ruby>
<ruby>人<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>люди</rt></ruby>
<ruby>生<sup><small>動未</small></sup><rt>рождаются</rt></ruby>
<ruby>自由<sup><small>形具</small></sup><rt>свободными</rt></ruby>
<ruby>且<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>и</rt></ruby>
<ruby>平等<sup><small>形具</small></sup><rt>равными</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>в</rt></ruby>
<ruby>其<sup><small>代介</small></sup><rt>своем</rt></ruby>
<ruby>尊嚴<sup><small>名介</small></sup><rt>достоинстве</rt></ruby>
<ruby>和<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>и</rt></ruby>
<ruby>權利<sup><small>名介複</small></sup><rt>правах</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>其<sup><small>代複</small></sup><rt>Они</rt></ruby>
<ruby>賦<sup><small>分去被已</small></sup><rt>наделены</rt></ruby>
<ruby>理性<sup><small>名具</small></sup><rt>разумом</rt></ruby>
<ruby>和<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>и</rt></ruby>
<ruby>良心<sup><small>名具</small></sup><rt>совестью</rt></ruby>
<ruby>且<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>и</rt></ruby>
<ruby>應<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>должны</rt></ruby>
<ruby>行動<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>поступать</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>в</rt></ruby>
<ruby>對待<sup><small>名介</small></sup><rt>отношении</rt></ruby>
<ruby>彼此<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>друг друга</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>в</rt></ruby>
<ruby>精神<sup><small>名介</small></sup><rt>духе</rt></ruby>
<ruby>兄弟關係<sup><small>名屬</small></sup><rt>братства</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos y, dotados como están de razón y conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente los unos con los otros.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>全<sup><small>定</small></sup><rt>Todos</rt></ruby>
<ruby>其<sup><small>冠</small></sup><rt>los</rt></ruby>
<ruby>人類<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>seres humanos</rt></ruby>
<ruby>生<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>nacen</rt></ruby>
<ruby>自由<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>libres</rt></ruby>
<ruby>且<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>e</rt></ruby>
<ruby>平等<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>iguales</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>en</rt></ruby>
<ruby>尊嚴<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>dignidad</rt></ruby>
<ruby>共<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>y</rt></ruby>
<ruby>權利<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>derechos</rt></ruby>
<ruby>並<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>y</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>賦<sup><small>動複</small></sup><rt>dotados</rt></ruby>
<ruby>如<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>como</rt></ruby>
<ruby>爲<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>están</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>de</rt></ruby>
<ruby>理性<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>razón</rt></ruby>
<ruby>共<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>y</rt></ruby>
<ruby>良心<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>conciencia</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>應<sup><small>動複</small></sup><rt>deben</rt></ruby>
<ruby>行動<sup><small>動反</small></sup><rt>comportarse</rt></ruby>
<ruby>兄弟般<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>fraternalmente</rt></ruby>
<ruby>彼此<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>los unos con los otros</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
Mọi con người sinh ra đều tự do và bình đẳng về nhân phẩm và quyền lợi. Họ được tạo hóa ban cho lý trí và lương tâm và phải đối xử với nhau với tinh thần huynh đệ.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>每<sup><small>定</small></sup><rt>Mọi</rt></ruby>
<ruby>箇<sup><small>類</small></sup><rt>con</rt></ruby>
<ruby>人<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>người</rt></ruby>
<ruby>出生<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>sinh ra</rt></ruby>
<ruby>調<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>đều</rt></ruby>
<ruby>自由<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>tự do</rt></ruby>
<ruby>和<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>và</rt></ruby>
<ruby>平等<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>bình đẳng</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>về</rt></ruby>
<ruby>人品<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>nhân phẩm</rt></ruby>
<ruby>和<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>và</rt></ruby>
<ruby>權利<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>quyền lợi</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>户<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>Họ</rt></ruby>
<ruby>得<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>được</rt></ruby>
<ruby>造化<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>tạo hóa</rt></ruby>
<ruby>頒<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>ban</rt></ruby>
<ruby>予<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>cho</rt></ruby>
<ruby>理智<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>lý trí</rt></ruby>
<ruby>和<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>và</rt></ruby>
<ruby>良心<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>lương tâm</rt></ruby>
<ruby>和<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>và</rt></ruby>
<ruby>應<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>phải</rt></ruby>
<ruby>對處<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>đối xử</rt></ruby>
<ruby>彼此<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>với nhau</rt></ruby>
<ruby>以<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>với</rt></ruby>
<ruby>精神<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>tinh thần</rt></ruby>
<ruby>兄弟<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>huynh đệ</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|}
=== Text ===
==== O Fortuna ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Latin script
!Han script with ruby
|-
|<big><big>
O Fortuna
velut luna
statu variabilis,
semper crescis
aut decrescis;
vita detestabilis
nunc obdurat
et tunc curat
ludo mentis aciem,
egestatem,
potestatem
dissolvit ut glaciem.
|<big><big>
<ruby>嗚呼<sup><small>嘆</small></sup><rt>O</rt></ruby>
<ruby>福圖納<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Fortuna</rt></ruby>
<ruby>如<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>velut</rt></ruby>
<ruby>月<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>luna</rt></ruby>
<ruby>狀<sup><small>名離</small></sup><rt>statu</rt></ruby>
<ruby>變<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>variabilis</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>常<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>semper</rt></ruby>
<ruby>盈<sup><small>動二</small></sup><rt>crescis</rt></ruby>
<ruby>或<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>aut</rt></ruby>
<ruby>虛<sup><small>動二</small></sup><rt>decrescis</rt></ruby>
；
<ruby>生涯<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>vita</rt></ruby>
<ruby>可憎<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>detestabilis</rt></ruby>
<ruby>今<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>nunc</rt></ruby>
<ruby>硬<sup><small>動三</small></sup><rt>obdurat</rt></ruby>
<ruby>而<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>et</rt></ruby>
<ruby>後<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>tunc</rt></ruby>
<ruby>顧<sup><small>動三</small></sup><rt>curat</rt></ruby>
<ruby>戲<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>ludo</rt></ruby>
<ruby>念<sup><small>名屬</small></sup><rt>mentis</rt></ruby>
<ruby>爭<sup><small>名對</small></sup><rt>aciem</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>賤<sup><small>名對</small></sup><rt>egestatem</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>貴<sup><small>名對</small></sup><rt>potestatem</rt></ruby>
<ruby>溶<sup><small>動三</small></sup><rt>dissolvit</rt></ruby>
<ruby>似<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>ut</rt></ruby>
<ruby>冰凌<sup><small>名對</small></sup><rt>glaciem</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
Sors immanis
et inanis,
rota tu volubilis,
status malus,
vana salus
semper dissolubilis,
obumbrata
et velata
michi quoque niteris;
nunc per ludum
dorsum nudum
fero tui sceleris.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>命<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Sors</rt></ruby>
<ruby>龐<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>immanis</rt></ruby>
<ruby>而<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>et</rt></ruby>
<ruby>空<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>inanis</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>輪<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>rota</rt></ruby>
<ruby>汝<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>tu</rt></ruby>
<ruby>轉<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>volubilis</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>狀<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>status</rt></ruby>
<ruby>否<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>malus</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>無<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>vana</rt></ruby>
<ruby>泰<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>salus</rt></ruby>
<ruby>常<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>semper</rt></ruby>
<ruby>可溶<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>dissolubilis</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>冥<sup><small>分</small></sup><rt>obumbrata</rt></ruby>
<ruby>而<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>et</rt></ruby>
<ruby>蔽<sup><small>分</small></sup><rt>velata</rt></ruby>
<ruby>吾<sup><small>代與</small></sup><rt>michi</rt></ruby>
<ruby>亦<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>quoque</rt></ruby>
<ruby>殫力<sup><small>動二</small></sup><rt>niteris</rt></ruby>
；
<ruby>今<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>nunc</rt></ruby>
<ruby>以<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>per</rt></ruby>
<ruby>戲<sup><small>名對</small></sup><rt>ludum</rt></ruby>
<ruby>脊<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>dorsum</rt></ruby>
<ruby>袒<sup><small>形對</small></sup><rt>nudum</rt></ruby>
<ruby>負<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>fero</rt></ruby>
<ruby>汝<sup><small>代對</small></sup><rt>tui</rt></ruby>
<ruby>劣跡<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>sceleris</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
Sors salutis
et virtutis
michi nunc contraria,
est affectus
et defectus
semper in angaria.
Hac in hora
sine mora
corde pulsum tangite;
quod per sortem
sternit fortem,
mecum omnes plangite!
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>命<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Sors</rt></ruby>
<ruby>健<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>salutis</rt></ruby>
<ruby>而<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>et</rt></ruby>
<ruby>德<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>virtutis</rt></ruby>
<ruby>吾<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>michi</rt></ruby>
<ruby>今<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>nunc</rt></ruby>
<ruby>逆<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>contraria</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>乃<sup><small>動三</small></sup><rt>est</rt></ruby>
<ruby>感<sup><small>分</small></sup><rt>affectus</rt></ruby>
<ruby>而<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>et</rt></ruby>
<ruby>敗<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>defectus</rt></ruby>
<ruby>常<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>semper</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>in</rt></ruby>
<ruby>驛役<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>angaria</rt></ruby>。
<ruby>故<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>Hac</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>in</rt></ruby>
<ruby>時<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>hora</rt></ruby>
<ruby>靡<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>sine</rt></ruby>
<ruby>滯<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>mora</rt></ruby>
<ruby>心<sup><small>名離</small></sup><rt>corde</rt></ruby>
<ruby>搏<sup><small>名對</small></sup><rt>pulsum</rt></ruby>
<ruby>動<sup><small>動二複令</small></sup><rt>tangite</rt></ruby>
；
<ruby>因<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>quod</rt></ruby>
<ruby>以<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>per</rt></ruby>
<ruby>命<sup><small>名對</small></sup><rt>sortem</rt></ruby>
<ruby>平<sup><small>動三</small></sup><rt>sternit</rt></ruby>
<ruby>強<sup><small>形對</small></sup><rt>fortem</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>吾與<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>mecum</rt></ruby>
<ruby>皆<sup><small>形呼複</small></sup><rt>omnes</rt></ruby>
<ruby>慟<sup><small>動二複令</small></sup><rt>plangite</rt></ruby>
！
</big></big>
|}
==== Severem ben seni candan içeri ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Latin script
!Han script with ruby
|-
|<big><big>
Severem ben seni candan içeri
Yolum vardır bu erkândan içeri
Beni sorma bana benden değilem
Suretim boş yürür dondan içeri
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>愛<sup><small>動過</small></sup><rt>Severem</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>ben</rt></ruby>
<ruby>卿<sup><small>代對</small></sup><rt>seni</rt></ruby>
<ruby>靈<sup><small>名離</small></sup><rt>candan</rt></ruby>
<ruby>中<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>içeri<rt></ruby>
<ruby>途<sup><small>名擁</small></sup><rt>Yolum</rt></ruby>
<ruby>存係<sup><small>形動</small></sup><rt>vardır</rt></ruby>
<ruby>此<sup><small>定</small></sup><rt>bu</rt></ruby>
<ruby>諦<sup><small>名離</small></sup><rt>erkândan</rt></ruby>
<ruby>中<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>içeri<rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代對</small></sup><rt>Beni</rt></ruby>
<ruby>勿問<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>sorma<rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代與</small></sup><rt>bana<rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代離</small></sup><rt>benden</rt></ruby>
<ruby>非我<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>değilim</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我形<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Suretim<rt></ruby>
<ruby>空<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>boş<rt></ruby>
<ruby>走<sup><small>動三過</small></sup><rt>yürür<rt></ruby>
<ruby>表<sup><small>名離</small></sup><rt>dondan<rt></ruby>
<ruby>中<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>içeri<rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
Tecelliden nasib erdi kimine
Kiminin maksudu bundan içeri
Senin aşkın beni benden alıptır
Ne şirin dert bu dermandan içeri
