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{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
|[[Language/Basque/Vocabulary/Ordinal-Numbers|◀️ Ordinal Numbers — Previous Lesson]]
|[[Language/Basque/Grammar/Regular-Verb-Conjugation|Next Lesson — Regular Verb Conjugation ▶️]]
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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Basque|Basque]]  → [[Language/Basque/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Basque/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Subject Pronouns</div>
Welcome to our lesson on subject pronouns in Basque! If you're diving into the beautiful Basque language, understanding subject pronouns is a crucial step in communicating effectively. Think of subject pronouns as the key characters in a story—they tell us who is doing the action. In Basque, just like in English, these pronouns help us construct clear sentences and make our speech flow smoothly.
In this lesson, we will cover:
* The importance of subject pronouns in Basque
* A detailed look at each subject pronoun
* Examples illustrating their use in sentences
* Exercises to practice what you've learned


<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Basque|Basque]]  → [[Language/Basque/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Basque/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Pronouns and Verb Conjugation → Subject Pronouns</div>
By the end of this lesson, you'll confidently understand and use subject pronouns in Basque, laying a solid foundation for your language journey. So, let’s get started!


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== The Importance of Subject Pronouns ===


Pronouns are essential components of speech that replace nouns in sentences. In Basque, personal pronouns are used to refer to subjects, objects, and possessive relationships in a sentence. They are often inflected to show the subject's grammatical gender, number, and case. In this lesson, we will focus on subject pronouns, which are used to refer to the subject of a sentence. We will also discuss how to conjugate verbs with these pronouns in present tense.
Subject pronouns play a vital role in the Basque language. They are used to indicate the subject of a verb and help clarify who is performing the action. In Basque, the use of subject pronouns can vary depending on the formality of the context, but they remain essential for building sentences. Knowing these pronouns will allow you to express yourself more clearly and interact with others more effectively.


== Subject Pronouns ==
=== Subject Pronouns in Basque ===


In Basque, there are two types of personal pronouns: subject pronouns and object pronouns. Subject pronouns are used to refer to the person or thing that performs the action of the verb. These are the most commonly used pronouns and they are invariable in gender, number, and case. In Basque, there are six subject pronouns:
In Basque, subject pronouns are as follows:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Basque !! Pronunciation !! English
! Basque !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Ni || [ni] || I
 
| ni || [ni] || I
 
|-
|-
| Hi || [hi] || You (singular)
 
| zu || [zu] || you (singular/formal)
 
|-
|-
| Hura  || [huɾa] || He/she/it
 
| hura || [huɾa] || he/she/it
 
|-
|-
| Guk || [ɡuk] || We
 
| gu || [ɡu] || we
 
|-
|-
| Zuk || [su̞k] || You (plural)
 
| zuek || [zuek] || you (plural/informal)
 
|-
|-
| Haiek || [hajek] || They
 
| haiek || [haiek] || they
 
|}
|}


As you can see, the third-person singular pronoun, "hura," is gender-neutral and can mean "he," "she," or "it."
Let’s break these down a bit more!
 
==== 1. Ni (I) ====
 
"Ni" is the first-person singular pronoun. It’s used when you are talking about yourself.
 
''Example:''
 
* '''Basque:''' Ni ikaslea naiz.
 
* '''Pronunciation:''' [ni ikaslea naiz]
 
* '''English:''' I am a student.
 
==== 2. Zu (You) ====
 
"Zu" is the second-person singular pronoun, often used formally or respectfully.
 
''Example:''
 
* '''Basque:''' Zu irakaslea zara.
 
* '''Pronunciation:''' [zu iɾakaslea zaɾa]
 
* '''English:''' You are a teacher.
 
==== 3. Hura (He/She/It) ====
 
"Hura" can refer to he, she, or it, depending on the context.
 
''Example:''
 
* '''Basque:''' Hura etorri da.
 
* '''Pronunciation:''' [huɾa etorɾi da]
 
* '''English:''' He/She/It has come.
 
==== 4. Gu (We) ====
 
"Gu" is the first-person plural pronoun, used when talking about a group including yourself.
 
