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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Shona|Shona]]  → [[Language/Shona/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Shona/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Traditional Customs</div>


<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Shona|Shona]]  → [[Language/Shona/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Shona/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Shona Culture and Traditions → Traditional Customs</div>
Welcome to our lesson on '''Traditional Customs''' in Shona culture! Understanding the customs and traditions of the Shona people is essential for appreciating their rich heritage and language. These customs are not just rituals; they are a reflection of the Shona worldview, values, and social structure. By learning about these traditions, you will gain insight into the cultural nuances that shape everyday interactions and societal norms among the Shona people.
 
In this lesson, we will explore various traditional customs, their significance, and how they influence the Shona way of life. We will cover the following topics:


__TOC__
__TOC__


Shona culture is rich in customs and traditions that have been passed down from generation to generation. These traditions carry deep cultural significance and are an integral part of Shona identity. In this lesson, you will learn about traditional Shona customs and the cultural importance behind them.
=== Importance of Traditional Customs ===
 
Traditional customs play a crucial role in preserving the Shona identity and promoting social cohesion. They are passed down through generations and serve as a lens through which the Shona people view their world. Here are a few key points about their importance:
 
* '''Cultural Identity''': Customs help maintain a sense of belonging and continuity within the community.
 
* '''Social Cohesion''': They foster unity and cooperation among community members.
 
* '''Education''': Customs serve as a means of educating younger generations about their history and values.
 
=== Common Traditional Customs ===
 
Let’s delve into some of the most important traditional customs among the Shona people. Each custom carries a unique significance and is often accompanied by specific rituals or practices.
 
==== 1. Birth Customs ====
 
The arrival of a new child is celebrated with various rituals.
 
* '''Naming Ceremony (Kupira Zita)''': This event is held usually on the seventh day after a child's birth. It's a significant occasion where the child is given a name.
 
* '''Rituals for New Mothers''': New mothers are often secluded for a period to recover, and specific rituals are performed to bless both mother and child.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Shona !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Kupira Zita || ku-pee-rah zee-tah || Naming Ceremony
 
|-
 
| Mwana || mwah-nah || Child
 
|-
 
| Amayi || ah-mah-yee || Mother
 
|-
 
| Kupinda muupenyu || koo-peen-dah moo-oo-peh-nyoo || To enter life
 
|}
 
==== 2. Marriage Customs ====
 
Marriage is a pivotal aspect of Shona culture, marked by various customs.
 
* '''Lobola (Bride Price)''': Traditionally, the groom’s family pays a bride price to the bride’s family, symbolizing respect and commitment.
 
* '''Traditional Wedding Ceremony''': This includes various rituals, such as the exchange of gifts and blessings from elders.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Shona !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Lobola || loh-boh-lah || Bride Price
 
|-
 
| Muchato || moo-chah-toh || Wedding
 
|-
 
| Muroora || moo-roo-rah || Daughter-in-law


== Traditional Clothing ==
|-
Traditional Shona clothing is known for its striking and colorful patterns. Each pattern has a unique meaning and significance. For example, the "Mutete" pattern symbolizes wealth and prosperity, while the "Ndebele" pattern represents strength and courage. When dressing for a traditional event or celebration, it is customary to wear clothing that features these patterns.


Here are some common patterns and their meaning in Shona culture:
| Vabereki || vah-beh-reh-kee || Parents
 
|}
 
==== 3. Funeral Customs ====
 
Funeral customs reflect the Shona belief in the afterlife and the importance of honoring the deceased.
 
* '''Burial Practices''': The body is usually buried within a few days, and rituals are performed to guide the spirit.
 
* '''Mourning Period''': Family members enter a mourning period, during which they wear specific clothing and refrain from certain activities.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Pattern !! Meaning
 
! Shona !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
|-
| Mutete || Wealth and prosperity
 
| Rufu || roo-foo || Death
 
|-
|-
| Ndebele || Strength and courage
 
| Mbuya || mboo-yah || Grandmother (often a term of respect for elders)
 
|-
|-
| Mukwa || Unity and community
 
| Kurova Guva || koo-roh-vah goo-vah || To perform funeral rites
 
|-
|-
| Zvivindi || Wisdom and knowledge
 
| Kugara nevanhu || koo-gah-rah neh-vah-nhoo || To stay with people (meaning to mourn together)
 
|}
|}


== Traditional Cuisine ==
==== 4. Harvest Customs ====
Shona cuisine is diverse and flavorful, featuring a variety of dishes that are unique to the region. One of the most popular dishes in Shona cuisine is "Sadza," which is a type of cornmeal porridge that is often served with meat and vegetables.


