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{{Danish-Page-Top}}
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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Danish|Danish]]  → [[Language/Danish/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Danish/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Introduction to Danish Grammar → Nouns</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Danish|Danish]]  → [[Language/Danish/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Danish/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Nouns</div>
 
Welcome to the lesson on '''Danish Nouns'''! Understanding nouns is essential in mastering any language, and Danish is no exception. Nouns are the building blocks of sentences, and knowing how to identify and use them appropriately is crucial for effective communication. In this lesson, we will explore the '''gender of Danish nouns''' and how to form '''plurals'''. By the end, you will be equipped with the tools to recognize and manipulate nouns in Danish, enhancing your conversational skills and confidence.


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== Importance of Nouns in Danish ===
 
Nouns are essential in Danish because they represent people, places, things, and concepts. Just like in English, nouns can serve various functions within a sentence, whether as subjects, objects, or complements. However, Danish nouns come with their own unique traits, such as gender and plural forms that differ from English.
 
In Danish, every noun has a gender: either common or neuter. This is vital because it affects how you use articles and adjectives. Additionally, learning how to form plurals is crucial for building your vocabulary and expressing ideas clearly.
 
=== Lesson Structure ===
 
1. '''Understanding Gender in Danish Nouns'''
 
* Common Nouns and Neuter Nouns
 
* Examples of Each


In this lesson, we will explore the topic of nouns in the Danish language. Nouns are an essential part of any language, as they represent people, places, objects, and ideas. Understanding how to use nouns correctly is crucial for effective communication in Danish. In this lesson, we will focus on two important aspects of nouns: gender and plurals. We will learn how to determine the gender of Danish nouns and how to form their plurals. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid foundation in Danish noun grammar, allowing you to construct sentences accurately and confidently.
2. '''Forming Plurals in Danish'''


== Gender of Danish Nouns ==
* Rules for Pluralization


One unique feature of the Danish language is that nouns have gender. Unlike in English, where nouns are generally gender-neutral, Danish nouns are classified into three genders: common, neuter, and plural. Determining the gender of a noun is important because it affects the form of articles, adjectives, and pronouns that accompany the noun. Let's take a closer look at each gender category:
* Examples


=== Common Gender ===
3. '''Practice Exercises'''


The majority of Danish nouns belong to the common gender category. These nouns are denoted by the indefinite article "en" and the definite article "en" or "et" depending on the word's declension. For example:
* Exercises to reinforce learning
 
* Detailed solutions and explanations
 
== Understanding Gender in Danish Nouns ==
 
=== Common Nouns and Neuter Nouns ===
 
In Danish, nouns are categorized into two genders: '''common''' and '''neuter'''. Understanding these genders is essential as they dictate the articles and adjective forms used with the nouns.
 
* '''Common Nouns''': These are nouns that are associated with the common gender and typically use the definite article "den" in the singular form.
 
* '''Neuter Nouns''': These nouns belong to the neuter gender and use the definite article "det" in singular form.
 
Here are some examples to illustrate the two categories:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Danish !! Pronunciation !! English
! Danish !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| hund || hʊn || dog
|-
| kat || kɑt || cat
|-
|-
| en dreng || [en dʁɛŋˀ] || a boy
 
| hus || hʊs || house
 
|-
|-
| en bil || [en biːl] || a car
 
| barn || bɑrn || child
 
|-
 
| bord || bɔʊʀd || table
 
|-
|-
| en bog || [en boːw] || a book
|}


As you can see, the indefinite article "en" is used before all three nouns, indicating their common gender. Remember that the definite article can change depending on the declension of the noun.
| æble || ˈɛːblə || apple


=== Neuter Gender ===
|-


The neuter gender category in Danish includes nouns preceded by the indefinite article "et" and the definite article "et." Let's take a look at some examples:
| skole || ˈskoːlə || school


{| class="wikitable"
! Danish !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| et æble || [et ˈɛblə] || an apple
 
| bil || biːl || car
 
|-
|-
| et hus || [et hus] || a house
 
| stol || stoːl || chair
 
|-
|-
| et barn || [et bɑːn] || a child
 
| bog || bɔː || book
 
|}
|}


In these examples, the indefinite article "et" indicates the neuter gender of the nouns. The definite article "et" is used for all three nouns as well.
As you can see, the nouns listed above are a mix of common and neuter nouns.
 