''Example:''
 
* '''Basque:''' Gu lagunak gara.
 
* '''Pronunciation:''' [gu laɡunak ɡaɾa]


== Verb Conjugation with Subject Pronouns ==
* '''English:''' We are friends.


In Basque, the verb conjugation with subject pronouns is relatively simple. Verbs are conjugated according to the person and number of the subject pronoun. For instance, if the subject is "ni" (I), the verb root will be followed by "n" in the present tense:
==== 5. Zuek (You) ====


* Hitz egin n{it} (I speak)
"Zuek" is the second-person plural pronoun, used when addressing multiple people.
* Ikusi n{int}i (I see)


On the other hand, if the subject is "hi" (you, singular), the verb root should be followed by "k":
''Example:''


* Hitz egin h{i} (You speak)
* '''Basque:''' Zuek etorri zarete.
* Ikusi h{iki} (You see)


If the subject is "hura" (he/she/it), there is no suffix following the verb root in the present tense:
* '''Pronunciation:''' [zuek etorɾi zaɾete]


* Hitz egin d{u}/ho{s}i (He/she/it speaks)
* '''English:''' You all have come.
* Ikusi d{u}/ho{s}i (He/she/it sees)


For the first-person plural subject "guk," the suffix "gu" should be added to the verb root:
==== 6. Haiek (They) ====


* Hitz egin gu{k} (We speak)
"Haiek" refers to they, used for groups of people or things.
* Ikusi gu{k} (We see)


Similarly, for the second-person plural "zuk," the suffix "zu" should be added:
''Example:''


* Hitz egin zu{k} (You speak)
* '''Basque:''' Haiek ikasleak dira.
* Ikusi zu{ki} (You see)


Finally, for the third-person plural subject "haiek," the suffix "k" should be added to the verb root:
* '''Pronunciation:''' [haiek ikasleak diɾa]


* Hitz egin d{ie} (They speak)
* '''English:''' They are students.
* Ikusi d{i}zu(te) (They see)


It is important to note that in some words, an "r" or "s" is added to the verb root before suffixes. For instance: "maitatu" (to love)
=== Using Subject Pronouns in Sentences ===
 
Now, let’s explore how to use these subject pronouns in various sentences. Here are more examples to illustrate their application in everyday conversation.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Basque !! Pronunciation !! English
! Basque !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Maitat{n}ut || [majtatnut] || I love
 
| Ni etxea garbitzen ari naiz. || [ni etxea ɡaɾbitzen aɾi nais] || I am cleaning the house.
 
|-
|-
| Maitat{k}u || [majtakʊ] || You love (singular)
 
| Zu liburua irakurtzen ari zara. || [zu libuɾua iɾakuɾtzen aɾi zaɾa] || You are reading the book.
 
|-
|-
| Maitat{du}/{du}s{i} || [majtadu] || He/She/It loves
 
| Hura jatea gustatzen zaio. || [huɾa jatea ɡustatzen zaio] || He/She likes to eat.
 
|-
|-
| Maitat{gu} || [majtaɡu] || We love
 
| Gu musika entzuten gabiltza. || [gu muzika entzutən ɡabiltza] || We are listening to music.
 
|-
|-
| Maitat{zu} || [majtazu] || You love (plural)
 
| Zuek futbol partida ikusten zarete. || [zuek futbol paɾtida ikusten zaɾete] || You all are watching the football match.
 
|-
|-
| Maitat{d}ie || [majtade] || They love
 
| Haiek dantza egiten ari dira. || [haiek dantza eɡiten aɾi diɾa] || They are dancing.
 
|}
|}


== Examples ==
=== Summary of Subject Pronouns ===
 
To summarize, here’s a quick overview of the subject pronouns in Basque:
 
* '''Ni''' - I
 
* '''Zu''' - You (singular/formal)
 
* '''Hura''' - He/She/It
 
* '''Gu''' - We
 
* '''Zuek''' - You (plural/informal)
 
* '''Haiek''' - They
 
These pronouns are fundamental in everyday conversation and will help you express yourself clearly in Basque.
 