Another popular dish is "Mupunga Une Nyama," which is a rice dish that is seasoned with meat and spices. Shona cuisine also features a variety of stews and soups, such as the "Nyama Choma" beef stew and the "Mapopo" pumpkin soup.
The harvest season is celebrated with great joy and gratitude.


== Traditional Ceremonies ==
* '''First Fruits Ceremony (Mhemberero)''': This ceremony involves offering the first harvest to the ancestors as a sign of appreciation and respect.
Shona culture places great importance on ceremonies and celebrations, which are often centered around family and community. One of the most important ceremonies in Shona culture is the "Rusave" ceremony, which celebrates the birth of a child. During this ceremony, relatives and friends gather to celebrate the new arrival and offer gifts of traditional clothing and food.


Another important ceremony is the "Kurova Guva" ceremony, which is a funeral ceremony that honors the deceased and provides comfort to the family. During the Kurova Guva ceremony, mourners wear traditional clothing and perform rituals that are believed to help the deceased transition to the afterlife.
* '''Community Feasting''': After the harvest, communities gather to celebrate with food and dance.


== Traditional Music ==
{| class="wikitable"
Music is an important part of Shona culture, and traditional Shona music is known for its rhythmic beats and soothing melodies. One of the most popular traditional Shona instruments is the "Mbira," which is a type of thumb piano that produces a unique and distinctive sound.
 
! Shona !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Mhemberero || meh-mbeh-reh-roh || First Fruits Ceremony


Traditional Shona music is often performed at ceremonies and celebrations, and is believed to promote unity and community. In addition to the Mbira, traditional Shona music also features a variety of drums, percussion instruments, and stringed instruments.
|-


== Traditional Dance ==
| Chibage || chee-bah-geh || Maize (a staple food)
Dance is a vital part of Shona culture, and traditional Shona dance styles are known for their energy and vibrancy. One of the most popular traditional Shona dances is the "Muchongoyo," which is a high-energy dance that is often performed at weddings, celebrations, and other special events.


Other popular Shona dances include the "Tshikona" dance, which is a slow and graceful dance that is performed to celebrate the harvest, and the "Gule Wamkulu" dance, which is a traditional dance that is performed by men to promote fertility and prosperity.
|-


