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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Rundi|Rundi]]  → [[Language/Rundi/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Rundi/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Describing with Adjectives</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Rundi|Rundi]]  → [[Language/Rundi/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Rundi/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Describing with Adjectives</div>
Welcome to this exciting lesson on "Describing with Adjectives" in Rundi! Understanding adjectives is crucial for anyone looking to express themselves more vividly in the Rundi language. Adjectives allow us to add color and detail to our sentences, enabling us to convey our thoughts and feelings more effectively. In this lesson, we will explore how to use Rundi adjectives to describe nouns, delve into the rules for noun-class agreement, and learn how to form comparative and superlative adjectives.
Throughout this lesson, you will find practical examples, engaging exercises, and detailed explanations to help you grasp the concepts easily. So, let's jump right in!


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== Understanding Adjectives ===
 
Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns. In Rundi, adjectives provide information about qualities, quantities, or states of the nouns they modify. For example, in the phrase "the big house" (in Rundi, "inzu nini"), the adjective "big" describes the noun "house". Using adjectives enhances your ability to communicate more precisely and expressively.


Welcome to the lesson on "Describing with Adjectives" in the Rundi language! In this lesson, we will explore how to use adjectives to describe nouns in Rundi. Adjectives play a crucial role in adding details and providing more information about people, places, things, and ideas. Understanding how to use adjectives correctly will greatly enhance your ability to express yourself in Rundi and communicate effectively with native speakers.
== Noun Classes and Adjective Agreement


Throughout this lesson, we will cover the rules for agreement between adjectives and noun classes, as well as how to form comparative and superlative adjectives in Rundi. We will provide numerous examples to illustrate each point, ensuring that you have a clear understanding of how to use adjectives in various contexts.
One of the unique features of the Rundi language is its use of noun classes. Rundi nouns are categorized into several classes, and adjectives must agree with the noun they modify in terms of class. This means that depending on the noun's class, the form of the adjective changes.  


Let's dive into the fascinating world of Rundi adjectives and discover the beauty they bring to the language!
Here’s a quick overview of some noun classes:


== Agreement between Adjectives and Noun Classes ==
* Class 1: Singular human nouns (e.g., umwana - child)


In Rundi, adjectives agree with the noun they describe in terms of noun class. Noun classes are an essential feature of Bantu languages, including Rundi. They categorize nouns based on their inherent characteristics, such as their shape, size, and animacy. Rundi has 18 noun classes, each with its own unique prefix and agreement patterns.
* Class 2: Plural human nouns (e.g., abana - children)


To ensure grammatical correctness, adjectives must agree with the noun they modify in terms of noun class. This means that the adjective must take the appropriate prefix according to the noun class of the noun it describes. Let's take a look at some examples to understand this concept better:
* Class 3: Singular non-human nouns (e.g., igiti - tree)


=== Noun Class 1 ===
* Class 4: Plural non-human nouns (e.g., ibiti - trees)


Noun class 1 in Rundi includes singular nouns that begin with the prefix "u-". When an adjective modifies a noun in noun class 1, it takes the prefix "wu-". Here are a few examples:
'''Example: Adjective Agreement'''


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Rundi !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
 
! Rundi !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| umwana mwiza || umwana mwi.za || a beautiful child
 
|-
|-
| umuntu mwiza  || [uˈmuːntu mwiːza] || a good person
 
| abana beza || a.ba.na be.za || beautiful children
 
|-
|-
| umugabo wacu  || [uˈmuːɡabo waˈʧu] || our husband
 
| igiti kinini || i.gi.ti ki.ni.ni || a big tree
 
|-
|-
| umwana wanjye  || [uˈmwana waˈɲʤe] || my child
 
| ibiti binini || i.bi.ti bi.ni.ni || big trees
 
|}
|}


As you can see, the adjective "mwiza" agrees with the noun "umuntu" in noun class 1 by taking the prefix "wu-". Similarly, the adjectives "wacu" and "wanjye" agree with the nouns "umugabo" and "umwana" by taking the appropriate prefixes.
As you can see, the adjectives change based on the class of the noun they are describing. This agreement is fundamental in Rundi grammar.
 