=== Practice Exercises ===
 
Now that you’ve learned about subject pronouns, it’s time to practice! Below are some exercises to help you reinforce what you've learned.
 
==== Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks ====
 
Complete the sentences with the correct subject pronoun.
 
1. _____ irakaslea naiz. (I)
 
2. _____ etorri zarete. (You all)
 
3. _____ dantza egiten ari da. (He/She)
 
4. _____ lagunak gara. (We)
 
5. _____ ikasleak dira. (They)
 
''Answers:''
 
1. Ni
 
2. Zuek
 
3. Hura
 
4. Gu
 
5. Haiek
 
==== Exercise 2: Matching ====
 
Match the Basque pronouns to their English equivalents.
 
| Basque | English |
 
|--------|---------|
 
| A. Ni  | 1. You (plural) |
 
| B. Zu  | 2. I  |
 
| C. Gu  | 3. We |
 
| D. Haiek| 4. They |
 
''Answers:''
 
A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
 
==== Exercise 3: Translation ====
 
Translate the following sentences into Basque.
 
1. I am a teacher.
 
2. You all are friends.
 
3. They are reading.
 
4. He likes music.
 
5. We are going to the park.
 
''Answers:''
 
1. Ni irakaslea naiz.
 
2. Zuek lagunak zarete.
 
3. Haiek irakurtzen ari dira.
 
4. Hura musika gustatzen zaio.
 
5. Gu parkera goaz.
 
==== Exercise 4: Sentence Construction ====
 
Construct sentences using the following subject pronouns.
 
1. Ni
 
2. Zu
 
3. Gu
 
''Example Answers:''
 
1. Ni pilota jokatzen ari naiz. (I am playing pelota.)
 
2. Zu etxera zoaz. (You are going home.)
 
3. Gu ikastolara goaz. (We are going to school.)
 
==== Exercise 5: True or False ====
 
Determine whether the following statements are true or false based on what you've learned.
 
1. "Hura" refers to "I". (False)
 
2. "Gu" means "they". (False)
 
3. "Zu" is used for formal situations. (True)
 
4. "Haiek" is the third-person plural pronoun. (True)
 
5. "Ni" is the second-person singular pronoun. (False)
 
''Answers:''
 
1. False
 
2. False
 
3. True
 
4. True
 
5. False
 
==== Exercise 6: Create Your Own Sentences ====
 
Write a sentence for each subject pronoun in Basque. Use different verbs than those mentioned earlier.
 
''Example Answers:''
 
1. Ni fruta jaten ari naiz. (I am eating fruit.)
 
2. Zu irakurtzen ari zara. (You are reading.)
 
3. Hura korrika doa. (He/She is running.)
 
4. Gu jolasten gabiltza. (We are playing.)
 
5. Zuek irratia entzuten zarete. (You all are listening to the radio.)
 
6. Haiek ikusten ari dira. (They are watching.)
 
==== Exercise 7: Fill the Gaps ====
 
Fill in the gaps with the appropriate subject pronoun.
 
1. _____ etorri naiz. (I)
 
2. _____ ikasleak zarete. (You all)
 
3. _____ etxean da. (He/She)
 
4. _____ irakurtzen ari gara. (We)
 
5. _____ dantza egiten ari dira. (They)
 
''Answers:''
 
1. Ni
 
2. Zuek
 
3. Hura
 
4. Gu
 
5. Haiek
 
==== Exercise 8: Pronoun Identification ====
 
Identify the subject pronoun in each sentence.
 
1. Ni etxea garbitzen ari naiz. (I am cleaning the house.)
 
2. Zu irakaslea zara. (You are a teacher.)
 
3. Hura etorri da. (He/She has come.)
 
4. Gu musika entzuten gabiltza. (We are listening to music.)
 
5. Zuek futbol partida ikusten zarete. (You all are watching the football match.)
 
''Answers:''
 
1. Ni
 
2. Zu
 
3. Hura
 
4. Gu
 
5. Zuek
 
==== Exercise 9: Choose the Correct Pronoun ====
 
Choose the correct subject pronoun to complete each sentence.
 