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>示<sup><small>名離</small></sup><rt>Tecelliden<rt></ruby>
<ruby>份<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>nasib<rt></ruby>
<ruby>封<sup><small>動三去</small></sup><rt>erdi<rt></ruby>
<ruby>誰<sup><small>代定對</small></sup><rt>kimine<rt></ruby>
<ruby>誰<sup><small>代定屬</small></sup><rt>Kiminin<rt></ruby>
<ruby>尋<sup><small>形去</small></sup><rt>maksudu<rt></ruby>
<ruby>此<sup><small>代離</small></sup><rt>bundan<rt></ruby>
<ruby>中<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>içeri<rt></ruby>
<ruby>卿<sup><small>代屬</small></sup><rt>Senin<rt></ruby>
<ruby>愛<sup><small>動二屬</small></sup><rt>aşkın<rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代對</small></sup><rt>beni<rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代離</small></sup><rt>benden</rt></ruby>
<ruby>挈<sup><small>動副三使</small></sup><rt>alıptır<rt></ruby>
<ruby>何<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>Ne<rt></ruby>
<ruby>恬<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>şirin<rt></ruby>
<ruby>苦<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>dert<rt></ruby>
<ruby>此<sup><small>定</small></sup><rt>bu<rt></ruby>
<ruby>補藥<sup><small>名離</small></sup><rt>dermandan<rt></ruby>
<ruby>中<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>içeri<rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
Şeriat tarikat yoldur varana
Hakikat Marifet andan içeri
Süleyman kuş dili bilir dediler
Süleyman var Süleyman'dan içeri
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>教法<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Şeriat<rt></ruby>
<ruby>道乘<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>tarikat<rt></ruby>
<ruby>途係<sup><small>名動</small></sup><rt>yoldur<rt></ruby>
<ruby>及<sup><small>名屬</small></sup><rt>varana<rt></ruby>
<ruby>真理<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Hakikat<rt></ruby>
<ruby>知識<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Marifet<rt></ruby>
<ruby>念<sup><small>名離</small></sup><rt>andan<rt></ruby>
<ruby>中<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>içeri<rt></ruby>
<ruby>蘇萊曼<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Süleyman<rt></ruby>
<ruby>鳥<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>kuş<rt></ruby>
<ruby>語<sup><small>名三擁</small></sup><rt>dili<rt></ruby>
<ruby>知<sup><small>動三過</small></sup><rt>bilir<rt></ruby>
<ruby>謂<sup><small>動三複去</small></sup><rt>dediler<rt></ruby>
<ruby>蘇萊曼<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Süleyman<rt></ruby>
<ruby>存<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>var<rt></ruby>
<ruby>蘇萊曼<sup><small>固離</small></sup><rt>Süleyman'dan<rt></ruby>
<ruby>中<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>içeri<rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
Unuttum din diyanet kaldı benden
Bu ne mezheptir, dinden içeri
Dinin terk edenin küfürdür işi
Bu ne küfürdür imandan içeri
Geçer iken Yunus şeş oldu dosta
Ki kaldı kapıda andan içeri
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>眠<sup><small>動去致</small></sup><rt>Unuttum<rt></ruby>
<ruby>道<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>din<rt></ruby>
<ruby>信<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>diyanet<rt></ruby>
<ruby>留<sup><small>動三去</small></sup><rt>kaldı<rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代離</small></sup><rt>benden</rt></ruby>
<ruby>何<sup><small>定代</small></sup><rt>Bu ne<rt></ruby>
<ruby>宗係<sup><small>名動</small></sup><rt>mezheptir<rt></ruby>
<ruby>道<sup><small>名離</small></sup><rt>dinden<rt></ruby>
<ruby>中<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>içeri<rt></ruby>
<ruby>道<sup><small>名屬</small></sup><rt>Dinin<rt></ruby>
<ruby>棄<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>terk<rt></ruby>
<ruby>作<sup><small>動[非整]二擁</small></sup><rt>edenin<rt></ruby>
<ruby>瀆係<sup><small>名動</small></sup><rt>küfürdür<rt></ruby>
<ruby>爲<sup><small>名三擁</small></sup><rt>işi<rt></ruby>
<ruby>何<sup><small>定代</small></sup><rt>Bu ne<rt></ruby>
<ruby>瀆係<sup><small>名動</small></sup><rt>küfürdür<rt></ruby>
<ruby>正信<sup><small>名離</small></sup><rt>imandan<rt></ruby>
<ruby>中<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>içeri<rt></ruby>
<ruby>通<sup><small>動三過</small></sup><rt>Geçer<rt></ruby>
<ruby>時<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>iken<rt></ruby>
<ruby>優努斯<sup><small>固</small></sup><rt>Yunus<rt></ruby>
<ruby>遇<sup><small>動三去</small></sup><rt>şeş oldu<rt></ruby>
<ruby>友<sup><small>名屬</small></sup><rt>dosta<rt></ruby>
<ruby>誰<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>Ki<rt></ruby>
<ruby>留<sup><small>動三去</small></sup><rt>kaldı<rt></ruby>
<ruby>門<sup><small>名處</small></sup><rt>kapıda<rt></ruby>
<ruby>念<sup><small>名離</small></sup><rt>andan<rt></ruby>
<ruby>中<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>içeri<rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|}
==== सुभाषितरत्नकोश १७२९ (५०.३२) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Latin script
!Han script with ruby
|-
|<big><big>
vahati na puraḥ kaścit paścān na ko‘py anuyāti māṃ
na ca navapadakṣuṇṇo mārgaḥ kathaṃ nv aham ekakaḥ |
bhavatu viditaṃ pūrvavyūḍho ‘dhunā khilatāṃ gataḥ
sa khalu bahalo vāmaḥ panthā mayā sphuṭam ūrjitaḥ |
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>行<sup><small>動三</small></sup><rt>vahati</rt></ruby>
<ruby>無<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>na</rt></ruby>
<ruby>先<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>puraḥ</rt></ruby>
<ruby>孰<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>kaścit</rt></ruby>
<ruby>後<sup><small>形對複</small></sup><rt>paścān</rt></ruby>
<ruby>無<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>na</rt></ruby>
<ruby>誰<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>ko‘py</rt></ruby>
<ruby>循<sup><small>動三</small></sup><rt>anuyāti</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代對</small></sup><rt>māṃ</rt></ruby>
<ruby>無<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>na</rt></ruby>
<ruby>並<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>ca</rt></ruby>
<ruby>新跡<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>navapadakṣuṇṇo</rt></ruby>
<ruby>途<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>mārgaḥ</rt></ruby>
<ruby>焉在<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>kathaṃ</rt></ruby>
<ruby>茲<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>nv</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>aham</rt></ruby>
<ruby>孑立<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>ekakaḥ</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>了<sup><small>動三令</small></sup><rt>bhavatu</rt></ruby>
<ruby>識<sup><small>動對</small></sup><rt>viditaṃ</rt></ruby>
<ruby>先博<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>pūrvavyūḍho</rt></ruby>
<ruby>今<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>‘dhunā</rt></ruby>
<ruby>荒<sup><small>名屬複</small></sup><rt>khilatāṃ</rt></ruby>
<ruby>徑<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>gataḥ</rt></ruby>
<ruby>其<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>sa</rt></ruby>
<ruby>是<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>khalu</rt></ruby>
<ruby>葳蕤<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>bahalo</rt></ruby>
<ruby>甘苦<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>vāmaḥ</rt></ruby>
<ruby>蹊<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>panthā</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我由<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>mayā</rt></ruby>
<ruby>分明<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>sphuṭam</rt></ruby>
<ruby>絶棄<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>ūrjitaḥ</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|}
==== 卜算子・咏梅（陸游） ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Latin script
!Han script with ruby
|-
|<big><big>
yek ngwajH dwanX gjew pen, dzek mak khoj mju tsyuX.
yiX dzyeX hwang xwon duwk dzijH dzrjuw, kaeng trjak pjuwng hwa hjuX.
mju 'iH khuX tsreang tsyhwin, 'jit nyimH gjun phjang tuH.
leng lak dzyeng nej nrjenH tsuH drin, tsye hjuwX xjang nyo kuH.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>驛<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>yek</rt></ruby>
<ruby>外<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>ngwajH</rt></ruby>
<ruby>斷橋<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>dwanX gjew</rt></ruby>
<ruby>邊<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>pen</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>寂寞<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>dzek mak</rt></ruby>
<ruby>開<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>khoj</rt></ruby>
<ruby>無主<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>mju tsyuX</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>已<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>yiX</rt></ruby>
<ruby>是<sup><small>係</small></sup><rt>dzyeX</rt></ruby>
<ruby>黃昏<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>hwang xwon</rt></ruby>
<ruby>獨自<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>duwk dzijH</rt></ruby>
<ruby>愁<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>dzrjuw</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>更<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>kaeng</rt></ruby>
<ruby>著<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>trjak</rt></ruby>
<ruby>風<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>pjuwng</rt></ruby>
<ruby>和<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>hwa</rt></ruby>
<ruby>雨<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>hjuX</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>無意<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>mju 'iH</rt></ruby>
<ruby>苦<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>khuX</rt></ruby>
<ruby>爭春<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>tsreang tsyhwin</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>一任<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>'jit nyimH</rt></ruby>
<ruby>群芳<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>gjun phjang</rt></ruby>
<ruby>妒<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>tuH</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>零落<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>leng lak</rt></ruby>
<ruby>成<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>dzyeng</rt></ruby>
<ruby>泥<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>nej</rt></ruby>
<ruby>碾<sup><small>動被</small></sup><rt>nrjenH</rt></ruby>
<ruby>作<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>tsuH</rt></ruby>
<ruby>塵<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>drin</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>只有<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>tsye hjuwX</rt></ruby>
<ruby>香<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>xjang</rt></ruby>
<ruby>如故<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>nyo kuH</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|}
==== Dream of Home and Mother / 旅愁 / 送别（李叔同） ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+Dream of Home and Mother
!Latin script
!Han script with ruby
|-
|<big><big>
Dreaming of home, dear old home.
Home of childhood and mother-
Oft when I wake 'tis sweet to find
I've been dreaming of home and mother.
Home, dear home, childhood's happy home!
When I played with sister and with brother
'Twas the sweetest joy when we did roam
Over hill and through dale with mother.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>夢見<sup><small>動持</small></sup><rt>Dreaming of</rt></ruby>
<ruby>家<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>home</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>挚愛的<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>dear</rt></ruby>
<ruby>老<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>old</rt></ruby>
<ruby>家<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>home</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>家<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Home</rt></ruby>
<ruby>屬於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>of</rt></ruby>
<ruby>童年<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>childhood</rt></ruby>
<ruby>和<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>and</rt></ruby>
<ruby>母親<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>mother</rt></ruby>
—
<ruby>常常<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>Oft</rt></ruby>
<ruby>每時<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>when</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>睡醒<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>wake</rt></ruby>
<ruby>它是<sup><small>代係</small></sup><rt>'tis</rt></ruby>
<ruby>甜美的<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>sweet</rt></ruby>
<ruby>感覺<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>to find</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我夢見<sup><small>代動持</small></sup><rt>I've been dreaming of</rt></ruby>
<ruby>家<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>home</rt></ruby>
<ruby>和<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>and</rt></ruby>
<ruby>母親<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>mother</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>家<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Home</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>挚愛的<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>dear</rt></ruby>
<ruby>家<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>home</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>童年的<sup><small>名擁</small></sup><rt>childhood's</rt></ruby>
<ruby>快樂的<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>happy</rt></ruby>
<ruby>家<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>home</rt></ruby>
！
<ruby>每時<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>When</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>玩耍<sup><small>動去</small></sup><rt>played</rt></ruby>
<ruby>與<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>with</rt></ruby>
<ruby>姐妹<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>sister</rt></ruby>
<ruby>並<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>and</rt></ruby>
<ruby>與<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>with</rt></ruby>
<ruby>兄弟<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>brother</rt></ruby>
<ruby>其是<sup><small>代係去</small></sup><rt>'Twas</rt></ruby>
<ruby>最甜蜜的<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>the sweetest</rt></ruby>
<ruby>喜悅<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>joy</rt></ruby>
<ruby>每時<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>when</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我們<sup><small>代複</small></sup><rt>we</rt></ruby>
<ruby>漫步<sup><small>動去</small></sup><rt>did roam</rt></ruby>
<ruby>越<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>Over</rt></ruby>
<ruby>丘陵<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>hill</rt></ruby>
<ruby>並<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>and</rt></ruby>