=== Examples of Each ===
 
Here are more examples to help clarify which nouns fall into each gender category:
 
''Common Nouns'':
 
* '''ven''' (friend)
 
* '''læge''' (doctor)
 
* '''kone''' (woman)
 
''Neuter Nouns'':
 
* '''barn''' (child)
 
* '''hus''' (house)
 
* '''rum''' (room)
 
== Forming Plurals in Danish ==
 
Once you have a grasp of gender, the next step is understanding how to form plurals. Pluralization in Danish can be straightforward, but it does come with its own set of rules.
 
=== Rules for Pluralization ===
 
1. '''Adding -er''': For many common nouns, you simply add -er to the base form.


=== Plural Gender ===
2. '''Adding -e''': Some nouns just require -e.


The plural gender category in Danish includes nouns that are used in their plural form without any article. These nouns do not have a specific gender assigned to them. Let's see some examples:
3. '''Adding -s''': This is often seen with nouns that end in a vowel.
 
4. '''Vowel Changes''': Certain nouns undergo a vowel change or irregular transformation.
 
Here are some examples of each rule:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Danish !! Pronunciation !! English
 
! Singular !! Plural !! Comment
 
|-
|-
| børn || [bɶɐ̯n] || children
 
| hund || hunde || dog -> dogs (add -e)
 
|-
|-
| huse || [huːsə] || houses
 
| kat || katte || cat -> cats (add -e)
 
|-
|-
| biler || [biːlə] || cars
|}


In these examples, we can see that the nouns are used in their plural form without any article. This indicates that they belong to the plural gender category.
| hus || huse || house -> houses (add -e)


== Forming Plurals of Danish Nouns ==
|-


Now that we have learned about the gender categories of Danish nouns, let's explore how to form their plurals. Forming plurals in Danish can be quite straightforward, but there are a few rules and exceptions to keep in mind. Here are some general guidelines:
| barn || børn || child -> children (irregular)


=== Adding -e to the Singular ===
|-


In many cases, you can form the plural of a Danish noun by simply adding -e to the end of the singular form. For example:
| bog || bøger || book -> books (vowel change)


{| class="wikitable"
! Danish !! Pronunciation !! Plural
|-
|-
| en dreng || [en dʁɛŋˀ] || drenge
 
| stol || stole || chair -> chairs (add -e)
 
|-
|-
| en bil || [en biːl] || biler
 
| ven || venner || friend -> friends (add -er)
 
|-
|-
| en bog || [en boːw] || bøger
 
| bil || biler || car -> cars (add -er)
 
|-
 
| bord || borde || table -> tables (add -e)
 
|-
 
| æble || æbler || apple -> apples (add -e)
 
|}
|}


As you can see, adding -e to the singular form of the nouns gives us their respective plural forms. This rule applies to many common nouns in Danish.
=== More Examples ===
 
Here are additional examples that highlight different pluralization rules:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Singular !! Plural !! Comment


=== Adding -er to the Singular ===
|-


Another common way to form the plural of Danish nouns is by adding -er to the end of the singular form. This rule applies to nouns ending in a vowel, as well as some nouns ending in -n or -s. Let's look at some examples:
| lampe || lamper || lamp -> lamps (add -e)
 
|-
 
| blomster || blomster || flower -> flowers (no change)


{| class="wikitable"
! Danish !! Pronunciation !! Plural
|-
|-
| en hund || [en hɔn] || hunde
 
| dreng || drenge || boy -> boys (add -e)
 
|-
|-
| et æble || [et ˈɛblə] || æbler
 
| pige || piger || girl -> girls (add -e)
 
|-
 
| kage || kager || cake -> cakes (add -e)
 
|-
|-
| en by || [en byː] || byer
|}


In these examples, the plural form is created by adding -er to the singular form of the nouns. This rule is particularly useful for nouns ending in -e, which do not change in the plural form.
| husdyr || husdyr || pet -> pets (no change)