| Kudya || koo-dyah || To eat
|-
| Danzira || dahn-zee-rah || Celebration
|}
==== 5. Healing Customs ====
Healing practices are deeply rooted in Shona traditions, emphasizing the connection between physical and spiritual health.
* '''Traditional Healers (N'anga)''': These healers use herbs and rituals to treat ailments.
* '''Spiritual Cleansing''': Rituals are performed to cleanse individuals of negative energies.
{| class="wikitable"
! Shona !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| N'anga || n'ahn-gah || Traditional Healer
|-
| Kurapa || koo-rah-pah || To heal
|-
| Mvura || mvoo-rah || Water (often used in cleansing)
|-
| Chivanhu || chee-vah-noo || Spirit
|}
==== 6. Ancestral Customs ====
The Shona people place great importance on their ancestors, believing they guide and protect them.
* '''Spirit Possession''': In some rituals, individuals may become possessed by ancestral spirits to receive guidance.
* '''Offering of Sacrifices''': Animals may be sacrificed as offerings to honor the ancestors.
{| class="wikitable"
! Shona !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Kurova || koo-roh-vah || To invoke (ancestral spirits)
|-
| Chikafu || chee-kah-foo || Sacrifice
|-
| Mhondoro || mhohn-doh-roh || Ancestral spirit
|-
| Tsika || tsih-kah || Custom
|}
==== 7. Gender Roles in Customs ====
Traditional customs often reflect the gender roles within the Shona community.
* '''Men's Duties''': Men are often responsible for providing and protecting the family.
* '''Women's Roles''': Women play a crucial role in maintaining the household and nurturing the children.
{| class="wikitable"
! Shona !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Murume || moo-roo-meh || Man
|-
| Mukadzi || moo-kah-dzee || Woman
|-
| Basa || bah-sah || Duty
|-
| Mhuri || mhoo-ree || Family
|}
==== 8. Traditional Clothing ====
Clothing customs are significant, especially during ceremonies.
* '''Attire for Ceremonies''': Traditional clothing is worn during important ceremonies, such as weddings and funerals.
* '''Cultural Symbols''': Clothing often carries cultural symbols that represent the wearer’s clan or family.
{| class="wikitable"
! Shona !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Nguo || ngoo-oh || Clothing
|-
| Chinyakare || chee-nyah-kah-reh || Traditional
|-
| Tsika dzevanhu || tsih-kah dzeh-vah-noo || Cultural Symbols
|-
| Mhando || mhan-doh || Type (of clothing)
|}
==== 9. Festivals and Celebrations ====
Festivals celebrate various aspects of Shona life, from agriculture to cultural heritage.
* '''Gokwe Festival''': This festival showcases local talent and cultural practices.
* '''Vana veZimbabwe Festival''': A celebration of the youth and their contributions to society.
{| class="wikitable"
! Shona !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Mutambo || moo-tah-mbo || Festival
|-
| Zviitiko || zvi-ih-tee-koh || Events
|-
| Vana || vah-nah || Children
|-
| Chivanhu || chee-vah-noo || Culture
|}
==== 10. Hospitality Customs ====
Hospitality is a fundamental aspect of Shona culture.
* '''Welcoming Guests''': Guests are treated with utmost respect and are often offered food and drink.
* '''Community Support''': During important events, community members come together to support one another.
{| class="wikitable"
! Shona !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Kutambira || koo-tahm-bee-rah || To welcome
|-
| Musha || moo-shah || Home
|-
| Chikafu || chee-kah-foo || Food
|-
| Mutsvene || moot-sveh-neh || Holy (often used to refer to guests)
|}
=== Exercises ===
Now that we have explored various traditional customs, it’s time to put your knowledge to the test! Here are some exercises for you to practice what you have learned.
==== Exercise 1: Match the Terms ====
Match the Shona terms with their English meanings.
* A. Kupira Zita
* B. Lobola
* C. Rufu
* D. Mhemberero
1. A naming ceremony
2. A bride price
3. Death
4. First fruits ceremony
* '''Answers'''
1. A - 1
2. B - 2
3. C - 3
4. D - 4
==== Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks ====
Complete the sentences using the correct Shona terms.
1. The ________ is an important ceremony for new mothers. (Answer: Kupira Zita)
2. ______________ is the traditional healer in the community. (Answer: N'anga)
3. The community gathers for the ________ after the harvest. (Answer: Mhemberero)
==== Exercise 3: True or False ====
Determine whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Lobola is paid by the bride’s family. (False)
2. The mourning period is a time for celebration. (False)
3. Ancestral spirits are invoked in many traditional customs. (True)
* '''Answers'''
1. False
2. False
3. True
==== Exercise 4: Short Answer Questions ====
Answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1. What is the significance of the First Fruits Ceremony?
* '''Answer''': The First Fruits Ceremony is significant as it expresses gratitude to the ancestors for the harvest.
2. Describe the role of traditional healers in Shona culture.
* '''Answer''': Traditional healers, or N'anga, play a crucial role in healing and spiritual guidance within the community.
==== Exercise 5: Discussion Questions ====
Discuss the following questions with a partner or in a group.
1. Why do you think traditional customs are important for cultural identity?
2. How do you see these customs influencing modern Shona society?
==== Exercise 6: Create Your Own Custom ====
Imagine and write about a new traditional custom you would create. What would it celebrate, and how would it be observed?
==== Exercise 7: Vocabulary Quiz ====
Translate the following terms from English to Shona.
1. Spirit
2. Woman
3. Community
4. Ceremony
* '''Answers'''
1. Chivanhu
2. Mukadzi
3. Nhau
4. Mutambo
==== Exercise 8: Identify the Custom ====
Read the descriptions and identify which traditional custom they refer to.
1. A gathering to celebrate the harvest (Answer: Mhemberero)
2. A period of mourning after a loved one's death (Answer: Rufu)
==== Exercise 9: Role Play ====
In pairs, role-play a traditional wedding ceremony, incorporating at least three traditional customs.
==== Exercise 10: Reflection ====
Write a short paragraph reflecting on what you learned about Shona traditional customs and their cultural significance.
=== Conclusion ===
In this lesson, we have explored the traditional customs of the Shona people, from birth to death and everything in between. These customs are not merely rituals; they are the fabric of Shona cultural identity, tying together the past, present, and future. As you continue your journey in learning the Shona language, keep these customs in mind, for they enrich your understanding of the language and the people.