<ruby>穿<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>through</rt></ruby>
<ruby>谷地<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>dale</rt></ruby>
<ruby>與<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>with</rt></ruby>
<ruby>母親<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>mother</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
Sleep, balmy sleep, close mine eyes,
Keep me still thinking of mother-
Hark! It's her voice I seem to hear-
Yes, I'm dreaming of home and mother.
Angels come soothing me to rest,
I can feel their presence as none other,
For they sweetly say I shall be blest
With bright visions of home and mother.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>睡覺<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Sleep</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>惬意的<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>balmy</rt></ruby>
<ruby>睡覺<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>sleep</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>閉上<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>close</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我的<sup><small>定</small></sup><rt>mine</rt></ruby>
<ruby>眼睛<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>eyes</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>使<sup><small>動令</small></sup><rt>Keep</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代對</small></sup><rt>me</rt></ruby>
<ruby>依然<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>still</rt></ruby>
<ruby>想起<sup><small>動持</small></sup><rt>thinking of</rt></ruby>
<ruby>母親<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>mother</rt></ruby>
—
<ruby>細聽<sup><small>動令</small></sup><rt>Hark</rt></ruby>
！
<ruby>其是<sup><small>代係</small></sup><rt>It's</rt></ruby>
<ruby>伊的<sup><small>代擁</small></sup><rt>her</rt></ruby>
<ruby>口音<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>voice</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>似乎<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>seem</rt></ruby>
<ruby>聽聞<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>to hear</rt></ruby>
—
<ruby>是啊<sup><small>嘆</small></sup><rt>Yes</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>我夢見<sup><small>動持</small></sup><rt>I'm dreaming of</rt></ruby>
<ruby>家<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>home</rt></ruby>
<ruby>和<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>and</rt></ruby>
<ruby>母親<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>mother</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>天使<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>Angels</rt></ruby>
<ruby>來<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>come</rt></ruby>
<ruby>抚慰<sup><small>動持</small></sup><rt>soothing</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代對</small></sup><rt>me</rt></ruby>
<ruby>休息<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>to rest</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>可以<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>can</rt></ruby>
<ruby>感受<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>feel</rt></ruby>
<ruby>其等的<sup><small>代三複擁</small></sup><rt>their</rt></ruby>
<ruby>存在<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>presence</rt></ruby>
<ruby>有如<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>as</rt></ruby>
<ruby>無他<sup><small>形名</small></sup><rt>none other</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>因爲<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>For</rt></ruby>
<ruby>其等<sup><small>代三複</small></sup><rt>they</rt></ruby>
<ruby>甜蜜地<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>sweetly</rt></ruby>
<ruby>說<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>say</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>應要<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>shall</rt></ruby>
<ruby>受祝福<sup><small>係分</small></sup><rt>be blest</rt></ruby>
<ruby>以<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>With</rt></ruby>
<ruby>明亮的<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>bright</rt></ruby>
<ruby>異象<sup><small>名複</small></sup><rt>visions</rt></ruby>
<ruby>屬於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>of</rt></ruby>
<ruby>家<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>home</rt></ruby>
<ruby>和<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>and</rt></ruby>
<ruby>母親<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>mother</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
Childhood has come, come again,
Sleeping, I see my dear mother ---
See her loved form beside me kneel
While I'm dreaming of home and mother.
Mother dear, whisper to me now,
Tell me of my sister and brother, ---
Now I feel thy hand upon my brow ---
Yes, I'm dreaming of home and mother.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>童年<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Childhood</rt></ruby>
<ruby>來了<sup><small>動完</small></sup><rt>has come</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>再來吧<sup><small>嘆</small></sup><rt>come again</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>睡覺<sup><small>動持</small></sup><rt>Sleeping</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>看見<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>see</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我的<sup><small>代擁</small></sup><rt>my</rt></ruby>
<ruby>挚愛的<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>dear</rt></ruby>
<ruby>母親<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>mother</rt></ruby>
———
<ruby>看見<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>See</rt></ruby>
<ruby>伊的<sup><small>代擁</small></sup><rt>her</rt></ruby>
<ruby>心愛的<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>loved</rt></ruby>
<ruby>身形<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>form</rt></ruby>
<ruby>傍<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>beside</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代對</small></sup><rt>me</rt></ruby>
<ruby>跪坐<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>kneel</rt></ruby>
<ruby>當時<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>While</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我夢見<sup><small>代動持</small></sup><rt>I'm dreaming of</rt></ruby>
<ruby>家<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>home</rt></ruby>
<ruby>和<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>and</rt></ruby>
<ruby>母親<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>mother</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>母親<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Mother</rt></ruby>
<ruby>挚愛的<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>dear</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>細語<sup><small>動介</small></sup><rt>whisper to</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代對</small></sup><rt>me</rt></ruby>
<ruby>現在<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>now</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>告訴<sup><small>動令</small></sup><rt>Tell</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代對</small></sup><rt>me</rt></ruby>
<ruby>關於<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>of</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我的<sup><small>代擁</small></sup><rt>my</rt></ruby>
<ruby>姐妹<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>sister</rt></ruby>
<ruby>和<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>and</rt></ruby>
<ruby>兄弟<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>brother</rt></ruby>
，———
<ruby>現在<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>Now</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我<sup><small>代</small></sup><rt>I</rt></ruby>
<ruby>感覺<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>feel</rt></ruby>
<ruby>你的<sup><small>代擁</small></sup><rt>thy</rt></ruby>
<ruby>手<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>hand</rt></ruby>
<ruby>觸上<sup><small>介</small></sup><rt>upon</rt></ruby>
<ruby>我的<sup><small>代擁</small></sup><rt>my</rt></ruby>
<ruby>眉毛<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>brow</rt></ruby>
———
<ruby>是啊<sup><small>嘆</small></sup><rt>Yes</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>我夢見<sup><small>動持</small></sup><rt>I'm dreaming of</rt></ruby>
<ruby>家<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>home</rt></ruby>
<ruby>和<sup><small>連</small></sup><rt>and</rt></ruby>
<ruby>母親<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>mother</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+旅愁
!Latin script
!Han script with ruby
|-
|<big><big>
Fukeyuku aki no yo, tabi no sora no,
wabishiki omoi ni, hitori nayamu.
Koishiya furusato, natsukashi chichihaha,
yumeji ni tadoru wa, kokyō no ieji.
Fukeyuku aki no yo, tabi no sora no,
wabishiki omoi ni, hitori nayamu.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>更行<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>Fukeyuku</rt></ruby>
<ruby>秋<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>aki</rt></ruby>
<ruby>之<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>no</rt></ruby>
<ruby>夜<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>yo</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>旅<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>tabi</rt></ruby>
<ruby>之<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>no</rt></ruby>
<ruby>空<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>sora</rt></ruby>
<ruby>之<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>no</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>侘<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>wabishiki</rt></ruby>
<ruby>想<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>omoi</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>ni</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>獨<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>hitori</rt></ruby>
<ruby>惱<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>nayamu</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>戀<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>Koishiya</rt></ruby>
<ruby>故里<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>furusato</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>懷<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>natsukashi</rt></ruby>
<ruby>父母<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>chichihaha</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>夢路<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>yumeji</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>ni</rt></ruby>
<ruby>辿<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>tadoru</rt></ruby>
<ruby>乃<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>wa</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>故鄉<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>kokyō</rt></ruby>
<ruby>之<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>no</rt></ruby>
<ruby>家路<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>ieji</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>更行<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>Fukeyuku</rt></ruby>
<ruby>秋<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>aki</rt></ruby>
<ruby>之<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>no</rt></ruby>
<ruby>夜<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>yo</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>旅<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>tabi</rt></ruby>
<ruby>之<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>no</rt></ruby>
<ruby>空<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>sora</rt></ruby>
<ruby>之<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>no</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>侘<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>wabishiki</rt></ruby>
<ruby>想<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>omoi</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>ni</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>獨<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>hitori</rt></ruby>
<ruby>惱<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>nayamu</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|-
|<big><big>
Mado utsu arashi ni, yume mo yabure,
harukeki kanata ni, kokoro hakobu.
Koishiya furusato, natsukashi chichihaha,
omoi ni ukabu wa, mori no kozue.
Mado utsu arashi ni, yume mo yabure,
harukeki kanata ni, kokoro hakobu.
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>窻<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Mado</rt></ruby>
<ruby>打<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>utsu</rt></ruby>
<ruby>嵐<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>arashi</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>ni</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>夢<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>yume</rt></ruby>
<ruby>亦<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>mo</rt></ruby>
<ruby>破<sup><small>動被</small></sup><rt>yabure</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>遙<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>harukeki</rt></ruby>
<ruby>彼方<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>kanata</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>ni</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>心<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>kokoro</rt></ruby>
<ruby>運<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>hakobu</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>戀<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>Koishiya</rt></ruby>
<ruby>故里<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>furusato</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>懷<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>natsukashi</rt></ruby>
<ruby>父母<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>chichihaha</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>思<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>omoi</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>ni</rt></ruby>
<ruby>浮<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>ukabu</rt></ruby>
<ruby>乃<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>wa</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>杜<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>mori</rt></ruby>
<ruby>之<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>no</rt></ruby>
<ruby>木<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>kozue</rt></ruby>
。
<ruby>窻<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Mado</rt></ruby>
<ruby>打<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>utsu</rt></ruby>
<ruby>嵐<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>arashi</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>ni</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>夢<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>yume</rt></ruby>
<ruby>亦<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>mo</rt></ruby>
<ruby>破<sup><small>動被</small></sup><rt>yabure</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>遙<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>harukeki</rt></ruby>
