Difference between revisions of "Language/Coptic/Vocabulary/Calendar"

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The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is the liturgical calendar of the Coptic Orthodox Church whose faithful live mainly in Egypt, in the diaspora and in Ethiopia (for which it is the calendar used on a daily basis, see Ethiopian calendar). It derives from the calendar of ancient Egypt but is no longer based on lunar cycles and includes adjustments for leap years.
The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is the liturgical calendar of the Coptic Orthodox Church whose faithful live mainly in Egypt, in the diaspora and in Ethiopia (for which it is the calendar used on a daily basis, see Ethiopian calendar). It derives from the calendar of ancient Egypt but is no longer based on lunar cycles and includes adjustments for leap years. It is also still used by the farming populace of Egypt.
 
The Coptic calendar also called "calendar of the martyrs" was the calendar used by the Coptic people in antiquity. It derives from the calendar of ancient Egypt but is no longer based on lunar cycles and adds facilities for leap years.


<span link>Take some time to dive into these other pages after completing this lesson:</span> [[Language/Coptic/Vocabulary/How-to-Say-Hello-and-Greetings|Say Hello and Greetings in Coptic]], [[Language/Coptic/Vocabulary/Body|Body]] & [[Language/Coptic/Vocabulary/People|People]].  
<span link>Take some time to dive into these other pages after completing this lesson:</span> [[Language/Coptic/Vocabulary/How-to-Say-Hello-and-Greetings|Say Hello and Greetings in Coptic]], [[Language/Coptic/Vocabulary/Body|Body]] & [[Language/Coptic/Vocabulary/People|People]].  
== Functioning ==
== Functioning ==
The Coptic calendar finds its starting point in the year of access to power of the Roman tyrant Diocletian. This corresponds to September 11, 284 of the Gregorian calendar.
The Coptic calendar finds its starting point in the year of access to power of the Roman tyrant Diocletian. This corresponds to September 11, 284 of the Gregorian calendar. The abbreviation rather than AD (Anno Domini) is AM (Anno Martyrum), "Year of the Martyrs".


== Month ==
== Month ==
The year is made up of 12 months of 30 days and a month of 5 days (or 6 for leap years). The spelling of the months is that of the Egyptian names of the 1st millennium BC. It can be interpreted in the Latin alphabet in different ways. Here is one with in brackets the correspondence with the Gregorian calendar:
The Coptic year is made up of 12 months of 30 days, and a month of 5 days (or 6 in leap years). Below the months are given in their traditional English forms (from Ancient Egyptian through Ancient Greek) and with their Arabic names (from Coptic), with the corresponding month in the Gregorian calendar.


# Thoout (September/October)
# Thoth / توت‎ Tūt (September–October)
# Paope (October/November)
# Phaophi / بابه Bāba (October–November)
# Hathor (November/December)
# Hathyr / هتور Hatūr (November–December)
# Koiahk (December/January)
# Choiak / كياك Kiyāk (December–January)
# Tobe (January/February)
# Tybi / طوبه Ṭūba (January–February)
# Meshir (February/March)
# Mecheir / مسرى Misra (February–March)
# Paremhotep (March/April)
# Phamenoth / برمهات Baramhāt (March–April)
# Parmoute (april/may)
# Pharmouthi / برموده Baramūda (April–May)
# Pashons (may/june)
# Pachon / بشنس Bašans (May–June)
# Paone (June/July)
# Pauni / بؤنه Baʔūna (June–July)
# Epip (July/August)
# Epeiph / أبيب ʔabīb (July–August)
# Mesori (August/September)
# Mesore / أمشير‎ ʔamšīr (August–September)
# The little month (from September 6 to September 10 or 11)
# The little month / النسي In-nasī (from September 6 to September 10 or 11)


== Leap years ==
== Leap years ==
Leap years are offset by one year with those of the Gregorian calendar. For example, the year 2000 is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar, the year before (1999) is therefore in the Coptic calendar.
Leap years are synchronized with the Julian calendar and are once every four years, with a sixth leap day being added to the Little Month. Due to the Coptic calendar's alignment with the Julian calendar and not the Gregorian calendar, holidays such as Christmas are celebrated on different dates than in the Gregorian calendar: for example Christmas is Koiak 29 or December 25 in the Julian calendar, which lands on January 7 in the Gregorian calendar.  