=== Changing Vowels ===
|-


Some Danish nouns undergo a vowel change when forming their plural. This change may involve adding or replacing a vowel. Let's see some examples:
| kæde || kæder || chain -> chains (add -e)


{| class="wikitable"
! Danish !! Pronunciation !! Plural
|-
|-
| en tand || [en tanˀ] || tænder
 
| finger || fingre || finger -> fingers (add -e)
 
|-
|-
| en fod || [en foð] || fødder
 
| skib || skibe || ship -> ships (add -e)
 
|-
|-
| en hånd || [en hɔnˀ] || hænder
 
| by || byer || town -> towns (add -er)
 
|}
|}


In these examples, we can observe the vowel changes that occur when forming the plural of the nouns. These changes are irregular and must be memorized.
== Practice Exercises ==
 
Now it's time to put your knowledge to the test! Here are some exercises that will help you practice identifying gender and forming plurals.
 
=== Exercise 1: Identify the Gender ===
 
For each noun below, identify whether it is common or neuter.
 
1. '''hund'''
 
2. '''hus'''
 
3. '''ven'''
 
4. '''æble'''
 
5. '''skole'''
 
''Answers:''
 
1. Common
 
2. Neuter
 
3. Common
 
4. Neuter
 
5. Common
 
=== Exercise 2: Form the Plural ===
 
Convert the following nouns into their plural forms.
 
1. '''kat'''
 
2. '''skib'''
 
3. '''barn'''
 
4. '''bog'''
 
5. '''stol'''
 
''Answers:''
 
1. katte
 
2. skibe
 
3. børn
 
4. bøger
 
5. stole
 
=== Exercise 3: Fill in the Blanks ===
 
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the noun in plural.
 
1. Jeg har tre ___ (hund).
 
2. Vi har mange ___ (skole).
 
3. Der er to ___ (kage).
 
4. De ser fem ___ (bil).
 
5. Jeg kender flere ___ (ven).
 
''Answers:''
 
1. hunde
 
2. skoler
 
3. kager
 
4. biler
 
5. venner
 
=== Exercise 4: Match the Singular to the Plural ===
 
Match the singular nouns to their plural forms.
 
1. '''stol'''
 
2. '''lampe'''
 
3. '''dreng'''
 
4. '''barn'''
 
5. '''pige'''
 
A. piger 
 
B. stole 
 
C. børn 
 
D. lamper 
 
E. drenge 
 
''Answers:''
 
1 - B
 
2 - D
 
3 - E
 
4 - C
 
5 - A
 
=== Exercise 5: Gender Identification ===
 
Identify the gender of the following nouns.
 
1. '''barn'''
 
2. '''kone'''
 
3. '''husdyr'''
 
4. '''blomst'''
 
5. '''hund'''
 
''Answers:''
 
1. Neuter
 
2. Common
 
3. Neuter
 
4. Common
 
5. Common
 
=== Exercise 6: Create Sentences ===
 
Create sentences using the following nouns in their plural form.
 
1. '''hund'''
 
2. '''skole'''
 
3. '''ven'''
 
4. '''dreng'''
 
5. '''kat'''
 
''Example Answers:''
 
1. Jeg ser mange hunde i parken.
 
2. Der er tre skoler i byen.
 
3. Mine venner er venlige.
 
4. De drenge spiller fodbold.
 
5. Kattene sover på sofaen.
 
=== Exercise 7: Transformation Exercise ===
 
Transform the following nouns into their plural forms and use them in a sentence.
 
1. '''kage'''
 
2. '''bog'''
 
3. '''hus'''
 
4. '''ven'''
 
5. '''skib'''
 
''Example Answers:''
 
1. kager - Jeg elsker kager til dessert.
 
2. bøger - Jeg læser mange bøger.
 
3. huse - De bygger nye huse.
 
4. venner - Mine venner kommer til fest.
 
5. skibe - Skibene sejler i havnen.
 
=== Exercise 8: Noun Gender Quiz ===
 
Identify the gender of these nouns:
 
1. '''lampe'''
 
2. '''hus'''
 
3. '''barn'''
 
4. '''ven'''
 
5. '''skole'''
 
''Answers:''
 
1. Common
 
2. Neuter
 
3. Neuter
 
4. Common
 
5. Common
 
=== Exercise 9: Pluralization Challenge ===
 
Change the following singular nouns to their plural forms and create a short sentence for each.
 