=== Comparative and Superlative Adjectives ===
 
Now that we have a grasp of how adjectives work with nouns, let’s explore comparative and superlative forms.
 
* '''Comparative Adjectives''' are used when comparing two nouns. In Rundi, you typically add the prefix "kuruta" (meaning "more than") to the adjective.  


=== Noun Class 2 ===
* '''Superlative Adjectives''' express the highest degree among three or more nouns. In Rundi, you often use the prefix "kuru" (meaning "the most") with the adjective.


Noun class 2 in Rundi includes plural nouns that begin with the prefix "a-". When an adjective modifies a noun in noun class 2, it takes the prefix "ba-". Let's look at some examples:
'''Examples:'''


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Rundi !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
 
! Rundi !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| umwana mwiza kuruta umwana mubi || umwana mwi.za ku.ru.ta umwana mu.bi || a beautiful child more than an ugly child
 
|-
|-
| abantu babiri  || [aˈbantu baˈbiri] || two people
 
| abana beza kuruta abana babi || a.ba.na be.za ku.ru.ta a.ba.na ba.bi || beautiful children more than ugly children
 
|-
|-
| abagabo babo  || [aˈbaɡabo ˈbabo] || their husbands
 
| igiti kinini kuruta igiti gito || i.gi.ti ki.ni.ni ku.ru.ta i.gi.ti gi.to || a big tree more than a small tree
 
|-
|-
| abana babo  || [aˈbana ˈbabo] || their children
|}


In these examples, the adjective "babiri" agrees with the noun "abantu" in noun class 2 by taking the prefix "ba-". The adjectives "babo" also agree with the nouns "abagabo" and "abana" by taking the appropriate prefixes.
| ibiti binini kuruta ibiti bito || i.bi.ti bi.ni.ni ku.ru.ta i.bi.ti bi.to || big trees more than small trees
 
|-
 
| umwana mwiza cyane || umwana mwi.za cya.ne || the most beautiful child
 
|-


It's important to note that not all adjectives in Rundi change their form to agree with noun classes. Some adjectives, especially those that describe colors or physical properties, remain the same regardless of noun class. For example:
| abana beza cane || a.ba.na be.za ca.ne || the most beautiful children


{| class="wikitable"
! Rundi !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
|-
| umutima rurangira  || [uˈmutima ruraŋɡira] || a beautiful heart
 
| igiti kinini cane || i.gi.ti ki.ni.ni ca.ne || the biggest tree
 
|-
|-
| ibiti biracyari  || [iˈbiti biˈraʧari] || colorful stones
 
| ibiti binini cane || i.bi.ti bi.ni.ni ca.ne || the biggest trees
 
|}
|}


In these examples, the adjectives "rurangira" and "biracyari" do not change their form to agree with the noun classes because they describe inherent characteristics that are not influenced by noun class.
=== Practical Exercises ===
 
Now, let's put your knowledge to the test with some exercises!
 
==== Exercise 1: Identifying Adjectives ====
 
Identify the adjectives in the following sentences and state the noun they describe.
 
1. Umwana mwiza arakina. (The beautiful child is playing.)
 
2. Igiti kinini kirakura. (The big tree is growing.)
 
3. Abana beza bariga. (The beautiful children are laughing.)
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. Adjective: mwiza; Noun: umwana
 
2. Adjective: kinini; Noun: igiti
 
3. Adjective: beza; Noun: abana
 
==== Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks ====
 
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjective based on the noun class.
 
1. Umugore ___ (mwiza) arakora. (The ___ woman is working.)
 
2. Ibiti ___ (bikomeye) birashoboye. (The ___ trees are strong.)
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. mwiza;
 
2. bikomeye;
 
==== Exercise 3: Forming Comparatives ====
 
Transform the following sentences to compare using the comparative form.
 
1. Umwana mwiza ni ___ umwana mubi. (The beautiful child is ___ the ugly child.)
 
2. Igiti kinini ni ___ igiti gito. (The big tree is ___ the small tree.)
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. Umwana mwiza kuruta umwana mubi.
 