== Week ==
== Week ==
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! rowspan="2" |'''''No.'''''
! rowspan="2" |'''''No.'''''
! colspan="3" |'''Name'''
! colspan="3" |'''Name'''
! rowspan="2" |'''Coptic Name origin'''
! rowspan="2" |'''Etymology'''
|-
|-
!'''Bohairic'''
!'''Bohairic'''
Line 51: Line 49:
'''Coptic'''
'''Coptic'''
!'''Transliteration'''
!'''Transliteration'''
'''of Coptic'''
|-
|-
|1
|1
|Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ
|Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ
|Ⲑⲟⲟⲩⲧ
|Ⲑⲟⲟⲩⲧ
|Thout
|Thōout / Thoout
|''ḏḥwty'': Thoth, god of Wisdom and Science
|''ḏḥwty'': "Thoth", god of wisdom and science
|-
|-
|2
|2
|Ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲓ
|Ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲓ
|Ⲡⲁⲱⲡⲉ
|Ⲡⲁⲱⲡⲉ
|Paopi
|Paopi / Paōpe
|''pꜣ-n-jpt'': Opet Festival
|''pꜣ-n-jpt'': "Opet festival"
|-
|-
|3
|3
|Ⲁⲑⲱⲣ
|Ⲁⲑⲱⲣ
|Ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ
|Ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ
|Hathor
|Athōr / Hathōr
|''Ḥwt-ḥr'': Hathor, goddess of beauty and love (the land is lush and green)
|''Ḥwt-ḥr'': "Hathor", goddess of beauty and love (the land is lush and green)
|-
|-
|4
|4
|Ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ
|Ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ
|Ⲕⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ
|Ⲕⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ
|Koiak
|Khoiak / Koiahk
|''kꜣ-ḥr-kꜣ'': "spirit upon spirit," the name of a festival
|''kꜣ-ḥr-kꜣ'': "Spirit upon spirit," the name of a festival
|-
|-
|5
|5
|Ⲧⲱⲃⲓ
|Ⲧⲱⲃⲓ
|Ⲧⲱⲃⲉ
|Ⲧⲱⲃⲉ
|Tobi
|Tōbi / Tōbe
|''tꜣ-ꜥꜣbt'': "The offering"
|''tꜣ-ꜥꜣbt'': "The offering"
|-
|-
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|Ⲙⲉϣⲓⲣ
|Ⲙⲉϣⲓⲣ
|Ⲙϣⲓⲣ
|Ⲙϣⲓⲣ
|Meshir
|Meshir / Mshir
|''mḫjr'': The name of a festival, perhaps identical with a type of basket used in that festival
|''mḫjr'': The name of a festival, perhaps identical with a type of basket used in that festival
|-
|-
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|Ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲙϩⲁⲧ
|Ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲙϩⲁⲧ
|Ⲡⲁⲣⲙϩⲟⲧⲡ
|Ⲡⲁⲣⲙϩⲟⲧⲡ
|Paremhat
|Paremhat / Parmhotp
|''pꜣ-n-jmnḥtp'': "Festival of Amenhotep"
|''pꜣ-n-jmnḥtp'': "Festival of Amenhotep"
|-
|-
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|Ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲑⲓ
|Ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲑⲓ
|Ⲡⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ
|Ⲡⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ
|Parmouti
|Pharmouthi / Parmoute
|''pꜣ-n-Rnnwtt'': "Festival of harvest goddess Renenutet"
|''pꜣ-n-Rnnwtt'': "Festival of harvest goddess Renenutet"
|-
|-
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|Ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲓ
|Ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲓ
|Ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲉ
|Ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲉ
|Paoni
|Paōni / Paōne
|''pꜣ-n-jnt'': valley festival
|''pꜣ-n-jnt'': "Valley festival"
|-
|-
|11
|11
|Ⲉⲡⲓⲡ
|Ⲉⲡⲓⲡ
|Ⲉⲡⲏⲡ
|Ⲉⲡⲏⲡ
|Epip
|Epip / Epēp
|''jpjp'': meaning unknown
|''jpjp'': from earlier ''jpt-ḥmt'', meaning "(She who is) Select of Incarnation"
|-
|-
|12
|12
|Ⲙⲉⲥⲱⲣⲓ
|Ⲙⲉⲥⲱⲣⲓ
|Ⲙⲉⲥⲱⲣⲏ
|Ⲙⲉⲥⲱⲣⲏ
|Mesori
|Mesōri / Mesōrē
|''mswt rꜥ'': birth of Ra
|''mswt rꜥ'': "Birth of Ra"
|-
|-
|13
|13
|Ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲃⲟⲧ
|Ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲃⲟⲧ
|Ⲉⲡⲁⲅⲟⲙⲉⲛⲁⲓ
|Ⲉⲡⲁⲅⲟⲙⲉⲛⲁⲓ
| Pi Kogi Enavot
| Pikouči enabot / Epagomenai
|Bohairic: The Little Month;
|Bohairic: "The little month"


Sahidic: Greek ἐπαγόμεναι < ἐπαγωγή < ἐπαγειν < ἐπι + ἄγειν: to bring in
Sahidic: From Ancient Greek ''αἱ ἐπαγόμεναι ἡμέραι'', “the five intercalated days of the calendar of the Egyptians”, from ''ἐπάγω'' “I bring in”
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 03:08, 2 September 2023

The Coptic Calendar
Coptic-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg

The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is the liturgical calendar of the Coptic Orthodox Church whose faithful live mainly in Egypt, in the diaspora and in Ethiopia (for which it is the calendar used on a daily basis, see Ethiopian calendar). It derives from the calendar of ancient Egypt but is no longer based on lunar cycles and includes adjustments for leap years. It is also still used by the farming populace of Egypt.