1. _____ ikaslea naiz. (I/You)
 
2. _____ etorri zarete. (You/We)
 
3. _____ dantza egiten ari da. (He/She/They)
 
4. _____ lagunak gara. (We/You)
 
5. _____ ikasleak dira. (They/I)
 
''Answers:''
 
1. I
 
2. You
 
3. He/She
 
4. We
 
5. They
 
==== Exercise 10: Role Play ====
 
In pairs, create a short dialogue using at least three different subject pronouns. Practice speaking it out loud!
 
''Example Dialogue:''
 
* A: Ni etxean nago. (I am at home.)


* Gizona Joanes da (The man is Joanes)
* B: Zu non zara? (Where are you?)
* Ni Euskara ikasten dut (I am learning Basque)
* Hiri lurretan bizitzen dira (They live in the city)
* Hori gustatzen zait (I like that)
* Hauek gure lagunak dira (They are our friends)


== Conclusion ==
* A: Gu parkean gaude. (We are at the park.)


In this lesson, we have learned about subject pronouns in Basque and their usage in sentences. We have also discussed the verb conjugation with these pronouns in present tense. Keep practicing to master these concepts, and you will be able to make meaningful sentences in Basque. In the next lesson, we will learn about regular verb conjugation, which will help expand your skillset further.
=== Conclusion ===
 
Congratulations on completing this lesson on subject pronouns in Basque! You’ve taken an important step in your language learning journey. Remember, practice makes perfect. Use these pronouns in your daily conversations, and soon they’ll become second nature. Keep up the great work, and see you in the next lesson!


{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Basque Grammar: Subject Pronouns
|title=Basque Grammar: Subject Pronouns
|keywords=Basque grammar, Basque language, subject pronouns, Basque verb conjugation, personal pronouns in Basque
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about subject pronouns in Basque and how to conjugate verbs with these pronouns in present tense. Read on and practice to master these concepts!}}


|keywords=Basque language, subject pronouns, learn Basque, Basque grammar, beginner Basque
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about subject pronouns in Basque and how to use them in sentences. Perfect for beginners!


{{Basque-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
}}
 
{{Template:Basque-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}


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<span openai_correct_model></span> <span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-4o-mini></span> <span temperature=0.7></span>
 
==Sources==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_grammar Basque grammar - Wikipedia]
* [http://mylanguages.org/basque_pronouns.php Basque Pronouns]




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* [[Language/Basque/Grammar/Imperative-Tense|Imperative Tense]]
* [[Language/Basque/Grammar/Imperative-Tense|Imperative Tense]]
* [[Language/Basque/Grammar/Comparatives-and-Superlatives|Comparatives and Superlatives]]
* [[Language/Basque/Grammar/Comparatives-and-Superlatives|Comparatives and Superlatives]]


{{Basque-Page-Bottom}}
{{Basque-Page-Bottom}}
<span pgnav>
{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
|[[Language/Basque/Vocabulary/Ordinal-Numbers|◀️ Ordinal Numbers — Previous Lesson]]
|[[Language/Basque/Grammar/Regular-Verb-Conjugation|Next Lesson — Regular Verb Conjugation ▶️]]
|}
</span>

Latest revision as of 09:55, 2 August 2024

◀️ Ordinal Numbers — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Regular Verb Conjugation ▶️

Basque-Language-PolyglotClub.png
BasqueGrammar0 to A1 Course → Subject Pronouns

Welcome to our lesson on subject pronouns in Basque! If you're diving into the beautiful Basque language, understanding subject pronouns is a crucial step in communicating effectively. Think of subject pronouns as the key characters in a story—they tell us who is doing the action. In Basque, just like in English, these pronouns help us construct clear sentences and make our speech flow smoothly.

In this lesson, we will cover:

  • The importance of subject pronouns in Basque
  • A detailed look at each subject pronoun
  • Examples illustrating their use in sentences
  • Exercises to practice what you've learned

By the end of this lesson, you'll confidently understand and use subject pronouns in Basque, laying a solid foundation for your language journey. So, let’s get started!