2. Igiti kinini kuruta igiti gito.
 
==== Exercise 4: Forming Superlatives ====
 
Change the sentences to use superlative forms.
 
1. Umwana mwiza ni ___ umwana wose. (The beautiful child is ___ of all the children.)
 
2. Igiti kinini ni ___ igiti ryo mu ishyamba. (The big tree is ___ of all the trees in the forest.)
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. Umwana mwiza cane ni umwana wose.
 
2. Igiti kinini cane ni igiti ryo mu ishyamba.
 
==== Exercise 5: Match the Adjective with its Noun ====
 
Match the adjectives with their corresponding nouns.
 
1. mwiza
 
2. kinini
 
3. beza
 
4. gito
 
a. igiti 
 
b. abana 
 
c. umwana 
 
d. ibiti 
 
''Solutions:''


== Comparative and Superlative Adjectives ==
1 - c; 2 - a; 3 - b; 4 - d


In addition to describing nouns, adjectives in Rundi can also be used to compare or indicate the highest degree of a quality. This is achieved through the use of comparative and superlative forms of adjectives.
==== Exercise 6: Translation Practice ====


To form the comparative form of an adjective in Rundi, the prefix "ku-" is added to the adjective. Here's an example:
Translate the following sentences into Rundi.


{| class="wikitable"
1. The small child is playing.
! Rundi !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
 
|-
2. The strongest tree is in the garden.
| umugabo mwiza || [uˈmuːɡabo mwiːza] || a good husband
 
|-
''Solutions:''
| umugabo ku mwiza || [uˈmuːɡabo ku mwiːza] || a better husband
 
|}
1. Umwana muto arakina.
 
2. Igiti gikomeye kiri mu murima.
 
==== Exercise 7: Create Your Sentences ====
 
Create sentences using the following adjectives.
 
1. mwiza (beautiful)
 
2. kinini (big)
 
3. gito (small)
 
''Solutions: (varied responses expected)''
 
1. Umugore mwiza arakora. (The beautiful woman is working.)
 
2. Igiti kinini kirakora. (The big tree is growing.)
 
3. Umwana gito arakina. (The small child is playing.)
 
==== Exercise 8: Adjective Agreement ====
 
Write sentences ensuring the adjectives agree with the nouns.
 
1. ___ (ibiti) ___ (kinini) birakora.
 
2. ___ (abana) ___ (beza) barakina.


In this example, the adjective "mwiza" changes to "ku mwiza" to indicate a higher degree of goodness, making it "better" in English.
''Solutions:''


To form the superlative form of an adjective in Rundi, the prefix "mu-" is added to the adjective. Let's see an example:
1. Ibiti binini birakora.


{| class="wikitable"
2. Abana beza barakina.
! Rundi !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
| umugabo mwiza  || [uˈmuːɡabo mwiːza] || a good husband
|-
| umugabo mu mwiza  || [uˈmuːɡabo mu mwiːza] || the best husband
|}


In this example, the adjective "mwiza" changes to "mu mwiza" to indicate the highest degree of goodness, making it "the best" in English.
==== Exercise 9: Comparative Sentences ====


It's important to note that not all adjectives in Rundi have comparative or superlative forms. Some adjectives, especially those that describe qualities that do not vary in degree, do not have comparative or superlative forms. For example:
Write three sentences comparing using adjectives.


{| class="wikitable"
1. ___ (abana) ___ (beza) ___ (abana) ___ (mubi).
! Rundi !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
| umuntu umwe  || [uˈmuːntu umˈwe] || one person
|-
| umuntu ku mwe  || [uˈmuːntu ku mwe] || the same person
|}


In this example, the adjective "umwe" does not change its form to indicate a higher or highest degree because it describes the concept of "one" which does not have degrees of comparison.
2. ___ (igiti) ___ (kinini) ___ (igiti) ___ (gito).


== Cultural Insights ==
3. ___ (umwana) ___ (mwiza) ___ (umwana) ___ (mubi).