== Conclusion ==
In conclusion, traditional Shona customs and traditions are deeply rooted in culture and history. From traditional clothing to music and dance, these customs and traditions continue to be an important part of Shona identity and heritage. By understanding and embracing these customs, learners will gain a deeper appreciation for the rich heritage and cultural significance of the Shona people. As you continue your journey in learning about Shona culture, you may also want to explore other related topics such as [[Language/Shona/Vocabulary/Drinks|Shona drinks vocabulary]], [[Language/Shona/Vocabulary/Family-Members|Shona family members vocabulary]], and even learn [[Language/Shona/Vocabulary/How-to-say-Good-Bye%3F|how to say goodbye in Shona]]. Happy learning! 📚🌍
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|keywords=Shona culture, Shona traditions, traditional Shona customs, Shona music, Shona dance
|title=Shona Culture: Traditional Customs
|description=Learn about traditional Shona customs and the cultural significance behind them in this informative lesson on Shona culture and traditions.
 
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==Sources==
* [https://www.marintheatre.org/productions/the-convert/convert-shona-culture Shona Culture & Traditions | Marin Theatre Company]
* [https://zimfieldguide.com/mashonaland-central/some-important-shona-customs-and-ceremonies Some important Shona customs and ceremonies | Zimbabwe Field ...]




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==Sources==
* [https://www.marintheatre.org/productions/the-convert/convert-shona-culture Shona Culture & Traditions | Marin Theatre Company]
* [https://zimfieldguide.com/mashonaland-central/some-important-shona-customs-and-ceremonies Some important Shona customs and ceremonies | Zimbabwe Field ...]


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Latest revision as of 08:20, 2 August 2024

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Shona → Culture → 0 to A1 Course → Traditional Customs

Welcome to our lesson on Traditional Customs in Shona culture! Understanding the customs and traditions of the Shona people is essential for appreciating their rich heritage and language. These customs are not just rituals; they are a reflection of the Shona worldview, values, and social structure. By learning about these traditions, you will gain insight into the cultural nuances that shape everyday interactions and societal norms among the Shona people.

In this lesson, we will explore various traditional customs, their significance, and how they influence the Shona way of life. We will cover the following topics:

Importance of Traditional Customs[edit | edit source]

Traditional customs play a crucial role in preserving the Shona identity and promoting social cohesion. They are passed down through generations and serve as a lens through which the Shona people view their world. Here are a few key points about their importance:

  • Cultural Identity: Customs help maintain a sense of belonging and continuity within the community.
  • Social Cohesion: They foster unity and cooperation among community members.
  • Education: Customs serve as a means of educating younger generations about their history and values.

Common Traditional Customs[edit | edit source]

Let’s delve into some of the most important traditional customs among the Shona people. Each custom carries a unique significance and is often accompanied by specific rituals or practices.

1. Birth Customs[edit | edit source]

The arrival of a new child is celebrated with various rituals.