1. '''hund'''
 
2. '''bil'''
 
3. '''bord'''
 
4. '''æble'''
 
5. '''pige'''
 
''Example Answers:''
 
1. hunde - Der er mange hunde i parken.
 
2. biler - Vi har to biler.
 
3. borde - Der er flere borde i klasseværelset.
 
4. æbler - Æblerne er friske.
 
5. piger - Pigerne leger i haven.
 
=== Exercise 10: Complete the Sentences ===


== Cultural Insights ==
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the noun in plural.


Understanding the gender and plural forms of Danish nouns is essential not only for mastering the language but also for gaining insight into Danish culture. The Danish language reflects the cultural values and traditions of its speakers. By studying Danish grammar, students can develop a deeper appreciation for Danish society and its unique characteristics.
1. Jeg har to ___ (kat).


One interesting aspect of Danish noun grammar is the concept of "common gender." In Danish, the vast majority of nouns belong to the common gender category. This reflects the egalitarian nature of Danish society, where gender equality is highly valued. Unlike some other languages, Danish does not assign gender to inanimate objects or abstract concepts, promoting a more inclusive and gender-neutral linguistic environment.
2. De spiller med tre ___ (bold).


Another cultural insight related to Danish nouns is the importance of plural forms. Danish nouns have distinct plural forms, which are used to indicate multiple objects or entities. This reflects the Danish emphasis on community and collective responsibility. The use of plural forms in Danish promotes a sense of belonging and togetherness, highlighting the importance of cooperation and collaboration in Danish culture.
3. Der er mange ___ (skole) i København.


== Exercises ==
4. Mine ___ (ven) er her.


Now it's time to practice what you've learned. Here are some exercises to help you solidify your understanding of Danish noun gender and plurals. Try to complete the exercises on your own, and then check your answers below.
5. Vi ser fem ___ (skib) på havet.


Exercise 1: Determine the Gender
''Answers:''
For each of the following nouns, determine whether it belongs to the common, neuter, or plural gender category.


1. en kat
1. katte
2. et bord
3. en skole
4. et æg
5. børn
6. en bil


Exercise 2: Form the Plurals
2. bolde
Using the rules and examples provided in this lesson, form the plural forms of the following nouns.


1. en hund
3. skoler
2. et æble
3. en bog
4. en mand
5. et hus
6. en kvinde


Exercise 3: Translate the Sentences
4. venner
Translate the following sentences from English to Danish, paying attention to the gender and plural forms of the nouns.


1. The boys are playing in the park.
5. skibe
2. She has two cats and a dog.
3. We need three chairs for the table.
4. The houses in this neighborhood are beautiful.
5. I bought five books at the bookstore.


== Solutions ==
Congratulations on completing this lesson on '''Danish Nouns'''! You’ve taken a significant step toward mastering Danish grammar. Remember, practice makes perfect, so keep practicing, and soon you’ll be navigating nouns with ease!


Exercise 1: Determine the Gender
{{#seo:
1. en kat - common
2. et bord - neuter
3. en skole - common
4. et æg - neuter
5. børn - plural
6. en bil - common


Exercise 2: Form the Plurals
|title=Danish Grammar: Understanding Nouns
1. en hund - hunde
2. et æble - æbler
3. en bog - bøger
4. en mand - mænd
5. et hus - huse
6. en kvinde - kvinder


Exercise 3: Translate the Sentences
|keywords=dansk grammatik, dansk substantiv, dansk køn, dansk flertal, dansk ordforråd
1. Drengene leger i parken.
2. Hun har to katte og en hund.
3. Vi har brug for tre stole til bordet.
4. Husene i denne kvarter er smukke.
5. Jeg købte fem bøger i boghandlen.


== Conclusion ==
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about the gender of Danish nouns and how to form plurals, complete with examples and exercises for practice.