<ruby>彼方<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>kanata</rt></ruby>
<ruby>於<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>ni</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>心<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>kokoro</rt></ruby>
<ruby>運<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>hakobu</rt></ruby>
。
</big></big>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+送别（李叔同）
!Latin script
!Han script with ruby
|-
|<big><big>
Chángtíng wài, gǔdào biān, fāngcǎo bì liántiān
Wǎnfēng fú liǔ díshēng cán, xīyáng shān wài shān
Tiān zhī yá, dì zhī jiǎo, zhījiāo bàn língluò
Yī piáo zhuójiǔ jìn yúhuān, jīnxiāo biémèng hán
</big></big>
|<big><big>
<ruby>長亭<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Chángtíng</rt></ruby>
<ruby>外<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>wài</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>古道<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>gǔdào</rt></ruby>
<ruby>邊<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>biān</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>芳草<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>fāngcǎo</rt></ruby>
<ruby>碧<sup><small>形</small></sup><rt>bì</rt></ruby>
<ruby>連天<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>liántiān</rt></ruby>
<ruby>晚風<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Wǎnfēng</rt></ruby>
<ruby>拂<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>fú</rt></ruby>
<ruby>柳<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>liǔ</rt></ruby>
<ruby>笛聲<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>díshēng</rt></ruby>
<ruby>殘<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>cán</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>夕陽<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>xīyáng</rt></ruby>
<ruby>山<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>shān</rt></ruby>
<ruby>外<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>wài</rt></ruby>
<ruby>山<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>shān</rt></ruby>
<ruby>天<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>Tiān</rt></ruby>
<ruby>之<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>zhī</rt></ruby>
<ruby>涯<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>yá</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>地<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>dì</rt></ruby>
<ruby>之<sup><small>助</small></sup><rt>zhī</rt></ruby>
<ruby>角<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>jiǎo</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>知交<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>zhījiāo</rt></ruby>
<ruby>半<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>bàn</rt></ruby>
<ruby>零落<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>língluò</rt></ruby>
<ruby>一<sup><small>數</small></sup><rt>Yī</rt></ruby>
<ruby>瓢<sup><small>類</small></sup><rt>piáo</rt></ruby>
<ruby>濁酒<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>zhuójiǔ</rt></ruby>
<ruby>盡<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>jìn</rt></ruby>
<ruby>餘歡<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>yúhuān</rt></ruby>
，
<ruby>今宵<sup><small>副</small></sup><rt>jīnxiāo</rt></ruby>
<ruby>別夢<sup><small>名</small></sup><rt>biémèng</rt></ruby>
<ruby>寒<sup><small>動</small></sup><rt>hán</rt></ruby>
</big></big>
|}
== Rule for Common Semantic Writing ==
The part of speech and its grammatical categories is indicated with the superscript for a word or phrase; the specialised field of the meaning of a word is indicated with the subscript for a word or phrase if needed.
Just like that homophones share the same romanised word, synonyms may share the same hanised word; also, a word possessing multiple meanings can be hanised differently.
Texts can be transcripted by default or transliterated.
The choosing of indicators takes the intuitiveness of the Han character into consideration.
Types and categories can be omitted if they are insignificant:
* genders;
* present tense;
* tense for words other than the verb if there is only one tense in the clause;
* simple aspect;
* aspect for words other than the verb if there is only one aspect in the clause;
* indicative mood;
* mood for words other than the verb if there is only one mood in the clause;
* active voice;
* voice for words other than the verb if there is only one voice in the clause;
* nominative case;
* case for words other than the verb if there is only one case in the clause;
* first person;
* person for words other than the verb if there is only one person in the clause;
* single number;
* number for words other than the verb if there is only one number in the clause.
=== Part of Speech ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!type in English
!indicator
!Chinese
!Japanese
!Korean
!Vietnamese
|-
|noun
|名
|名詞
|名詞
|名詞
|名詞
|-
|proper noun
|固
|專有名詞
|固有名詞
|固有名詞
|
|-
|verb
|動
|動詞
|動詞
|動詞
|動詞
|-
|participle
|分
|分詞
|分詞
|
|
|-
|adjective
|形
|形容詞
|形容詞
|形容詞
| -
|-
|adverb
|副
|副詞
|副詞
|副詞
|狀詞
|-
|pronoun
|代
|代名詞、代詞
|代名詞
|代名詞
|代名詞、代詞
|-
|adposition
|介
|介詞
|接置詞、側置詞
|附置詞
|介詞
|-
|conjunction
|連
|連接詞、連詞
|接続詞
|接續詞
|連詞
|-
|interjection
|嘆
|感嘆詞
|感動詞、間投詞、感嘆詞、嘆詞
|感歎詞、間投詞、感動詞
|嘆詞
|-
|number
|數
|數詞
|数詞
|數詞
|數詞
|-
|determiner
|定
|限定詞
|限定詞
|限定詞
|
|-
|article
|冠
|冠詞
|冠詞
|冠詞
|冠詞、帽詞
|-
|demonstrative
|指
|指示詞
|指示詞
|指示詞
|
|-
|classifier
|類
|量詞、分類詞、單位詞
|類別詞
|分類詞
|類詞、分類詞
|-
|particle
|助
|助詞、質詞、小品詞
|不変化詞
|不變化詞
|
|}
=== Grammatical Category ===
==== Gender ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!type in English
!indicator
!Chinese
!Japanese
!Korean
!Vietnamese
|-
|masculine
|陽
|陽性
|男性
|男性
| -
|-
|feminine
|陰
|陰性
|女性
|女性
| -
|-
|neuter
|中
|中性
|中性
|中性
| -
|-
|common
|通
|通性
|通性
|通性
| -
|-
|animate
|生
|有生性
|有生性
|有情性
| -
|-
|inanimate
|[無生]
|無生性
|無生性
|無情性
| -
|}
==== Number ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!type in English
!indicator
!Chinese
!Japanese
!Korean
!Vietnamese
|-
|singular
|單
|單數
|単数
|單數
| -
|-
|plural
|複
|複數
|複数
|複數
|
|-
|dual
|雙
|雙數
|双数、両数
|雙數、兩數
|
|-
|trial
|叄
|三數
|三数
|
|
|-
|paucal
|微
|微數
|
|
|
|}
==== Case ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!type in English
!indicator
!Chinese
!Japanese
!Korean
!Vietnamese
|-
|abessive
|欠
|欠格
|欠格
|不在格
|
|-
|ablative
|離
|離格、奪格、從格
|奪格、従格、離格
|奪格
|
|-
|absolutive
|絕
|通格、絕對格
|絶対格
|絕對格
|
|-
|accusative
|對
|賓格、對格、受格
|対格
|對格、目的格
|
|-
|adessive
|接
|接格
|接格
| -
|
|-
|adverbial
|狀
|狀語格
|
|
|
|-
|allative
|向
|向格
|向格
|
|
|-
|antessive
|前
|前格
|
|
|
|-
|apudessive
|側
|側格
|
|
|
|-
|associative
|附
|附格
|
|
|
|-
|aversive
|避
|避格
|
|
|
|-
|benefactive
|益
|益格
|
|
|
|-
|causal
|因
|因格
|
|
|
|-
|comitative
|共
|共格、伴隨格、隨同格
|共格
|共同格、共格
|
|-
|comparative
|比
|比較格
|
|
|
|-
|dative
|與
|與格、給格
|与格、為格
|與格
|
|-
|delative
|上
|上格
|離格
|
|
|-
|direct
|[直接]
|直接格
|
|
|
|-
|egressive
|始
|始格
|
|
|
|-
|elative
|出
|出格
|出格
| -
|
|-
|equative
|同
|等同格
|
|
|
|-
|ergative
|作
|作格、能格、施格
|能格
|能格
|
|-
|essive
|樣
|樣格
|
|
|
|-
|exessive
|轉
|轉變格
|
|
|
|-
|formal
|質
|質格
|
|
|
|-
|genetive
|屬
|屬格、領格、生格
|属格、生格
|屬格
|
|-
|identical
|等
|等格
|
|
|
|-
|illative
|入
|入格
|入格
| -
|
|-
|inessive
|內
|內格
|內格
| -
|
|-
|initiative
|起
|起點格
|
|
|
|-
|instructive
|手
|手段格
|
|
|
|-
|instrumental
|具
|工具格
|具格、造格
|道具格、具格
|
|-
|intransitive
|[不及]
|不及物格
|
|
|
|-
|intrative
|圍
|包圍格
|
|
|
|-
|lative
|方
|携格、方向格
|
|
|
|-
|limitative
|限
|限格
|
|
|
|-
|locative
|處
|方位格、處格、位置格、處所格、處格
|処格、所格、地格、位格、依格、於格
|處格、處所格
|
|-
|nominative
|主
|主格
|主格
|主格
|
|-
|oblique
|斜
|斜格
|斜格
|斜格
|
|-
|orientative
|[轉向]
|轉向格
|
|
|
|-
|ornative
|梱
|梱格
|
|
|
|-
|partitive
|部
|部分格
|
|
|
|-
|perlative
|穿
|穿越格
|
|
|
|-
|pertingent
|觸
|觸碰格
|
|
|
|-
|possessive
|擁
|擁有格、所有格
|
|
|
|-
|postessive
|後
|後格
|
|
|
|-
|prepositional
|[前置]
|前置格
|
|
|
|-
|postpositional
|[後置]
|後置格
|
|
|
|-
|prolative
|延
|延展格
|
|
|
|-
|revertive
|反
|反格
|
|
|
|-
|semblative
|類
|類格
|
|
|
|-
|sociative
|協
|協同格
|
|
|
|-
|stative
|態
|狀態格
|
|
|
|-
|subessive
|底
|底格
|
|
|
|-
|sublative
|[上下]
|上下格
|
|
|
|-
|superessive
|頂
|頂格
|
| -
|
|-
|superlative
|跨
|跨越格
|
|
|
|-
|temporal
|時
|時格、時間格
|
|
|
|-
|terminative
|终
|到格、终止格、終點格
|
|
|
|-
|transitive
|及
|及物格
|
|
|
|-
|translative
|換
|轉換格
|
|
|
|-
|vocative
|呼
|呼格
|呼格
|呼格
|
|}
==== Person ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!type in English
!indicator
!Chinese
!Japanese
!Korean
!Vietnamese
|-
|first
|一
|第一人稱
|一人称
|一人稱
|
|-
|second
|二
|第二人稱
|二人称
|二人稱
|
|-
|third
|三
|第三人稱
|三人称
|三人稱
|
|}
==== Tense ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!type in English
!indicator
!Chinese
!Japanese
!Korean
!Vietnamese
|-
|present
|現
|現在時
|現在時制
|現在時制
|時現在
|-
|past
|去
|過去時
|過去時制
|過去時制
|時過去
|-
|future
|來
|將來時
|未来時制
|未來時制
|時將來
|-
|aorist
|過
|不定過去時
|
|
|
|}
==== Aspect ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!type in English
!indicator
!Chinese
!Japanese
!Korean
!Vietnamese
|-
|simple
|當
|現時體
|
|
|
|-
|perfect
|完
|完成體
|完了相
|
|
|-
|prospective
|望
|展望體
|前望相
|豫定相
|
|-
|perfective
|整
|完整體
|完結相
|完望相
|
|-
|imperfective
|[非整]
|非完整體
|未完結相
|非完望相
|
|-
|iterative
|覆
|反覆體
|
|反復相
|
|-
|distributive
|佈
|
|
|
|
|-
|frequentative
|頻
|
|
|頻繁相
|
|-
|progressive
|行
|
|進行相
|進行相
|
|-
|continuous
|持
|持續體
|継続相
|連續相
|
|-
|delimitative
|短
|短時體
|
|
|
|-
|completive
|成
|
|
|完成相
|
|-
|resultative
|果
|
|
|結果相
|
|-
|gnomic
|普
|
|
|
|
|-
|habitual
|慣
|習慣體
|
|習慣相
|
|-
|inchoative
|起
|
|
|
|
|-
|cessative
|停
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Mood ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!type in English
!indicator
!Chinese
!Japanese
!Korean
!Vietnamese
|-
|indicative
|直
|直陳語氣
|直説法
|
|
|-
|subjunctive
|假
|虛擬語氣
|接続法
|假定法
|
|-
|conditional
|條
|條件語氣
|条件法
|
|式條件
|-
|imperative
|令
|祈使語氣
|命令法
|命令法
|命令式
|-
|optative
|願
|祈願語氣
|希求法、願望法
|
|
|-
|intensive
|強
|
|
|
|
|}
==== Voice ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!type in English
!indicator
!Chinese
!Japanese
!Korean
!Vietnamese
|-
|active
|能
|主動語態
|能動態
|能動態
|
|-
|passive
|被
|被動語態
|受動態
|受動態、被動態
|
|-
|antipassive
|[反被]
|反被動語態
|逆受動態
|逆受動態
|
|-
|causative
|使
|使動語態、致使語態
|使役態
|
|
|-
|middle
|間
|中間語態
|中動態
|
|
|-
|applicative
|適
|應動語態
|適用態、充当態
|適用態、充當態
|
|}
=== Vocabulary ===
Function words are hanised according to their functions.
Sinocentric words are to be modified, e.g. from “西芹” to “歐芹” for the parsley.
=== Determiner ===
{| class="wikitable"
!description
!word in Han
|-
|indefinite article
|一
|-
|definite article
|夫
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!description
!word in Han
|-
|determiner for something or someone close to the speaker
|此
|-
|determiner for something or someone remote to the speaker
|彼
|-
|determiner for something or someone close to the listener
|爾此
|-
|determiner for something or someone remote to the listener
|爾彼
|}
=== Pronoun ===
{| class="wikitable"
!description
!word in Han
|-
|first-person pronoun
|我
|-
|second-person pronoun
|你
|-
|third-person masculine pronoun
|他
|-
|third-person feminine pronoun
|伊
|-
|third-person neutral pronoun
|其
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!description
!word in Han
|-
|inclusive “we”
|㑑
|-
|exclusive “we”
|㐾
|}
=== Conjunction ===
{| class="wikitable"
!word in English in Latin
!word in Han
|-
|after
|之後
|-
|before
|之前
|-
|as long as
|只要
|-
|once, by the time, as soon as
|一旦
|-
|since
|自從
|-
|till, until
|直至
|-
|when, while
|之時
|-
|now that
|既然
|}
== Swadesh List ==
{| class="wikitable"
!word in English in Latin
!word in Han (Mandarin Chinese style)
!word in Han (Japanese style)
|-
|I
|我
|私
|-
|you (singular)
|你
|貴方
|-
|he
|他
|彼
|-
|we
|我們
|私達
|-
|you (plural)
|你們
|貴方達
|-
|they
|他們
|彼等
|-
|this
|這
|此
|-
|that
|那
|其
|-
|here
|這裏
|此處
|-
|there
|那裏
|其處
|-
|who
|誰
|誰
|-
|what
|什麼
|何
|-
|where
|哪裏
|何處
|-
|when
|什麼時候
|何時
|-
|how
|如何
|如何
|-
|not
|不
|無
|-
|all
|全部
|皆
|-
|many
|多
|多
|-
|some
|一些
|少
|-
|few
|少
|少
|-
|other
|其他
|他
|-
|one
|一
|一
|-
|two
|二
|二
|-
|three
|三
|三
|-
|four
|四
|四
|-
|five
|五
|五
|-
|big
|大
|大
|-
|long
|長
|長
|-
|wide
|寬
|廣
|-
|thick
|厚
|厚
|-
|heavy
|重
|重
|-
|small
|小
|小
|-
|short
|短
|短
|-
|narrow
|窄
|狭
|-
|thin
|薄
|細
|-
|woman
|女人
|女
|-
|man
|男人
|男
|-
|person
|人
|人
|-
|child
|兒童
|子
|-
|wife
|妻子
|妻
|-
|husband
|丈夫
|夫
|-
|mother
|母親
|母
|-
|father
|父親
|父
|-
|animal
|動物
|獸
|-
|fish
|魚
|魚
|-
|bird
|鳥
|鳥
|-
|dog
|狗
|犬
|-
|louse
|虱
|虱
|-
|snake
|蛇
|蛇
|-
|worm
|蠕蟲
|蠕蟲
|-
|tree
|樹
|木
|-
|forest
|森林
|森
|-
|stick
|枝條
|杖
|-
|fruit
|水果
|實
|-
|seed
|種子
|種
|-
|leaf
|葉子
|葉
|-
|root
|根
|根
|-
|bark (of a tree)
|樹皮
|木肌
|-
|flower
|花
|花
|-
|grass
|草
|草
|-
|rope
|繩子
|繩
|-
|skin
|皮膚
|皮
|-
|meat
|肉
|肉
|-
|blood
|血液
|血
|-
|bone
|骨頭
|骨
|-
|fat (noun)
|脂肪
|脂
|-
|egg
|蛋
|卵
|-
|horn
|角
|角
|-
|tail
|尾巴
|尾
|-
|feather
|羽毛
|羽
|-
|hair
|頭髮
|髪
|-
|head
|頭
|頭
|-
|ear
|耳朵
|耳
|-
|eye
|眼睛
|目
|-
|nose
|鼻子
|鼻
|-
|mouth
|嘴巴
|口
|-
|tooth
|牙齒
|齒
|-
|tongue (organ)
|舌頭
|舌
|-
|fingernail
|指甲
|爪
|-
|foot
|腳
|足
|-
|leg
|腿
|腳
|-
|knee
|膝蓋
|膝
|-
|hand
|手
|手
|-
|wing
|翅膀
|翼
|-
|belly
|肚子
|腹
|-
|guts
|腸子
|腸
|-
|neck
|脖子
|首
|-
|back
|背
|背
|-
|breast
|胸膛
|胸
|-
|heart
|心臟
|心
|-
|liver
|肝臟
|肝
|-
|to drink
|喝
|飲
|-
|to eat
|吃
|食
|-
|to bite
|咬
|嚙
|-
|to suck
|吮吸
|吸
|-
|to spit
|吐
|唾吐
|-
|to vomit
|嘔吐
|吐
|-
|to blow
|吹
|吹
|-
|to breathe
|呼吸
|息
|-
|to laugh
|笑
|笑
|-
|to see
|看
|見
|-
|to hear
|聼
|聞
|-
|to know
|知道
|知
|-
|to think
|想
|思
|-
|to smell
|嗅
|嗅
|-
|to fear
|怕
|恐
|-
|to sleep
|睡覺
|眠
|-
|to live
|活
|生
|-
|to die
|死
|死
|-
|to kill
|殺
|殺
|-
|to fight
|打架
|鬥
|-
|to hunt
|打獵
|狩
|-
|to hit
|打
|叩
|-
|to cut
|割
|切
|-
|to split
|分開
|割
|-
|to stab
|刺
|刺
|-
|to scratch
|搔
|搔
|-
|to dig
|挖
|掘
|-
|to swim
|游泳
|泳
|-
|to fly
|飛
|飛
|-
|to walk
|步行
|步
|-
|to come
|來
|來
|-
|to lie (as in a bed)
|躺
|寝
|-
|to sit
|坐
|座
|-
|to stand
|站
|起
|-
|to turn (intransitive)
|轉
|回
|-
|to fall
|落下
|落
|-
|to give
|給
|與
|-
|to hold
|握
|持
|-
|to squeeze
|擠
|絞
|-
|to rub
|揉
|擦
|-
|to wash
|洗
|洗
|-
|to wipe
|擦
|拭
|-
|to pull
|拉
|引
|-
|to push
|推
|押
|-
|to throw
|扔
|投
|-
|to tie
|綁
|結
|-
|to sew
|縫
|縫
|-
|to count
|數
|數
|-
|to say
|說
|言
|-
|to sing
|唱
|歌
|-
|to play
|玩
|遊
|-
|to float
|浮
|浮
|-
|to flow
|流
|流
|-
|to freeze
|凍結
|凍
|-
|to swell
|膨脹
|膨
|-
|sun
|太陽
|日
|-
|moon
|月亮
|月
|-
|star
|恆星
|星
|-
|water
|水
|水
|-
|rain
|雨
|雨
|-
|river
|河
|川
|-
|lake
|湖
|池
|-
|sea
|海
|海
|-
|salt
|鹽
|鹽
|-
|stone
|石頭
|石
|-
|sand
|沙
|砂
|-
|dust
|塵土
|塵
|-
|earth
|土壤
|土
|-
|cloud
|雲
|雲
|-
|fog
|霧
|霧
|-
|sky
|天
|空
|-
|wind
|風
|風
|-
|snow
|雪
|雪
|-
|ice
|冰
|冰
|-
|smoke
|煙
|煙
|-
|fire
|火
|火
|-
|ash
|灰燼
|灰
|-
|to burn
|燒
|燃
|-
|road
|路
|道
|-
|mountain
|山
|山
|-
|red
|紅
|赤
|-
|green
|綠
|緑
|-
|yellow
|黃
|黄
|-
|white
|白
|白
|-
|black
|黑
|黑
|-
|night
|夜晚
|夜
|-
|day
|白天
|日
|-
|year
|年
|年
|-
|warm
|溫暖
|暖
|-
|cold
|寒冷
|寒
|-
|full
|滿
|滿
|-
|new
|新
|新
|-
|old
|舊
|古
|-
|good
|好
|良
|-
|bad
|壞
|惡
|-
|rotten
|爛
|腐
|-
|dirty
|髒
|污
|-
|straight
|直
|真直
|-
|round
|圓
|丸
|-
|sharp (as a knife)
|鋒利
|銳
|-
|dull (as a knife)
|鈍
|鈍
|-
|smooth
|光滑
|滑
|-
|wet
|濕
|濡
|-
|dry
|乾
|乾
|-
|correct
|正確
|正
|-
|near
|近
|近
|-
|far
|遠
|遠
|-
|right
|右
|右
|-
|left
|左
|左
|-
|at
|在
|於
|-
|in
|在裏
|中於
|-
|with
|跟
|共
|-
|and
|和
|共
|-
|if
|如果
|若
|-
|because
|因爲
|因
|-
|-
|Chinese
|name
|人人生而自由，在尊嚴和權利上一律平等。他們賦有理性和良心，並應以兄弟關係的精神相對待。
|名字
|名
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 09:29, 27 June 2025