The Importance of Subject Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Subject pronouns play a vital role in the Basque language. They are used to indicate the subject of a verb and help clarify who is performing the action. In Basque, the use of subject pronouns can vary depending on the formality of the context, but they remain essential for building sentences. Knowing these pronouns will allow you to express yourself more clearly and interact with others more effectively.

Subject Pronouns in Basque[edit | edit source]

In Basque, subject pronouns are as follows:

Basque Pronunciation English
ni [ni] I
zu [zu] you (singular/formal)
hura [huɾa] he/she/it
gu [ɡu] we
zuek [zuek] you (plural/informal)
haiek [haiek] they

Let’s break these down a bit more!

1. Ni (I)[edit | edit source]

"Ni" is the first-person singular pronoun. It’s used when you are talking about yourself.

Example:

  • Basque: Ni ikaslea naiz.
  • Pronunciation: [ni ikaslea naiz]
  • English: I am a student.

2. Zu (You)[edit | edit source]

"Zu" is the second-person singular pronoun, often used formally or respectfully.

Example:

  • Basque: Zu irakaslea zara.
  • Pronunciation: [zu iɾakaslea zaɾa]
  • English: You are a teacher.

3. Hura (He/She/It)[edit | edit source]

"Hura" can refer to he, she, or it, depending on the context.

Example:

  • Basque: Hura etorri da.
  • Pronunciation: [huɾa etorɾi da]
  • English: He/She/It has come.

4. Gu (We)[edit | edit source]

"Gu" is the first-person plural pronoun, used when talking about a group including yourself.

Example:

  • Basque: Gu lagunak gara.
  • Pronunciation: [gu laɡunak ɡaɾa]
  • English: We are friends.

5. Zuek (You)[edit | edit source]

"Zuek" is the second-person plural pronoun, used when addressing multiple people.

Example:

  • Basque: Zuek etorri zarete.
  • Pronunciation: [zuek etorɾi zaɾete]
  • English: You all have come.

6. Haiek (They)[edit | edit source]

"Haiek" refers to they, used for groups of people or things.

Example:

  • Basque: Haiek ikasleak dira.
  • Pronunciation: [haiek ikasleak diɾa]
  • English: They are students.

Using Subject Pronouns in Sentences[edit | edit source]

Now, let’s explore how to use these subject pronouns in various sentences. Here are more examples to illustrate their application in everyday conversation.

Basque Pronunciation English
Ni etxea garbitzen ari naiz. [ni etxea ɡaɾbitzen aɾi nais] I am cleaning the house.
Zu liburua irakurtzen ari zara. [zu libuɾua iɾakuɾtzen aɾi zaɾa] You are reading the book.
Hura jatea gustatzen zaio. [huɾa jatea ɡustatzen zaio] He/She likes to eat.
Gu musika entzuten gabiltza. [gu muzika entzutən ɡabiltza] We are listening to music.
Zuek futbol partida ikusten zarete. [zuek futbol paɾtida ikusten zaɾete] You all are watching the football match.
Haiek dantza egiten ari dira. [haiek dantza eɡiten aɾi diɾa] They are dancing.

Summary of Subject Pronouns[edit | edit source]

To summarize, here’s a quick overview of the subject pronouns in Basque:

  • Ni - I
  • Zu - You (singular/formal)
  • Hura - He/She/It
  • Gu - We
  • Zuek - You (plural/informal)
  • Haiek - They

These pronouns are fundamental in everyday conversation and will help you express yourself clearly in Basque.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that you’ve learned about subject pronouns, it’s time to practice! Below are some exercises to help you reinforce what you've learned.

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the correct subject pronoun.

1. _____ irakaslea naiz. (I)

2. _____ etorri zarete. (You all)

3. _____ dantza egiten ari da. (He/She)

4. _____ lagunak gara. (We)

5. _____ ikasleak dira. (They)

Answers:

1. Ni

2. Zuek

3. Hura

4. Gu

5. Haiek

Exercise 2: Matching[edit | edit source]

Match the Basque pronouns to their English equivalents.

| Basque | English |

|--------|---------|

| A. Ni | 1. You (plural) |

| B. Zu | 2. I |

| C. Gu | 3. We |

| D. Haiek| 4. They |

Answers:

A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4

Exercise 3: Translation[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentences into Basque.