  • Naming Ceremony (Kupira Zita): This event is held usually on the seventh day after a child's birth. It's a significant occasion where the child is given a name.
  • Rituals for New Mothers: New mothers are often secluded for a period to recover, and specific rituals are performed to bless both mother and child.
Shona Pronunciation English
Kupira Zita ku-pee-rah zee-tah Naming Ceremony
Mwana mwah-nah Child
Amayi ah-mah-yee Mother
Kupinda muupenyu koo-peen-dah moo-oo-peh-nyoo To enter life

2. Marriage Customs[edit | edit source]

Marriage is a pivotal aspect of Shona culture, marked by various customs.

  • Lobola (Bride Price): Traditionally, the groom’s family pays a bride price to the bride’s family, symbolizing respect and commitment.
  • Traditional Wedding Ceremony: This includes various rituals, such as the exchange of gifts and blessings from elders.
Shona Pronunciation English
Lobola loh-boh-lah Bride Price
Muchato moo-chah-toh Wedding
Muroora moo-roo-rah Daughter-in-law
Vabereki vah-beh-reh-kee Parents

3. Funeral Customs[edit | edit source]

Funeral customs reflect the Shona belief in the afterlife and the importance of honoring the deceased.

  • Burial Practices: The body is usually buried within a few days, and rituals are performed to guide the spirit.
  • Mourning Period: Family members enter a mourning period, during which they wear specific clothing and refrain from certain activities.
Shona Pronunciation English
Rufu roo-foo Death
Mbuya mboo-yah Grandmother (often a term of respect for elders)
Kurova Guva koo-roh-vah goo-vah To perform funeral rites
Kugara nevanhu koo-gah-rah neh-vah-nhoo To stay with people (meaning to mourn together)

4. Harvest Customs[edit | edit source]

The harvest season is celebrated with great joy and gratitude.

  • First Fruits Ceremony (Mhemberero): This ceremony involves offering the first harvest to the ancestors as a sign of appreciation and respect.
  • Community Feasting: After the harvest, communities gather to celebrate with food and dance.
Shona Pronunciation English
Mhemberero meh-mbeh-reh-roh First Fruits Ceremony
Chibage chee-bah-geh Maize (a staple food)
Kudya koo-dyah To eat
Danzira dahn-zee-rah Celebration

5. Healing Customs[edit | edit source]

Healing practices are deeply rooted in Shona traditions, emphasizing the connection between physical and spiritual health.

  • Traditional Healers (N'anga): These healers use herbs and rituals to treat ailments.
  • Spiritual Cleansing: Rituals are performed to cleanse individuals of negative energies.
Shona Pronunciation English
N'anga n'ahn-gah Traditional Healer
Kurapa koo-rah-pah To heal
Mvura mvoo-rah Water (often used in cleansing)
Chivanhu chee-vah-noo Spirit

6. Ancestral Customs[edit | edit source]

The Shona people place great importance on their ancestors, believing they guide and protect them.

  • Spirit Possession: In some rituals, individuals may become possessed by ancestral spirits to receive guidance.
  • Offering of Sacrifices: Animals may be sacrificed as offerings to honor the ancestors.
Shona Pronunciation English
Kurova koo-roh-vah To invoke (ancestral spirits)
Chikafu chee-kah-foo Sacrifice
Mhondoro mhohn-doh-roh Ancestral spirit
Tsika tsih-kah Custom

7. Gender Roles in Customs[edit | edit source]

Traditional customs often reflect the gender roles within the Shona community.

  • Men's Duties: Men are often responsible for providing and protecting the family.
  • Women's Roles: Women play a crucial role in maintaining the household and nurturing the children.
Shona Pronunciation English
Murume moo-roo-meh Man
Mukadzi moo-kah-dzee Woman
Basa bah-sah Duty
Mhuri mhoo-ree Family

8. Traditional Clothing[edit | edit source]

Clothing customs are significant, especially during ceremonies.

  • Attire for Ceremonies: Traditional clothing is worn during important ceremonies, such as weddings and funerals.
  • Cultural Symbols: Clothing often carries cultural symbols that represent the wearer’s clan or family.
Shona Pronunciation English
Nguo ngoo-oh Clothing
Chinyakare chee-nyah-kah-reh Traditional
Tsika dzevanhu tsih-kah dzeh-vah-noo Cultural Symbols
Mhando mhan-doh Type (of clothing)

9. Festivals and Celebrations[edit | edit source]

Festivals celebrate various aspects of Shona life, from agriculture to cultural heritage.