Hi polyglots.

From 1980s till 2000s, when people like Samantha Reed Smith and Michael Jackson were active, many people were open to the idea of cosmopolitanism. However, as time goes by, people choose to hole up, instead of diving into the ocean of unfamiliar parts of the world. There is a popular story in the Bible: tower of Babble, where the God plays the trick of “divide and conquer” on the human. What if all humans can understand each other?

This is already partially achieved: mathematical and physics notations, chemical notations, electronic symbols, musical notations, phonetic notations, traffic signs, safety signs, computer languages, and so on. Following the globalisation through European colonisation, almost all languages have got their romanisations. Because Latin characters are phonograms, people around the world can try to pronounce a foreign name without knowing about another writing system. In 2020s, when China becomes influential worldwide, people start to notice a different approach. In the field of languages, because Han characters are logograms, people around the world can try to understand a foreign text without knowing about pronunciations in that language.

In pre-modern times, if the text is written in Chinese, then speakers of other languages knowing only Chinese script and syntax can also understand the text. This is called “brushtalk”, as texts are written with brushes. In the modern time, “Pseudo-Chinese”, which is Japanese in Hàn script without syllables, emerged since 2009. Simply after getting familiar with Japanese syntax and some vocabularies, Chinese speakers can also understand texts written in it. There is a Pseudo-Chinese messaging app 「対多」 online, which shows that the solution of sharing the same writing system for different languages works.

When will people around the world get interested into learning Han script? The possible scenario is when countries/regions in Sinosphere get united economically, then culturally, which still takes years to happen.

A comparison of the Hanisation transcriptions with translations: 7100 languages require 7100×7099=50402900 translations and only 7100 transcriptions. With transcriptions, their syntaxes are preserved.

Demonstration[edit | edit source]

Here demonstrated is a counterpart to International Phonetic Alphabet. It can be called Common Semantic Writing (公義書). The name of International Phonetic Alphabet is derived from the International Phonetic Association, however, the word “international” implies the division on people by nation-states, which may be considered reinforcing the nationalist narrative, while the word “common” is more neutral; the word “alphabet” or “logogram” refers to characters only, while there are actually rules in addition, so the word “writing” is preferred over “logogram”.

Text Direction[edit | edit source]

original script Han script with ruby

Θεσσαλονίκη

帖撒羅尼迦固Θεσσαλονίκη

شیراز‎
設拉子固
شیراز‎

ᠱᠠᠩᠳᠤ
上都固ᠱᠠᠩᠳᠤ

Part of Speech and Grammatical Category[edit | edit source]

tense and aspect original script Han script with ruby
present simple I see.

我代I 見動see。

present continuous I am seeing.

我代I 見動持am seeing。

present perfect simple I have seen.

我代I 見動完have seen。

present perfect continuous I have been seeing.

我代I 見動完持have been seeing。

past simple I saw.

我代I 見動去saw。

past continuous I was seeing.

我代I 見動去持was seeing。

past perfect simple I had seen.

我代I 見動去完had seen。

past perfect continuous I had been seeing.

我代I 見動去完持had been seeing。

future simple I will see.

我代I 見動來will see。

future continuous I will be seeing.

我代I 見動來持will be seeing。

future perfect simple I will have seen.

我代I 見動來完will have seen。

future perfect continuous I will have been seeing.