In the Rundi language and culture, adjectives play a significant role in expressing respect, politeness, and cultural values. For example, when describing someone older or of higher social status, it is common to use respectful adjectives to show deference and honor. This cultural practice reflects the importance of age and hierarchy in Rundi society.
''Solutions:''


Additionally, adjectives are often used to describe traditional clothing, food, and music in Rundi culture. By using descriptive adjectives, speakers can vividly express the beauty, richness, and uniqueness of these cultural elements. For example, adjectives like "gutangaza" (colorful), "cyiza" (beautiful), and "ubuzima" (lively) are commonly used to describe traditional dances and performances in Burundi.
1. Abana beza kuruta abana mubi.


Understanding the cultural significance of adjectives in Rundi can greatly enhance your ability to communicate effectively and respectfully with native speakers. It allows you to appreciate and participate in the rich cultural heritage of Burundi.
2. Igiti kinini kuruta igiti gito.


== Practice Exercises ==
3. Umwana mwiza kuruta umwana mubi.


Now it's time to put your knowledge of Rundi adjectives into practice! Below are some exercises to help you reinforce what you have learned. Try to complete each exercise to the best of your ability, and then check the provided solutions and explanations.
==== Exercise 10: Superlative Sentences ====


Exercise 1: Agreement between Adjectives and Nouns
Use the adjectives to form superlative sentences.


Match the following adjectives with the appropriate nouns by adding the correct prefix according to noun class agreement. Use the provided English translations as a guide.
1. ___ (umwana) ___ (mwiza) ___ (abana).


1. __mwiza__ (good)
2. ___ (igiti) ___ (kinini) ___ (ibiti).
2. __cyiza__ (beautiful)
3. __nziza__ (clean)
4. __nyinshi__ (many)


a. umwana (child)
3. ___ (umugore) ___ (mwiza) ___ (abantu).
b. igituba (house)
c. abahungu (men)
d. amazi (water)


Solutions:
''Solutions:''
1. a. umwana mwiza (a good child)
2. b. igituba cyiza (a beautiful house)
3. c. abahungu nziza (clean men)
4. d. amazi nyinshi (a lot of water)


Explanation: In each sentence, the adjective agrees with the noun by taking the appropriate prefix according to noun class. This ensures grammatical correctness and proper communication in Rundi.
1. Umwana mwiza cane ni abana.


Exercise 2: Comparative and Superlative Forms
2. Igiti kinini cane ni ibiti.


Transform the following adjectives into their comparative and superlative forms. Use the provided English translations as a guide.
3. Umugore mwiza cane ni abantu.


1. __mugabo__ (strong)
=== Conclusion ===
2. __mwiza__ (good)
3. __mane__ (big)
4. __nyinshi__ (many)


Solutions:
Congratulations on completing this lesson on describing with adjectives in Rundi! You have explored how adjectives work with nouns, understood noun class agreements, and practiced forming comparative and superlative forms. Keep practicing, and you will soon feel comfortable using adjectives to enrich your Rundi conversations.
1. mugabo ku mugabo (stronger)
2. mwiza ku mwiza (better)
3. mane mu mane (biggest)
4. nyinshi ku nyinshi (more)


Explanation: To form the comparative form, add the prefix "ku-" to the adjective. To form the superlative form, add the prefix "mu-" to the adjective. This allows you to compare or indicate the highest degree of a quality in Rundi.
{{#seo:


== Conclusion ==
|title=Describing with Adjectives in Rundi


Congratulations! You have successfully completed the lesson on "Describing with Adjectives" in the Rundi language. You have learned how to use adjectives to describe nouns, including the rules for agreement with noun classes and how to form comparative and superlative adjectives.
|keywords=Rundi adjectives, Rundi grammar, noun classes, comparative adjectives, superlative adjectives


By mastering the use of adjectives, you can now add more depth, detail, and nuance to your Rundi conversations. Remember to pay attention to noun class agreement and cultural nuances when using adjectives in Rundi, as they play a significant role in effective communication and cultural understanding.
|description=Learn how to use Rundi adjectives to describe nouns, including rules for agreement with noun classes and how to form comparative and superlative adjectives.