Take some time to dive into these other pages after completing this lesson: Say Hello and Greetings in Coptic, Body & People.

Functioning[edit | edit source]

The Coptic calendar finds its starting point in the year of access to power of the Roman tyrant Diocletian. This corresponds to September 11, 284 of the Gregorian calendar. The abbreviation rather than AD (Anno Domini) is AM (Anno Martyrum), "Year of the Martyrs".

Month[edit | edit source]

The Coptic year is made up of 12 months of 30 days, and a month of 5 days (or 6 in leap years). Below the months are given in their traditional English forms (from Ancient Egyptian through Ancient Greek) and with their Arabic names (from Coptic), with the corresponding month in the Gregorian calendar.

  1. Thoth / توت‎ Tūt (September–October)
  2. Phaophi / بابه Bāba (October–November)
  3. Hathyr / هتور Hatūr (November–December)
  4. Choiak / كياك Kiyāk (December–January)
  5. Tybi / طوبه Ṭūba (January–February)
  6. Mecheir / مسرى Misra (February–March)
  7. Phamenoth / برمهات Baramhāt (March–April)
  8. Pharmouthi / برموده Baramūda (April–May)
  9. Pachon / بشنس Bašans (May–June)
  10. Pauni / بؤنه Baʔūna (June–July)
  11. Epeiph / أبيب ʔabīb (July–August)
  12. Mesore / أمشير‎ ʔamšīr (August–September)
  13. The little month / النسي In-nasī (from September 6 to September 10 or 11)

Leap years[edit | edit source]

Leap years are synchronized with the Julian calendar and are once every four years, with a sixth leap day being added to the Little Month. Due to the Coptic calendar's alignment with the Julian calendar and not the Gregorian calendar, holidays such as Christmas are celebrated on different dates than in the Gregorian calendar: for example Christmas is Koiak 29 or December 25 in the Julian calendar, which lands on January 7 in the Gregorian calendar.

Week[edit | edit source]

The Coptic week has 7 days and begins with Sunday:

  1. Tkyriaka: Sunday
  2. Pesnau: Monday
  3. Pshoment: Tuesday
  4. Peftoou: Wednesday
  5. Ptiou: Thursday
  6. Psoou: Friday
  7. Psabbaton: Saturday
No. Name Etymology
Bohairic

Coptic

Sahidic

Coptic

Transliteration
1 Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ Ⲑⲟⲟⲩⲧ Thōout / Thoout ḏḥwty: "Thoth", god of wisdom and science
2 Ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲓ Ⲡⲁⲱⲡⲉ Paopi / Paōpe pꜣ-n-jpt: "Opet festival"
3 Ⲁⲑⲱⲣ Ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ Athōr / Hathōr Ḥwt-ḥr: "Hathor", goddess of beauty and love (the land is lush and green)
4 Ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ Ⲕⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ Khoiak / Koiahk kꜣ-ḥr-kꜣ: "Spirit upon spirit," the name of a festival
5 Ⲧⲱⲃⲓ Ⲧⲱⲃⲉ Tōbi / Tōbe tꜣ-ꜥꜣbt: "The offering"
6 Ⲙⲉϣⲓⲣ Ⲙϣⲓⲣ Meshir / Mshir mḫjr: The name of a festival, perhaps identical with a type of basket used in that festival
7 Ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲙϩⲁⲧ Ⲡⲁⲣⲙϩⲟⲧⲡ Paremhat / Parmhotp pꜣ-n-jmnḥtp: "Festival of Amenhotep"
8 Ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲑⲓ Ⲡⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ Pharmouthi / Parmoute pꜣ-n-Rnnwtt: "Festival of harvest goddess Renenutet"
9 Ⲡⲁϣⲟⲛⲥ Ⲡⲁϣⲟⲛⲥ Pashons pꜣ-n-ḫnsw "Festival of Khonsu"
10 Ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲓ Ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲉ Paōni / Paōne pꜣ-n-jnt: "Valley festival"
11 Ⲉⲡⲓⲡ Ⲉⲡⲏⲡ Epip / Epēp jpjp: from earlier jpt-ḥmt, meaning "(She who is) Select of Incarnation"
12 Ⲙⲉⲥⲱⲣⲓ Ⲙⲉⲥⲱⲣⲏ Mesōri / Mesōrē mswt rꜥ: "Birth of Ra"
13 Ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁ̀ⲃⲟⲧ Ⲉⲡⲁⲅⲟⲙⲉⲛⲁⲓ Pikouči enabot / Epagomenai Bohairic: "The little month"

Sahidic: From Ancient Greek αἱ ἐπαγόμεναι ἡμέραι, “the five intercalated days of the calendar of the Egyptians”, from ἐπάγω “I bring in”

Sources[edit | edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

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