Congratulations! You have completed the lesson on Danish noun gender and plurals. You have learned about the three gender categories of Danish nouns, including common, neuter, and plural. You have also discovered various rules and exceptions for forming plurals in Danish. By mastering the gender and plural forms of Danish nouns, you are well on your way to becoming a proficient Danish speaker. Keep practicing and exploring the Danish language to enhance your language skills and cultural understanding.
}}


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==Videos==
==Videos==

Latest revision as of 10:51, 1 August 2024


Danish-flag-PolyglotClub.png
Danish → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Nouns

Welcome to the lesson on Danish Nouns! Understanding nouns is essential in mastering any language, and Danish is no exception. Nouns are the building blocks of sentences, and knowing how to identify and use them appropriately is crucial for effective communication. In this lesson, we will explore the gender of Danish nouns and how to form plurals. By the end, you will be equipped with the tools to recognize and manipulate nouns in Danish, enhancing your conversational skills and confidence.

Importance of Nouns in Danish[edit | edit source]

Nouns are essential in Danish because they represent people, places, things, and concepts. Just like in English, nouns can serve various functions within a sentence, whether as subjects, objects, or complements. However, Danish nouns come with their own unique traits, such as gender and plural forms that differ from English.

In Danish, every noun has a gender: either common or neuter. This is vital because it affects how you use articles and adjectives. Additionally, learning how to form plurals is crucial for building your vocabulary and expressing ideas clearly.

Lesson Structure[edit | edit source]

1. Understanding Gender in Danish Nouns

  • Common Nouns and Neuter Nouns
  • Examples of Each

2. Forming Plurals in Danish

  • Rules for Pluralization
  • Examples

3. Practice Exercises

  • Exercises to reinforce learning
  • Detailed solutions and explanations

Understanding Gender in Danish Nouns[edit | edit source]

Common Nouns and Neuter Nouns[edit | edit source]

In Danish, nouns are categorized into two genders: common and neuter. Understanding these genders is essential as they dictate the articles and adjective forms used with the nouns.

  • Common Nouns: These are nouns that are associated with the common gender and typically use the definite article "den" in the singular form.
  • Neuter Nouns: These nouns belong to the neuter gender and use the definite article "det" in singular form.

Here are some examples to illustrate the two categories:

Danish Pronunciation English
hund hʊn dog
kat kɑt cat
hus hʊs house
barn bɑrn child
bord bɔʊʀd table
æble ˈɛːblə apple
skole ˈskoːlə school
bil biːl car
stol stoːl chair
bog bɔː book

As you can see, the nouns listed above are a mix of common and neuter nouns.

Examples of Each[edit | edit source]

Here are more examples to help clarify which nouns fall into each gender category:

Common Nouns:

  • ven (friend)
  • læge (doctor)
  • kone (woman)

Neuter Nouns:

  • barn (child)
  • hus (house)
  • rum (room)

Forming Plurals in Danish[edit | edit source]

Once you have a grasp of gender, the next step is understanding how to form plurals. Pluralization in Danish can be straightforward, but it does come with its own set of rules.

Rules for Pluralization[edit | edit source]

1. Adding -er: For many common nouns, you simply add -er to the base form.

2. Adding -e: Some nouns just require -e.

3. Adding -s: This is often seen with nouns that end in a vowel.

4. Vowel Changes: Certain nouns undergo a vowel change or irregular transformation.

Here are some examples of each rule:

Singular Plural Comment
hund hunde dog -> dogs (add -e)
kat katte cat -> cats (add -e)
hus huse house -> houses (add -e)
barn børn child -> children (irregular)
bog bøger book -> books (vowel change)
stol stole chair -> chairs (add -e)
ven venner friend -> friends (add -er)
bil biler car -> cars (add -er)
bord borde table -> tables (add -e)
æble æbler apple -> apples (add -e)

More Examples[edit | edit source]

Here are additional examples that highlight different pluralization rules:

Singular Plural Comment
lampe lamper lamp -> lamps (add -e)
blomster blomster flower -> flowers (no change)
dreng drenge boy -> boys (add -e)
pige piger girl -> girls (add -e)
kage kager cake -> cakes (add -e)
husdyr husdyr pet -> pets (no change)
kæde kæder chain -> chains (add -e)
finger fingre finger -> fingers (add -e)
skib skibe ship -> ships (add -e)
by byer town -> towns (add -er)

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now it's time to put your knowledge to the test! Here are some exercises that will help you practice identifying gender and forming plurals.