我代I 見動來完持will have been seeing。

Transliteration and Transcription[edit | edit source]

original script transliteration

in Han script with ruby

transcription

in Han script with ruby

vermaken

作製動ver·maken

娛樂動vermaken

entertain

間持動enter·tain

娛樂動entertain

divertir

離向動di·vertir

娛樂動divertir

unterhalten

下持動unter·halten

娛樂動unterhalten

divertìre

離向動di·vertìre

娛樂動divertìre

divertir

離向動di·vertir

娛樂動divertir

развлечь

離引動раз·влечь

娛樂動развлечь

divertir

離向動di·vertir

娛樂動divertir

Phonetic Transcription and Transliteration[edit | edit source]

Latin script phonetic transcription

in Mandarin Chinese

in Han script with ruby

transliteration

in Han script with ruby

Bristol

布里斯托爾固Bristol

橋邊固Bri·stol

Greenville

格林維爾固Greenville

翠鄉固Green·ville

Hamilton

漢彌爾頓固Hamilton

兀丘固Hamil·ton

Manchester

曼彻斯特固Manchester

母營固Man·chester

Montgomery

蒙哥馬利固Montgomery

山君固Mont·gomery

Oxford

奧克斯福德固Oxford

牛津固Ox·ford

Portland

波特蘭固Portland

埠地固Port·land

Springfield

斯普林菲爾德固Springfield

春田固Spring·field

Phono-Semantic Borrowing[edit | edit source]

Latin script phonetic transcription

in Mandarin Chinese

in Han script with ruby

borrowed phono-semantic word

in Han script with ruby

crêpe

可麗餅名crêpe

䭓名crêpe

diyogí

迪約吉織物名diyogí

䌦紓綺名diyogí

gaṅgā

恒伽河固gaṅgā

洹泇固gaṅgā

moʻai

摩艾石像名moʻai

砪砹名moʻai

Annotation[edit | edit source]

field of study original script Han script with ruby
classical thermodynamics Entropie

熵經典熱力學名Entropie

statistical mechanics Entropie

熵統計力學名Entropie

astrophysics Entropie

熵天體物理學名Entropie

information theory Entropie

熵信息論名Entropie

sociology Entropie

熵社會學名Entropie

requirement original script Han script with ruby
simple peasant

田舍者名peasant

explanatory peasant

農民特指佃户，泛指無知無禮者名peasant

Separable Word[edit | edit source]

original script Han script with ruby
Es kommt darauf an.

其代Es 依動kommt ｛ 彼上副darauf ｝ 存動an 。

Parallel Text[edit | edit source]

original script Han script with ruby

Alle mensen worden vrij en gelijk in waardigheid en rechten geboren. Zij zijn begiftigd met verstand en geweten, en behoren zich jegens elkander in een geest van broederschap te gedragen.

全定Alle 人名複mensen 爲動worden 自由形vrij 共連en 平等形gelijk 於介in 尊嚴名waardigheid 共連en 權利名複rechten 生分去geboren 。 其代複Zij 係動zijn 賦分去begiftigd 以介met 理性名verstand 共連en 良心名geweten ， 且連en 適於動behoren 自身代zich 對於介jegens 彼此代elkander 於介in 一冠een 精神名geest 屬介van 兄弟關係名broederschap 行介te 擧止動gedragen 。

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

全定All 人類名複human beings 係動are 生分去born 自由形free 且連and 平等形equal 於介in 尊嚴名dignity 共連and 權利名複rights 。 其代複They 係動are 賦分去endowed 以介with 理性名reason 共連and 良心名conscience 且連and 應動should 行動動act 對於介towards 彼此代one another 於介in 一冠a 精神名spirit 屬介of 兄弟關係名brotherhood 。

Tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité et en droits. Ils sont doués de raison et de conscience et doivent agir les uns envers les autres dans un esprit de fraternité.

全定Tous 其冠les 人類名複êtres humains 生動naissent 自由形libres 且連et 平等形égaux 於介en 尊嚴名dignité 共連et 於介en 權利名複droits 。 其代複Ils 係動sont 賦動doués 屬介de 理性名raison 共連et 屬介de 良心名conscience 且連et 應動doivent 行動動agir 彼此代les uns envers les autres 由介dans 一冠un 精神名esprit 屬介de 兄弟關係名fraternité 。

Alle Menschen sind frei und gleich an Würde und Rechten geboren. Sie sind mit Vernunft und Gewissen begabt und sollen einander im Geist der Brüderlichkeit begegnen.

全定Alle 人名複Menschen 係動sind 自由形frei 且連und 平等形gleich 於介an 尊嚴名Würde 共連und 權利名複Rechten 生分去geboren 。 其代複Sie 係動sind 以介mit 理性名Vernunft 共連und 良心名Gewissen 賦分去begabt 且連und 應動sollen 彼此代einander 於其介冠與im 精神名Geist 其冠屬der 兄弟關係名Brüderlichkeit 對待動begegnen 。

Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.

全定Tutti 其冠gli 人類名複esseri umani 生動nascono 自由名liberi 且連ed 平等形eguali 於介in 尊嚴名dignità 共連e 權利名複diritti 。 其代複Essi 係動sono 賦分dotati 屬介di 理性名ragione 共連e 屬介di 良心名coscienza 且連e 應動devono 行動動agire 彼此代gli uni verso gli altri 於介in 精神名spirito 屬介di 兄弟關係名fratellanza 。

すべての人間にんげんは、生うまれながらにして自由じゆ​うであり、かつ、尊厳そんげんと権利けんりとについて平等びょうどうである 。人間にんげんは、理性りせいと良心りょうしんとを授さずけられており、互たがいに同胞どうほうの精神せいしんをもって行動こうどうしなければならない 。

全すべて副 之の助 人間にんげん名 乃は助 、 生うまれながら動連 於にして助 自由じゆ​う名 係であり動 、 且かつ副 、 尊嚴そんげん名 共と助 權利けんり名 共と助 關於について助 平等びょうどう形 係である動 。 人間にんげん名 乃は助 、 理性りせい名 共と助 良心りょうしん名 共と助 作を助 授さずけられて動對 係おり動 、 互たがいに副 同胞どうほう名 之の助 精神せいしん名 作を助對 以もって連 行動必須こうどうしなければならない動條 。

모든 人間인간은 태어날 때부터 自由자유로우며 그 尊嚴존엄과 權利권리에 있어 同等동등하다. 人間인간은 天賦천부적으로 理性이성과 良心양심을 附與부여받았으며 서로 兄弟형제애의 精神정신으로 行動행동하여야 한다.

全모든定 人間係인간은名助 生태어날定來 自從때부터名助 自由且자유로우며名助 彼그定 尊嚴共존엄과名助 權利於권리에名助 有있어動 同等爲동등하다形動 。 人間係인간은名助 天賦於천부적으로名助 理性共이성과名助 良心作양심을名助 附與且부여받았으며動 彼此서로副 兄弟般之형제애의副助 精神且정신으로名助 行動僅행동하여야動 作한다動 。

人人ㄖㄣˊ ㄖㄣˊ生ㄕㄥ而ㄦˊ自由ㄗˋ ㄧㄡˊ ， 在ㄗㄞˋ尊嚴ㄗㄨㄣ ㄧㄢˊ和ㄏㄜˊ權利ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄌㄧˋ上ㄕㄤˋ一律ㄧ ㄌㄩˋ平等ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄉㄥˇ 。 他們ㄊㄚ ˙ㄇㄣ賦有ㄈㄨˋ ㄧㄡˇ理性ㄌㄧˇ ㄒㄧㄥˋ和ㄏㄜˊ良心ㄌㄧㄤˊ ㄒㄧㄣ ， 並ㄅㄧㄥˋ應ㄧㄥ以ㄧˇ兄弟ㄒㄩㄥ ㄉㄧˋ關係ㄍㄨㄢ ㄒㄧˋ的˙ㄉㄜ精神ㄐㄧㄥ ㄕㄣˊ相ㄒㄧㄤ對待ㄉㄨㄟˋ ㄉㄞˋ 。

人人ㄖㄣˊ ㄖㄣˊ名 生ㄕㄥ動 而ㄦˊ連 自由ㄗˋ ㄧㄡˊ形 ， 在ㄗㄞˋ助 尊嚴ㄗㄨㄣ ㄧㄢˊ名 和ㄏㄜˊ連 權利ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄌㄧˋ名 上ㄕㄤˋ副 一律ㄧ ㄌㄩˋ副 平等ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄉㄥˇ形 。 他們ㄊㄚ ˙ㄇㄣ代 賦有ㄈㄨˋ ㄧㄡˇ動 理性ㄌㄧˇ ㄒㄧㄥˋ名 和ㄏㄜˊ連 良心ㄌㄧㄤˊ ㄒㄧㄣ名 ， 並ㄅㄧㄥˋ連 應ㄧㄥ動 以ㄧˇ介 兄弟關係ㄒㄩㄥ ㄉㄧˋ ㄍㄨㄢ ㄒㄧˋ名 的˙ㄉㄜ助 精神ㄐㄧㄥ ㄕㄣˊ名 相ㄒㄧㄤ副 對待ㄉㄨㄟˋ ㄉㄞˋ動 。

Todos os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e em direitos. Dotados de razão e de consciência, devem agir uns para com os outros em espírito de fraternidade.

全定Todos 其冠os 人類名複seres humanos 生動nascem 自由形livres 且連e 平等形iguais 於介em 尊嚴名dignidade 共連e 於介em 權利名複direitos 。 賦動複Dotados 屬介de 理性名razão 共連e 屬介de 良心名consciência ， 應動devem 行動動agir 彼此代uns para com os outros 於介em 精神名espírito 屬介de 兄弟關係名fraternidade 。

Все люди рождаются свободными и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. Они наделены разумом и совестью и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства.

全定Все 人名люди 生動未рождаются 自由形具свободными 且連и 平等形具равными 於介в 其代介своем 尊嚴名介достоинстве 和連и 權利名介複правах 。 其代複Они 賦分去被已наделены 理性名具разумом 和連и 良心名具совестью 且連и 應形должны 行動動поступать 於介в 對待名介отношении 彼此代друг друга 於介в 精神名介духе 兄弟關係名屬братства 。

Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos y, dotados como están de razón y conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente los unos con los otros.

全定Todos 其冠los 人類名複seres humanos 生動nacen 自由形libres 且連e 平等形iguales 於介en 尊嚴名dignidad 共連y 權利名複derechos 並連y ， 賦動複dotados 如副como 爲動están 於介de 理性名razón 共連y 良心名conciencia ， 應動複deben 行動動反comportarse 兄弟般副fraternalmente 彼此代los unos con los otros 。

Mọi con người sinh ra đều tự do và bình đẳng về nhân phẩm và quyền lợi. Họ được tạo hóa ban cho lý trí và lương tâm và phải đối xử với nhau với tinh thần huynh đệ.

每定Mọi 箇類con 人名người 出生動sinh ra 調副đều 自由形tự do 和連và 平等形bình đẳng 於介về 人品名nhân phẩm 和連và 權利名quyền lợi 。 户代Họ 得動được 造化名tạo hóa 頒動ban 予介cho 理智名lý trí 和連và 良心名lương tâm 和連và 應動phải 對處動đối xử 彼此副với nhau 以介với 精神名tinh thần 兄弟形huynh đệ 。

Text[edit | edit source]

O Fortuna[edit | edit source]

Latin script Han script with ruby

O Fortuna

velut luna

statu variabilis,

semper crescis

aut decrescis;

vita detestabilis

nunc obdurat

et tunc curat

ludo mentis aciem,

egestatem,

potestatem

dissolvit ut glaciem.

嗚呼嘆O 福圖納固Fortuna

如副velut 月名luna

狀名離statu 變動variabilis ，

常副semper 盈動二crescis

或連aut 虛動二decrescis ；

生涯名vita 可憎形detestabilis

今副nunc 硬動三obdurat

而連et 後副tunc 顧動三curat

戲名ludo 念名屬mentis 爭名對aciem ，

賤名對egestatem ，

貴名對potestatem

溶動三dissolvit 似連ut 冰凌名對glaciem 。

Sors immanis

et inanis,

rota tu volubilis,

status malus,

vana salus

semper dissolubilis,

obumbrata

et velata

michi quoque niteris;

nunc per ludum

dorsum nudum

fero tui sceleris.

命名Sors 龐形immanis

而連et 空形inanis ，

輪名rota 汝代tu 轉形volubilis ，

狀名status 否形malus ，

無形vana 泰名salus

常副semper 可溶形dissolubilis ，

冥分obumbrata

而連et 蔽分velata

吾代與michi 亦副quoque 殫力動二niteris ；

今副nunc 以介per 戲名對ludum

脊名dorsum 袒形對nudum

負動fero 汝代對tui 劣跡名sceleris 。

Sors salutis

et virtutis

michi nunc contraria,

est affectus

et defectus

semper in angaria.