Continue practicing and exploring the beauty of the Rundi language, and soon you'll be able to express yourself with confidence and fluency. Amakuru ageze kuri wewe! (Good luck on your journey!)
}}


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==Sources==
==Sources==

Latest revision as of 15:24, 2 August 2024

◀️ Describing Relationships — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Describing with Adverbs ▶️

Flag-Burundi.jpg
RundiGrammar0 to A1 Course → Describing with Adjectives

Welcome to this exciting lesson on "Describing with Adjectives" in Rundi! Understanding adjectives is crucial for anyone looking to express themselves more vividly in the Rundi language. Adjectives allow us to add color and detail to our sentences, enabling us to convey our thoughts and feelings more effectively. In this lesson, we will explore how to use Rundi adjectives to describe nouns, delve into the rules for noun-class agreement, and learn how to form comparative and superlative adjectives.

Throughout this lesson, you will find practical examples, engaging exercises, and detailed explanations to help you grasp the concepts easily. So, let's jump right in!

Understanding Adjectives[edit | edit source]

Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns. In Rundi, adjectives provide information about qualities, quantities, or states of the nouns they modify. For example, in the phrase "the big house" (in Rundi, "inzu nini"), the adjective "big" describes the noun "house". Using adjectives enhances your ability to communicate more precisely and expressively.

== Noun Classes and Adjective Agreement

One of the unique features of the Rundi language is its use of noun classes. Rundi nouns are categorized into several classes, and adjectives must agree with the noun they modify in terms of class. This means that depending on the noun's class, the form of the adjective changes.

Here’s a quick overview of some noun classes:

  • Class 1: Singular human nouns (e.g., umwana - child)
  • Class 2: Plural human nouns (e.g., abana - children)
  • Class 3: Singular non-human nouns (e.g., igiti - tree)
  • Class 4: Plural non-human nouns (e.g., ibiti - trees)

Example: Adjective Agreement

Rundi Pronunciation English
umwana mwiza umwana mwi.za a beautiful child
abana beza a.ba.na be.za beautiful children
igiti kinini i.gi.ti ki.ni.ni a big tree
ibiti binini i.bi.ti bi.ni.ni big trees

As you can see, the adjectives change based on the class of the noun they are describing. This agreement is fundamental in Rundi grammar.

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives[edit | edit source]

Now that we have a grasp of how adjectives work with nouns, let’s explore comparative and superlative forms.

  • Comparative Adjectives are used when comparing two nouns. In Rundi, you typically add the prefix "kuruta" (meaning "more than") to the adjective.
  • Superlative Adjectives express the highest degree among three or more nouns. In Rundi, you often use the prefix "kuru" (meaning "the most") with the adjective.

Examples:

Rundi Pronunciation English
umwana mwiza kuruta umwana mubi umwana mwi.za ku.ru.ta umwana mu.bi a beautiful child more than an ugly child
abana beza kuruta abana babi a.ba.na be.za ku.ru.ta a.ba.na ba.bi beautiful children more than ugly children
igiti kinini kuruta igiti gito i.gi.ti ki.ni.ni ku.ru.ta i.gi.ti gi.to a big tree more than a small tree
ibiti binini kuruta ibiti bito i.bi.ti bi.ni.ni ku.ru.ta i.bi.ti bi.to big trees more than small trees
umwana mwiza cyane umwana mwi.za cya.ne the most beautiful child
abana beza cane a.ba.na be.za ca.ne the most beautiful children
igiti kinini cane i.gi.ti ki.ni.ni ca.ne the biggest tree
ibiti binini cane i.bi.ti bi.ni.ni ca.ne the biggest trees

Practical Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now, let's put your knowledge to the test with some exercises!

Exercise 1: Identifying Adjectives[edit | edit source]

Identify the adjectives in the following sentences and state the noun they describe.

1. Umwana mwiza arakina. (The beautiful child is playing.)

2. Igiti kinini kirakura. (The big tree is growing.)

3. Abana beza bariga. (The beautiful children are laughing.)

Solutions:

1. Adjective: mwiza; Noun: umwana

2. Adjective: kinini; Noun: igiti

3. Adjective: beza; Noun: abana

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjective based on the noun class.