  • Gokwe Festival: This festival showcases local talent and cultural practices.
  • Vana veZimbabwe Festival: A celebration of the youth and their contributions to society.
Shona Pronunciation English
Mutambo moo-tah-mbo Festival
Zviitiko zvi-ih-tee-koh Events
Vana vah-nah Children
Chivanhu chee-vah-noo Culture

10. Hospitality Customs[edit | edit source]

Hospitality is a fundamental aspect of Shona culture.

  • Welcoming Guests: Guests are treated with utmost respect and are often offered food and drink.
  • Community Support: During important events, community members come together to support one another.
Shona Pronunciation English
Kutambira koo-tahm-bee-rah To welcome
Musha moo-shah Home
Chikafu chee-kah-foo Food
Mutsvene moot-sveh-neh Holy (often used to refer to guests)

Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that we have explored various traditional customs, it’s time to put your knowledge to the test! Here are some exercises for you to practice what you have learned.

Exercise 1: Match the Terms[edit | edit source]

Match the Shona terms with their English meanings.

  • A. Kupira Zita
  • B. Lobola
  • C. Rufu
  • D. Mhemberero

1. A naming ceremony

2. A bride price

3. Death

4. First fruits ceremony

  • Answers

1. A - 1

2. B - 2

3. C - 3

4. D - 4

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences using the correct Shona terms.

1. The ________ is an important ceremony for new mothers. (Answer: Kupira Zita)

2. ______________ is the traditional healer in the community. (Answer: N'anga)

3. The community gathers for the ________ after the harvest. (Answer: Mhemberero)

Exercise 3: True or False[edit | edit source]

Determine whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Lobola is paid by the bride’s family. (False)

2. The mourning period is a time for celebration. (False)

3. Ancestral spirits are invoked in many traditional customs. (True)

  • Answers

1. False

2. False

3. True

Exercise 4: Short Answer Questions[edit | edit source]

Answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. What is the significance of the First Fruits Ceremony?

  • Answer: The First Fruits Ceremony is significant as it expresses gratitude to the ancestors for the harvest.

2. Describe the role of traditional healers in Shona culture.

  • Answer: Traditional healers, or N'anga, play a crucial role in healing and spiritual guidance within the community.

Exercise 5: Discussion Questions[edit | edit source]

Discuss the following questions with a partner or in a group.

1. Why do you think traditional customs are important for cultural identity?

2. How do you see these customs influencing modern Shona society?

Exercise 6: Create Your Own Custom[edit | edit source]

Imagine and write about a new traditional custom you would create. What would it celebrate, and how would it be observed?

Exercise 7: Vocabulary Quiz[edit | edit source]

Translate the following terms from English to Shona.

1. Spirit

2. Woman

3. Community

4. Ceremony

  • Answers

1. Chivanhu

2. Mukadzi

3. Nhau

4. Mutambo

Exercise 8: Identify the Custom[edit | edit source]

Read the descriptions and identify which traditional custom they refer to.

1. A gathering to celebrate the harvest (Answer: Mhemberero)

2. A period of mourning after a loved one's death (Answer: Rufu)

Exercise 9: Role Play[edit | edit source]

In pairs, role-play a traditional wedding ceremony, incorporating at least three traditional customs.

Exercise 10: Reflection[edit | edit source]

Write a short paragraph reflecting on what you learned about Shona traditional customs and their cultural significance.

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

In this lesson, we have explored the traditional customs of the Shona people, from birth to death and everything in between. These customs are not merely rituals; they are the fabric of Shona cultural identity, tying together the past, present, and future. As you continue your journey in learning the Shona language, keep these customs in mind, for they enrich your understanding of the language and the people.

Table of Contents - Shona Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Shona


Greetings and Introductions


Nouns and Pronouns


Numbers and Time


Verbs and Tenses


Family and Relationships


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Dining


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Travel and Transportation


Shona Culture and Traditions


Asking Questions


Shopping and Money


Music and Dance

Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]




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