Hac in hora

sine mora

corde pulsum tangite;

quod per sortem

sternit fortem,

mecum omnes plangite!

命名Sors 健形salutis

而連et 德形virtutis

吾代michi 今副nunc 逆形contraria ，

乃動三est 感分affectus

而介et 敗形defectus

常副semper 於介in 驛役名angaria。

故副Hac 於介in 時名hora

靡介sine 滯名mora

心名離corde 搏名對pulsum 動動二複令tangite ；

因連quod 以介per 命名對sortem

平動三sternit 強形對fortem ，

吾與副mecum 皆形呼複omnes 慟動二複令plangite ！

Severem ben seni candan içeri[edit | edit source]

Latin script Han script with ruby

Severem ben seni candan içeri

Yolum vardır bu erkândan içeri

Beni sorma bana benden değilem

Suretim boş yürür dondan içeri

愛動過Severem 我代ben 卿代對seni 靈名離candan 中副içeri

途名擁Yolum 存係形動vardır 此定bu 諦名離erkândan 中副içeri

我代對Beni 勿問動sorma 我代與bana 我代離benden 非我動değilim

我形名Suretim 空形boş 走動三過yürür 表名離dondan 中副içeri

Tecelliden nasib erdi kimine

Kiminin maksudu bundan içeri

Senin aşkın beni benden alıptır

Ne şirin dert bu dermandan içeri

示名離Tecelliden 份名nasib 封動三去erdi 誰代定對kimine

誰代定屬Kiminin 尋形去maksudu 此代離bundan 中副içeri

卿代屬Senin 愛動二屬aşkın 我代對beni 我代離benden 挈動副三使alıptır

何代Ne 恬形şirin 苦名dert 此定bu 補藥名離dermandan 中副içeri

Şeriat tarikat yoldur varana

Hakikat Marifet andan içeri

Süleyman kuş dili bilir dediler

Süleyman var Süleyman'dan içeri

教法名Şeriat 道乘名tarikat 途係名動yoldur 及名屬varana

真理名Hakikat 知識名Marifet 念名離andan 中副içeri

蘇萊曼固Süleyman 鳥名kuş 語名三擁dili 知動三過bilir 謂動三複去dediler

蘇萊曼固Süleyman 存形var 蘇萊曼固離Süleyman'dan 中副içeri

Unuttum din diyanet kaldı benden

Bu ne mezheptir, dinden içeri

Dinin terk edenin küfürdür işi

Bu ne küfürdür imandan içeri

Geçer iken Yunus şeş oldu dosta

Ki kaldı kapıda andan içeri

眠動去致Unuttum 道名din 信名diyanet 留動三去kaldı 我代離benden

何定代Bu ne 宗係名動mezheptir 道名離dinden 中副içeri

道名屬Dinin 棄名terk 作動[非整]二擁edenin 瀆係名動küfürdür 爲名三擁işi

何定代Bu ne 瀆係名動küfürdür 正信名離imandan 中副içeri

通動三過Geçer 時副iken 優努斯固Yunus 遇動三去şeş oldu 友名屬dosta

誰代Ki 留動三去kaldı 門名處kapıda 念名離andan 中副içeri

सुभाषितरत्नकोश १७२९ (५०.३२)[edit | edit source]

Latin script Han script with ruby

vahati na puraḥ kaścit paścān na ko‘py anuyāti māṃ

na ca navapadakṣuṇṇo mārgaḥ kathaṃ nv aham ekakaḥ |

bhavatu viditaṃ pūrvavyūḍho ‘dhunā khilatāṃ gataḥ

sa khalu bahalo vāmaḥ panthā mayā sphuṭam ūrjitaḥ |

行動三vahati 無助na 先介puraḥ 孰代kaścit 後形對複paścān 無助na 誰代ko‘py 循動三anuyāti 我代對māṃ

無助na 並連ca 新跡名navapadakṣuṇṇo 途名mārgaḥ 焉在助kathaṃ 茲副nv 我代aham 孑立形ekakaḥ 。

了動三令bhavatu 識動對viditaṃ 先博形pūrvavyūḍho 今副‘dhunā 荒名屬複khilatāṃ 徑名gataḥ

其代sa 是副khalu 葳蕤形bahalo 甘苦形vāmaḥ 蹊名panthā 我由副mayā 分明副sphuṭam 絶棄形ūrjitaḥ 。

卜算子・咏梅（陸游）[edit | edit source]

Latin script Han script with ruby

yek ngwajH dwanX gjew pen, dzek mak khoj mju tsyuX.

yiX dzyeX hwang xwon duwk dzijH dzrjuw, kaeng trjak pjuwng hwa hjuX.

mju 'iH khuX tsreang tsyhwin, 'jit nyimH gjun phjang tuH.

leng lak dzyeng nej nrjenH tsuH drin, tsye hjuwX xjang nyo kuH.

驛名yek 外助ngwajH 斷橋名dwanX gjew 邊助pen ， 寂寞副dzek mak 開動khoj 無主副mju tsyuX 。

已副yiX 是係dzyeX 黃昏名hwang xwon 獨自副duwk dzijH 愁動dzrjuw ， 更副kaeng 著動trjak 風名pjuwng 和連hwa 雨名hjuX 。

無意動mju 'iH 苦動khuX 爭春名tsreang tsyhwin ， 一任動'jit nyimH 群芳名gjun phjang 妒動tuH 。

零落動leng lak 成助dzyeng 泥名nej 碾動被nrjenH 作助tsuH 塵名drin ， 只有連tsye hjuwX 香名xjang 如故副nyo kuH 。

Dream of Home and Mother / 旅愁 / 送别（李叔同）[edit | edit source]

Dream of Home and Mother
Latin script Han script with ruby

Dreaming of home, dear old home.

Home of childhood and mother-

Oft when I wake 'tis sweet to find

I've been dreaming of home and mother.

Home, dear home, childhood's happy home!

When I played with sister and with brother

'Twas the sweetest joy when we did roam

Over hill and through dale with mother.

夢見動持Dreaming of 家名home ， 挚愛的形dear 老形old 家名home 。

家名Home 屬於介of 童年名childhood 和連and 母親名mother —

常常副Oft 每時副when 我代I 睡醒動wake 它是代係'tis 甜美的形sweet 感覺動to find

我夢見代動持I've been dreaming of 家名home 和連and 母親名mother 。

家名Home ， 挚愛的形dear 家名home ， 童年的名擁childhood's 快樂的形happy 家名home ！

每時副When 我代I 玩耍動去played 與介with 姐妹名sister 並連and 與介with 兄弟名brother

其是代係去'Twas 最甜蜜的形the sweetest 喜悅名joy 每時副when 我們代複we 漫步動去did roam

越介Over 丘陵名hill 並連and 穿介through 谷地名dale 與連with 母親名mother 。

Sleep, balmy sleep, close mine eyes,

Keep me still thinking of mother-

Hark! It's her voice I seem to hear-

Yes, I'm dreaming of home and mother.

Angels come soothing me to rest,

I can feel their presence as none other,

For they sweetly say I shall be blest

With bright visions of home and mother.

睡覺名Sleep ， 惬意的形balmy 睡覺名sleep ， 閉上動close 我的定mine 眼睛名複eyes ，

使動令Keep 我代對me 依然副still 想起動持thinking of 母親名mother —

細聽動令Hark ！ 其是代係It's 伊的代擁her 口音名voice 我代I 似乎動seem 聽聞動to hear —

是啊嘆Yes ， 我夢見動持I'm dreaming of 家名home 和連and 母親名mother 。

天使名複Angels 來動come 抚慰動持soothing 我代對me 休息動to rest ，

我代I 可以動can 感受動feel 其等的代三複擁their 存在名presence 有如介as 無他形名none other ，

因爲連For 其等代三複they 甜蜜地副sweetly 說動say 我代I 應要動shall 受祝福係分be blest

以介With 明亮的形bright 異象名複visions 屬於介of 家名home 和連and 母親名mother 。

Childhood has come, come again,

Sleeping, I see my dear mother ---

See her loved form beside me kneel

While I'm dreaming of home and mother.

Mother dear, whisper to me now,

Tell me of my sister and brother, ---

Now I feel thy hand upon my brow ---

Yes, I'm dreaming of home and mother.

童年名Childhood 來了動完has come ， 再來吧嘆come again 。

睡覺動持Sleeping ， 我代I 看見動see 我的代擁my 挚愛的形dear 母親名mother ———

看見動See 伊的代擁her 心愛的形loved 身形名form 傍介beside 我代對me 跪坐動kneel

當時連While 我夢見代動持I'm dreaming of 家名home 和連and 母親名mother 。

母親名Mother 挚愛的形dear ， 細語動介whisper to 我代對me 現在副now ，

告訴動令Tell 我代對me 關於介of 我的代擁my 姐妹名sister 和連and 兄弟名brother ，———

現在副Now 我代I 感覺動feel 你的代擁thy 手名hand 觸上介upon 我的代擁my 眉毛名brow ———

是啊嘆Yes ， 我夢見動持I'm dreaming of 家名home 和連and 母親名mother 。

旅愁
Latin script Han script with ruby

Fukeyuku aki no yo, tabi no sora no,

wabishiki omoi ni, hitori nayamu.

Koishiya furusato, natsukashi chichihaha,

yumeji ni tadoru wa, kokyō no ieji.

Fukeyuku aki no yo, tabi no sora no,

wabishiki omoi ni, hitori nayamu.

更行動Fukeyuku 秋名aki 之助no 夜名yo ， 旅名tabi 之助no 空名sora 之助no ，

侘形wabishiki 想名omoi 於助ni ， 獨副hitori 惱動nayamu 。

戀形Koishiya 故里名furusato ， 懷形natsukashi 父母名chichihaha ，

夢路名yumeji 於助ni 辿動tadoru 乃助wa ， 故鄉名kokyō 之助no 家路名ieji 。

更行動Fukeyuku 秋名aki 之助no 夜名yo ， 旅名tabi 之助no 空名sora 之助no ，

侘形wabishiki 想名omoi 於助ni ， 獨副hitori 惱動nayamu 。

Mado utsu arashi ni, yume mo yabure,

harukeki kanata ni, kokoro hakobu.

Koishiya furusato, natsukashi chichihaha,

omoi ni ukabu wa, mori no kozue.

Mado utsu arashi ni, yume mo yabure,

harukeki kanata ni, kokoro hakobu.

窻名Mado 打動utsu 嵐名arashi 於助ni ， 夢名yume 亦助mo 破動被yabure ，

遙形harukeki 彼方名kanata 於助ni ， 心名kokoro 運動hakobu 。

戀形Koishiya 故里名furusato ， 懷形natsukashi 父母名chichihaha ，

思名omoi 於助ni 浮動ukabu 乃助wa ， 杜名mori 之助no 木名kozue 。

窻名Mado 打動utsu 嵐名arashi 於助ni ， 夢名yume 亦助mo 破動被yabure ，

遙形harukeki 彼方名kanata 於助ni ， 心名kokoro 運動hakobu 。

送别（李叔同）
Latin script Han script with ruby

Chángtíng wài, gǔdào biān, fāngcǎo bì liántiān

Wǎnfēng fú liǔ díshēng cán, xīyáng shān wài shān

Tiān zhī yá, dì zhī jiǎo, zhījiāo bàn língluò

Yī piáo zhuójiǔ jìn yúhuān, jīnxiāo biémèng hán

長亭名Chángtíng 外助wài ， 古道名gǔdào 邊助biān ， 芳草名fāngcǎo 碧形bì 連天副liántiān

晚風名Wǎnfēng 拂動fú 柳名liǔ 笛聲名díshēng 殘動cán ， 夕陽名xīyáng 山名shān 外助wài 山名shān

天名Tiān 之助zhī 涯名yá ， 地名dì 之助zhī 角名jiǎo ， 知交名zhījiāo 半副bàn 零落動língluò

一數Yī 瓢類piáo 濁酒名zhuójiǔ 盡動jìn 餘歡名yúhuān ， 今宵副jīnxiāo 別夢名biémèng 寒動hán

Rule for Common Semantic Writing[edit | edit source]

The part of speech and its grammatical categories is indicated with the superscript for a word or phrase; the specialised field of the meaning of a word is indicated with the subscript for a word or phrase if needed.