1. Umugore ___ (mwiza) arakora. (The ___ woman is working.)

2. Ibiti ___ (bikomeye) birashoboye. (The ___ trees are strong.)

Solutions:

1. mwiza;

2. bikomeye;

Exercise 3: Forming Comparatives[edit | edit source]

Transform the following sentences to compare using the comparative form.

1. Umwana mwiza ni ___ umwana mubi. (The beautiful child is ___ the ugly child.)

2. Igiti kinini ni ___ igiti gito. (The big tree is ___ the small tree.)

Solutions:

1. Umwana mwiza kuruta umwana mubi.

2. Igiti kinini kuruta igiti gito.

Exercise 4: Forming Superlatives[edit | edit source]

Change the sentences to use superlative forms.

1. Umwana mwiza ni ___ umwana wose. (The beautiful child is ___ of all the children.)

2. Igiti kinini ni ___ igiti ryo mu ishyamba. (The big tree is ___ of all the trees in the forest.)

Solutions:

1. Umwana mwiza cane ni umwana wose.

2. Igiti kinini cane ni igiti ryo mu ishyamba.

Exercise 5: Match the Adjective with its Noun[edit | edit source]

Match the adjectives with their corresponding nouns.

1. mwiza

2. kinini

3. beza

4. gito

a. igiti

b. abana

c. umwana

d. ibiti

Solutions:

1 - c; 2 - a; 3 - b; 4 - d

Exercise 6: Translation Practice[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentences into Rundi.

1. The small child is playing.

2. The strongest tree is in the garden.

Solutions:

1. Umwana muto arakina.

2. Igiti gikomeye kiri mu murima.

Exercise 7: Create Your Sentences[edit | edit source]

Create sentences using the following adjectives.

1. mwiza (beautiful)

2. kinini (big)

3. gito (small)

Solutions: (varied responses expected)

1. Umugore mwiza arakora. (The beautiful woman is working.)

2. Igiti kinini kirakora. (The big tree is growing.)

3. Umwana gito arakina. (The small child is playing.)

Exercise 8: Adjective Agreement[edit | edit source]

Write sentences ensuring the adjectives agree with the nouns.

1. ___ (ibiti) ___ (kinini) birakora.

2. ___ (abana) ___ (beza) barakina.

Solutions:

1. Ibiti binini birakora.

2. Abana beza barakina.

Exercise 9: Comparative Sentences[edit | edit source]

Write three sentences comparing using adjectives.

1. ___ (abana) ___ (beza) ___ (abana) ___ (mubi).

2. ___ (igiti) ___ (kinini) ___ (igiti) ___ (gito).

3. ___ (umwana) ___ (mwiza) ___ (umwana) ___ (mubi).

Solutions:

1. Abana beza kuruta abana mubi.

2. Igiti kinini kuruta igiti gito.

3. Umwana mwiza kuruta umwana mubi.

Exercise 10: Superlative Sentences[edit | edit source]

Use the adjectives to form superlative sentences.

1. ___ (umwana) ___ (mwiza) ___ (abana).

2. ___ (igiti) ___ (kinini) ___ (ibiti).

3. ___ (umugore) ___ (mwiza) ___ (abantu).

Solutions:

1. Umwana mwiza cane ni abana.

2. Igiti kinini cane ni ibiti.

3. Umugore mwiza cane ni abantu.

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations on completing this lesson on describing with adjectives in Rundi! You have explored how adjectives work with nouns, understood noun class agreements, and practiced forming comparative and superlative forms. Keep practicing, and you will soon feel comfortable using adjectives to enrich your Rundi conversations.

Table of Contents - Rundi Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Rundi Language


Greetings and Introductions


Nouns and Pronouns


Numbers and Time


Verbs and Tenses


Family and Relationships


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Dining


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Travel and Transportation


Burundian Culture


Hobbies and Entertainment


Questions and Negation


Health and Emergencies


Rundi Etiquette and Customs

Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]




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