Exercise 1: Identify the Gender[edit | edit source]

For each noun below, identify whether it is common or neuter.

1. hund

2. hus

3. ven

4. æble

5. skole

Answers:

1. Common

2. Neuter

3. Common

4. Neuter

5. Common

Exercise 2: Form the Plural[edit | edit source]

Convert the following nouns into their plural forms.

1. kat

2. skib

3. barn

4. bog

5. stol

Answers:

1. katte

2. skibe

3. børn

4. bøger

5. stole

Exercise 3: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the noun in plural.

1. Jeg har tre ___ (hund).

2. Vi har mange ___ (skole).

3. Der er to ___ (kage).

4. De ser fem ___ (bil).

5. Jeg kender flere ___ (ven).

Answers:

1. hunde

2. skoler

3. kager

4. biler

5. venner

Exercise 4: Match the Singular to the Plural[edit | edit source]

Match the singular nouns to their plural forms.

1. stol

2. lampe

3. dreng

4. barn

5. pige

A. piger

B. stole

C. børn

D. lamper

E. drenge

Answers:

1 - B

2 - D

3 - E

4 - C

5 - A

Exercise 5: Gender Identification[edit | edit source]

Identify the gender of the following nouns.

1. barn

2. kone

3. husdyr

4. blomst

5. hund

Answers:

1. Neuter

2. Common

3. Neuter

4. Common

5. Common

Exercise 6: Create Sentences[edit | edit source]

Create sentences using the following nouns in their plural form.

1. hund

2. skole

3. ven

4. dreng

5. kat

Example Answers:

1. Jeg ser mange hunde i parken.

2. Der er tre skoler i byen.

3. Mine venner er venlige.

4. De drenge spiller fodbold.

5. Kattene sover på sofaen.

Exercise 7: Transformation Exercise[edit | edit source]

Transform the following nouns into their plural forms and use them in a sentence.

1. kage

2. bog

3. hus

4. ven

5. skib

Example Answers:

1. kager - Jeg elsker kager til dessert.

2. bøger - Jeg læser mange bøger.

3. huse - De bygger nye huse.

4. venner - Mine venner kommer til fest.

5. skibe - Skibene sejler i havnen.

Exercise 8: Noun Gender Quiz[edit | edit source]

Identify the gender of these nouns:

1. lampe

2. hus

3. barn

4. ven

5. skole

Answers:

1. Common

2. Neuter

3. Neuter

4. Common

5. Common

Exercise 9: Pluralization Challenge[edit | edit source]

Change the following singular nouns to their plural forms and create a short sentence for each.

1. hund

2. bil

3. bord

4. æble

5. pige

Example Answers:

1. hunde - Der er mange hunde i parken.

2. biler - Vi har to biler.

3. borde - Der er flere borde i klasseværelset.

4. æbler - Æblerne er friske.

5. piger - Pigerne leger i haven.

Exercise 10: Complete the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the noun in plural.

1. Jeg har to ___ (kat).

2. De spiller med tre ___ (bold).

3. Der er mange ___ (skole) i København.

4. Mine ___ (ven) er her.

5. Vi ser fem ___ (skib) på havet.

Answers:

1. katte

2. bolde

3. skoler

4. venner

5. skibe

Congratulations on completing this lesson on Danish Nouns! You’ve taken a significant step toward mastering Danish grammar. Remember, practice makes perfect, so keep practicing, and soon you’ll be navigating nouns with ease!

Table of Contents - Danish Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Danish Alphabet and Pronunciation


Everyday Phrases and Greetings


Basic Sentence Structure and Word Order


Numbers, Dates, and Time


Nouns and Articles


Family, Relationships, and Occupations


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food, Drinks, and Dining


Verbs and Tenses


Travel and Transportation


Danish Culture and Traditions

Videos[edit | edit source]

Danish Plural, Nouns & Articles | With Popular Expressions - YouTube[edit | edit source]


Sources[edit | edit source]



Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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