Just like that homophones share the same romanised word, synonyms may share the same hanised word; also, a word possessing multiple meanings can be hanised differently.

Texts can be transcripted by default or transliterated.

The choosing of indicators takes the intuitiveness of the Han character into consideration.

Types and categories can be omitted if they are insignificant:

  • genders;
  • present tense;
  • tense for words other than the verb if there is only one tense in the clause;
  • simple aspect;
  • aspect for words other than the verb if there is only one aspect in the clause;
  • indicative mood;
  • mood for words other than the verb if there is only one mood in the clause;
  • active voice;
  • voice for words other than the verb if there is only one voice in the clause;
  • nominative case;
  • case for words other than the verb if there is only one case in the clause;
  • first person;
  • person for words other than the verb if there is only one person in the clause;
  • single number;
  • number for words other than the verb if there is only one number in the clause.

Part of Speech[edit | edit source]

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
noun 名 名詞 名詞 名詞 名詞
proper noun 固 專有名詞 固有名詞 固有名詞
verb 動 動詞 動詞 動詞 動詞
participle 分 分詞 分詞
adjective 形 形容詞 形容詞 形容詞 -
adverb 副 副詞 副詞 副詞 狀詞
pronoun 代 代名詞、代詞 代名詞 代名詞 代名詞、代詞
adposition 介 介詞 接置詞、側置詞 附置詞 介詞
conjunction 連 連接詞、連詞 接続詞 接續詞 連詞
interjection 嘆 感嘆詞 感動詞、間投詞、感嘆詞、嘆詞 感歎詞、間投詞、感動詞 嘆詞
number 數 數詞 数詞 數詞 數詞
determiner 定 限定詞 限定詞 限定詞
article 冠 冠詞 冠詞 冠詞 冠詞、帽詞
demonstrative 指 指示詞 指示詞 指示詞
classifier 類 量詞、分類詞、單位詞 類別詞 分類詞 類詞、分類詞
particle 助 助詞、質詞、小品詞 不変化詞 不變化詞

Grammatical Category[edit | edit source]

Gender[edit | edit source]

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
masculine 陽 陽性 男性 男性 -
feminine 陰 陰性 女性 女性 -
neuter 中 中性 中性 中性 -
common 通 通性 通性 通性 -
animate 生 有生性 有生性 有情性 -
inanimate [無生] 無生性 無生性 無情性 -

Number[edit | edit source]

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
singular 單 單數 単数 單數 -
plural 複 複數 複数 複數
dual 雙 雙數 双数、両数 雙數、兩數
trial 叄 三數 三数
paucal 微 微數

Case[edit | edit source]

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
abessive 欠 欠格 欠格 不在格
ablative 離 離格、奪格、從格 奪格、従格、離格 奪格
absolutive 絕 通格、絕對格 絶対格 絕對格
accusative 對 賓格、對格、受格 対格 對格、目的格
adessive 接 接格 接格 -
adverbial 狀 狀語格
allative 向 向格 向格
antessive 前 前格
apudessive 側 側格
associative 附 附格
aversive 避 避格
benefactive 益 益格
causal 因 因格
comitative 共 共格、伴隨格、隨同格 共格 共同格、共格
comparative 比 比較格
dative 與 與格、給格 与格、為格 與格
delative 上 上格 離格
direct [直接] 直接格
egressive 始 始格
elative 出 出格 出格 -
equative 同 等同格
ergative 作 作格、能格、施格 能格 能格
essive 樣 樣格
exessive 轉 轉變格
formal 質 質格
genetive 屬 屬格、領格、生格 属格、生格 屬格
identical 等 等格
illative 入 入格 入格 -
inessive 內 內格 內格 -
initiative 起 起點格
instructive 手 手段格
instrumental 具 工具格 具格、造格 道具格、具格
intransitive [不及] 不及物格
intrative 圍 包圍格
lative 方 携格、方向格
limitative 限 限格
locative 處 方位格、處格、位置格、處所格、處格 処格、所格、地格、位格、依格、於格 處格、處所格
nominative 主 主格 主格 主格
oblique 斜 斜格 斜格 斜格
orientative [轉向] 轉向格
ornative 梱 梱格
partitive 部 部分格
perlative 穿 穿越格
pertingent 觸 觸碰格
possessive 擁 擁有格、所有格
postessive 後 後格
prepositional [前置] 前置格
postpositional [後置] 後置格
prolative 延 延展格
revertive 反 反格
semblative 類 類格
sociative 協 協同格
stative 態 狀態格
subessive 底 底格
sublative [上下] 上下格
superessive 頂 頂格 -
superlative 跨 跨越格
temporal 時 時格、時間格
terminative 终 到格、终止格、終點格
transitive 及 及物格
translative 換 轉換格
vocative 呼 呼格 呼格 呼格

Person[edit | edit source]

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
first 一 第一人稱 一人称 一人稱
second 二 第二人稱 二人称 二人稱
third 三 第三人稱 三人称 三人稱

Tense[edit | edit source]

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
present 現 現在時 現在時制 現在時制 時現在
past 去 過去時 過去時制 過去時制 時過去
future 來 將來時 未来時制 未來時制 時將來
aorist 過 不定過去時

Aspect[edit | edit source]

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
simple 當 現時體
perfect 完 完成體 完了相
prospective 望 展望體 前望相 豫定相
perfective 整 完整體 完結相 完望相
imperfective [非整] 非完整體 未完結相 非完望相
iterative 覆 反覆體 反復相
distributive 佈
frequentative 頻 頻繁相
progressive 行 進行相 進行相
continuous 持 持續體 継続相 連續相
delimitative 短 短時體
completive 成 完成相
resultative 果 結果相
gnomic 普
habitual 慣 習慣體 習慣相
inchoative 起
cessative 停

Mood[edit | edit source]

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
indicative 直 直陳語氣 直説法
subjunctive 假 虛擬語氣 接続法 假定法
conditional 條 條件語氣 条件法 式條件
imperative 令 祈使語氣 命令法 命令法 命令式
optative 願 祈願語氣 希求法、願望法
intensive 強

Voice[edit | edit source]

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
active 能 主動語態 能動態 能動態
passive 被 被動語態 受動態 受動態、被動態
antipassive [反被] 反被動語態 逆受動態 逆受動態
causative 使 使動語態、致使語態 使役態
middle 間 中間語態 中動態
applicative 適 應動語態 適用態、充当態 適用態、充當態

Vocabulary[edit | edit source]

Function words are hanised according to their functions.

Sinocentric words are to be modified, e.g. from “西芹” to “歐芹” for the parsley.

Determiner[edit | edit source]

description word in Han
indefinite article 一
definite article 夫
description word in Han
determiner for something or someone close to the speaker 此
determiner for something or someone remote to the speaker 彼
determiner for something or someone close to the listener 爾此
determiner for something or someone remote to the listener 爾彼

Pronoun[edit | edit source]

description word in Han
first-person pronoun 我
second-person pronoun 你
third-person masculine pronoun 他
third-person feminine pronoun 伊
third-person neutral pronoun 其
description word in Han
inclusive “we” 㑑
exclusive “we” 㐾

Conjunction[edit | edit source]

word in English in Latin word in Han
after 之後
before 之前
as long as 只要
once, by the time, as soon as 一旦
since 自從
till, until 直至
when, while 之時
now that 既然

Swadesh List[edit | edit source]

word in English in Latin word in Han (Mandarin Chinese style) word in Han (Japanese style)
I 我 私
you (singular) 你 貴方
he 他 彼
we 我們 私達
you (plural) 你們 貴方達
they 他們 彼等
this 這 此
that 那 其
here 這裏 此處
there 那裏 其處
who 誰 誰
what 什麼 何
where 哪裏 何處
when 什麼時候 何時
how 如何 如何
not 不 無
all 全部 皆
many 多 多
some 一些 少
few 少 少
other 其他 他
one 一 一
two 二 二
three 三 三
four 四 四
five 五 五
big 大 大
long 長 長
wide 寬 廣
thick 厚 厚
heavy 重 重
small 小 小
short 短 短
narrow 窄 狭
thin 薄 細
woman 女人 女
man 男人 男
person 人 人
child 兒童 子
wife 妻子 妻
husband 丈夫 夫
mother 母親 母
father 父親 父
animal 動物 獸
fish 魚 魚
bird 鳥 鳥
dog 狗 犬
louse 虱 虱
snake 蛇 蛇
worm 蠕蟲 蠕蟲
tree 樹 木
forest 森林 森
stick 枝條 杖
fruit 水果 實
seed 種子 種
leaf 葉子 葉
root 根 根
bark (of a tree) 樹皮 木肌
flower 花 花
grass 草 草
rope 繩子 繩
skin 皮膚 皮
meat 肉 肉
blood 血液 血
bone 骨頭 骨
fat (noun) 脂肪 脂
egg 蛋 卵
horn 角 角
tail 尾巴 尾
feather 羽毛 羽
hair 頭髮 髪
head 頭 頭
ear 耳朵 耳
eye 眼睛 目
nose 鼻子 鼻
mouth 嘴巴 口
tooth 牙齒 齒
tongue (organ) 舌頭 舌
fingernail 指甲 爪
foot 腳 足
leg 腿 腳
knee 膝蓋 膝
hand 手 手
wing 翅膀 翼
belly 肚子 腹
guts 腸子 腸
neck 脖子 首
back 背 背
breast 胸膛 胸
heart 心臟 心
liver 肝臟 肝
to drink 喝 飲
to eat 吃 食
to bite 咬 嚙
to suck 吮吸 吸
to spit 吐 唾吐
to vomit 嘔吐 吐
to blow 吹 吹
to breathe 呼吸 息
to laugh 笑 笑
to see 看 見
to hear 聼 聞
to know 知道 知
to think 想 思
to smell 嗅 嗅
to fear 怕 恐
to sleep 睡覺 眠
to live 活 生
to die 死 死
to kill 殺 殺
to fight 打架 鬥
to hunt 打獵 狩
to hit 打 叩
to cut 割 切
to split 分開 割
to stab 刺 刺
to scratch 搔 搔
to dig 挖 掘
to swim 游泳 泳
to fly 飛 飛
to walk 步行 步
to come 來 來
to lie (as in a bed) 躺 寝
to sit 坐 座
to stand 站 起
to turn (intransitive) 轉 回
to fall 落下 落
to give 給 與
to hold 握 持
to squeeze 擠 絞
to rub 揉 擦
to wash 洗 洗
to wipe 擦 拭
to pull 拉 引
to push 推 押
to throw 扔 投
to tie 綁 結
to sew 縫 縫
to count 數 數
to say 說 言
to sing 唱 歌
to play 玩 遊
to float 浮 浮
to flow 流 流
to freeze 凍結 凍
to swell 膨脹 膨
sun 太陽 日
moon 月亮 月
star 恆星 星
water 水 水
rain 雨 雨
river 河 川
lake 湖 池
sea 海 海
salt 鹽 鹽
stone 石頭 石
sand 沙 砂
dust 塵土 塵
earth 土壤 土
cloud 雲 雲
fog 霧 霧
sky 天 空
wind 風 風
snow 雪 雪
ice 冰 冰
smoke 煙 煙
fire 火 火
ash 灰燼 灰
to burn 燒 燃
road 路 道
mountain 山 山
red 紅 赤
green 綠 緑
yellow 黃 黄
white 白 白
black 黑 黑
night 夜晚 夜
day 白天 日
year 年 年
warm 溫暖 暖
cold 寒冷 寒
full 滿 滿
new 新 新
old 舊 古
good 好 良
bad 壞 惡
rotten 爛 腐
dirty 髒 污
straight 直 真直
round 圓 丸
sharp (as a knife) 鋒利 銳
dull (as a knife) 鈍 鈍
smooth 光滑 滑
wet 濕 濡
dry 乾 乾
correct 正確 正
near 近 近
far 遠 遠
right 右 右
left 左 左
at 在 於
in 在裏 中於
with 跟 共
and 和 共
if 如果 若
because 因爲 因
name 名字 名
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