1. I am a teacher.

2. You all are friends.

3. They are reading.

4. He likes music.

5. We are going to the park.

Answers:

1. Ni irakaslea naiz.

2. Zuek lagunak zarete.

3. Haiek irakurtzen ari dira.

4. Hura musika gustatzen zaio.

5. Gu parkera goaz.

Exercise 4: Sentence Construction[edit | edit source]

Construct sentences using the following subject pronouns.

1. Ni

2. Zu

3. Gu

Example Answers:

1. Ni pilota jokatzen ari naiz. (I am playing pelota.)

2. Zu etxera zoaz. (You are going home.)

3. Gu ikastolara goaz. (We are going to school.)

Exercise 5: True or False[edit | edit source]

Determine whether the following statements are true or false based on what you've learned.

1. "Hura" refers to "I". (False)

2. "Gu" means "they". (False)

3. "Zu" is used for formal situations. (True)

4. "Haiek" is the third-person plural pronoun. (True)

5. "Ni" is the second-person singular pronoun. (False)

Answers:

1. False

2. False

3. True

4. True

5. False

Exercise 6: Create Your Own Sentences[edit | edit source]

Write a sentence for each subject pronoun in Basque. Use different verbs than those mentioned earlier.

Example Answers:

1. Ni fruta jaten ari naiz. (I am eating fruit.)

2. Zu irakurtzen ari zara. (You are reading.)

3. Hura korrika doa. (He/She is running.)

4. Gu jolasten gabiltza. (We are playing.)

5. Zuek irratia entzuten zarete. (You all are listening to the radio.)

6. Haiek ikusten ari dira. (They are watching.)

Exercise 7: Fill the Gaps[edit | edit source]

Fill in the gaps with the appropriate subject pronoun.

1. _____ etorri naiz. (I)

2. _____ ikasleak zarete. (You all)

3. _____ etxean da. (He/She)

4. _____ irakurtzen ari gara. (We)

5. _____ dantza egiten ari dira. (They)

Answers:

1. Ni

2. Zuek

3. Hura

4. Gu

5. Haiek

Exercise 8: Pronoun Identification[edit | edit source]

Identify the subject pronoun in each sentence.

1. Ni etxea garbitzen ari naiz. (I am cleaning the house.)

2. Zu irakaslea zara. (You are a teacher.)

3. Hura etorri da. (He/She has come.)

4. Gu musika entzuten gabiltza. (We are listening to music.)

5. Zuek futbol partida ikusten zarete. (You all are watching the football match.)

Answers:

1. Ni

2. Zu

3. Hura

4. Gu

5. Zuek

Exercise 9: Choose the Correct Pronoun[edit | edit source]

Choose the correct subject pronoun to complete each sentence.

1. _____ ikaslea naiz. (I/You)

2. _____ etorri zarete. (You/We)

3. _____ dantza egiten ari da. (He/She/They)

4. _____ lagunak gara. (We/You)

5. _____ ikasleak dira. (They/I)

Answers:

1. I

2. You

3. He/She

4. We

5. They

Exercise 10: Role Play[edit | edit source]

In pairs, create a short dialogue using at least three different subject pronouns. Practice speaking it out loud!

Example Dialogue:

  • A: Ni etxean nago. (I am at home.)
  • B: Zu non zara? (Where are you?)
  • A: Gu parkean gaude. (We are at the park.)

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations on completing this lesson on subject pronouns in Basque! You’ve taken an important step in your language learning journey. Remember, practice makes perfect. Use these pronouns in your daily conversations, and soon they’ll become second nature. Keep up the great work, and see you in the next lesson!

Table of Contents - Basque Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Basque Language


Greetings and Introductions


Nouns and Articles


Numbers and Counting


Pronouns and Verb Conjugation


Days, Months, and Seasons


Questions and Negation


Family and Relationships


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Dining


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Travel and Transportation


Basque Culture and Traditions

Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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