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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Welsh|Welsh]]  → [[Language/Welsh/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Welsh/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Traditional Music and Dance</div>
Welcome to this exciting lesson on '''Traditional Music and Dance''' in Welsh culture! As your Welsh language teacher, I am thrilled to guide you through the vibrant world of Welsh music and dance, which is an essential part of our cultural heritage. Music and dance not only bring people together but also serve as a means of expressing identity, history, and tradition.
In this lesson, we will explore a variety of aspects related to traditional Welsh music and dance, including famous songs, instruments, and dance styles. You will learn about the cultural significance of these art forms and how they connect to the Welsh language. As beginners, you will find that understanding these elements can enhance your appreciation of the language and its speakers.
'''Outline of the Lesson:'''
* Introduction to Traditional Welsh Music and Dance
* Famous Traditional Welsh Songs
* Traditional Instruments Used in Welsh Music
* Popular Dance Styles in Wales
* Cultural Significance of Music and Dance


<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Welsh|Welsh]]  → [[Language/Welsh/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Welsh/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Welsh Traditions and Celebrations → Traditional Music and Dance</div>
* Exercises for Practice


__TOC__
__TOC__


Welsh music and dance are an essential part of Welsh culture. They are deeply ingrained in its history, and the way that they have evolved over the centuries reflects the country's unique social and cultural identity.
=== Introduction to Traditional Welsh Music and Dance ===
 
Traditional Welsh music and dance have deep roots in the history of Wales, reflecting the unique identity of the Welsh people. From the haunting melodies of folk songs to the lively rhythms of traditional dances, these art forms have been passed down through generations, often bringing communities together during festivals and celebrations. Understanding this music and dance will not only enrich your language learning experience but also give you a glimpse into the heart of Welsh culture.
 
=== Famous Traditional Welsh Songs ===
 
Welsh music is renowned for its emotional depth and beautiful melodies. Here are some famous traditional songs that you might encounter:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau || hɛn wlad vɪ ˈnaðai̯ || Land of My Fathers
 
|-
 
| Calon Lân || ˈkalɔn lɑːn || Pure Heart
 
|-
 
| Ar Lan y Môr || ar lan ɨ mɔːr || By the Seaside
 
|-
 
| Yma o Hyd || ɨma o hiːd || Here to Stay
 
|-
 
| Mae Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau || maɪ hɛn wlad vɪ ˈnaðai̯ || Our Land of My Fathers
 
|-
 
| Dacw 'Nghariad || ˈdaku ɪŋˈɡarjad || There’s My Love
 
|-
 
| Clychau Abertawe || klɨˈχaʊ̯ aˈbɛrtaʊ̯ || Bells of Swansea
 
|-
 
| Llyn y Fan Fach || l̥ɪn ɨ væn vaχ || Lake of the Little Fairy
 
|-
 
| Ffarwel i’r Llyn || ˈfaːr.wɛl iːr l̥ɪn || Farewell to the Lake
 
|-
 
| Oes Gennym Ni || ɔɪ̯s ɡɛnɨm nɪ || We Are Alive
 
|}
 
These songs range from national anthems to heartfelt ballads and have become a part of Wales's national identity. They are often sung at sporting events and during festivals, creating a sense of unity among the Welsh people.
 
=== Traditional Instruments Used in Welsh Music ===
 
Welsh music features a variety of traditional instruments that contribute to its unique sound. Here are some of the most notable instruments:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Telyn || ˈtɛlɨn || Harp
 
|-
 
| Piban || ˈpɪban || Pipe
 
|-
 
| Telyn deires || ˈtɛlɨn ˈdeɪ̯rɛs || Triple Harp
 
|-
 
| Ffidl || ˈfɪdəl || Fiddle
 
|-
 
| Basso || ˈbæsəʊ || Bass
 
|-
 
| Banjô || ˈbændʒəʊ || Banjo
 
|-
 
| Drums || drʌmz || Drums
 
|-
 
| Tablau || ˈtæblaʊ || Tambourine
 
|-
 
| Cello || ˈtʃɛloʊ || Cello
 
|-
 
| Accordion || əˈkɔːrdiən || Accordion
 
|}
 
The harp, in particular, is a symbol of Welsh culture, often associated with the enchanting melodies of traditional songs. The vibrant sound of these instruments adds to the rich tapestry of Welsh music.
 
=== Popular Dance Styles in Wales ===
 
Dance is another vital aspect of Welsh cultural heritage. Here are some popular traditional dance styles that you might find interesting:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Dawnsio || ˈdaʊ̯nsɨo || Dancing
 
|-
 
| Dawns y Ddraig || ˈdaʊ̯ns ɨ ˈðraɪɡ || Dance of the Dragon
 
|-
 
| Cwmni Dawns || ˈkʊmni daʊ̯ns || Dance Company
 
|-
 
| Cylch y Cwm || ˈkɪlχ ɨ ˈkʊm || Circle of the Valley
 
|-
 
| Codiad || ˈkɔːdɪad || Rising
 
|-
 
| Gwerin || ˈɡwɛrin || Folk Dance
 
|-
 
| Ffair y Felin || ˈfɛːr ɨ ˈvɛlɪn || Fair of the Mill
 
|-
 
| Dwy Ddawns || ˈdwiː ðaʊ̯ns || Two Dances
 
|-
 
| Cwmni || ˈkʊmni || Company
 
|-
 
| Cyd-dyn || ˈkɪð.dɪn || Group Dance
 
|}
 
Welsh folk dances are often performed at community events, including Eisteddfodau (festivals of literature, music, and performance). These dances celebrate Welsh culture and history, and they are a fantastic way to immerse yourself in the spirit of Wales.
 
=== Cultural Significance of Music and Dance ===
 
The impact of music and dance on Welsh culture cannot be overstated. They serve as a means of storytelling, preserving history, and fostering community spirit. Some key points to consider include:
 
* '''Identity:''' Music and dance are integral to defining Welsh identity.
 
* '''Unity:''' Shared songs and dances create a sense of belonging among the Welsh people.
 
* '''Celebration:''' Festivals and gatherings are often centered around music and dance, making them essential elements of social life.
 
=== Exercises for Practice ===
 
Now that we’ve explored traditional Welsh music and dance, let’s put your knowledge to the test with some exercises!
 
==== Exercise 1: Match the Song ====
 
Match the Welsh song with its English translation.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Welsh Song !! English Translation
 
|-
 
| Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau || Land of My Fathers
 
|-
 
| Calon Lân || Pure Heart
 
|-
 
| Ar Lan y Môr || By the Seaside
 
|-
 
| Dacw 'Nghariad || There’s My Love
 
|}
 
''Answers:''
 
1. Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau - Land of My Fathers
 
2. Calon Lân - Pure Heart
 
3. Ar Lan y Môr - By the Seaside
 
4. Dacw 'Nghariad - There’s My Love
 
==== Exercise 2: Identify the Instruments ====
 
Identify the following instruments used in Welsh music.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Welsh Instrument !! English
 
|-
 
| Telyn || Harp
 
|-
 
| Ffidl || Fiddle
 
|-
 
| Drums || Drums
 
|-
 
| Accordion || Accordion
 
|}
 
''Answers:''
 
1. Telyn - Harp
 
2. Ffidl - Fiddle
 
3. Drums - Drums
 
4. Accordion - Accordion
 
==== Exercise 3: Fill in the Blanks ====
 
Complete the sentences with the correct Welsh term related to music or dance.
 
1. The ________ is a traditional Welsh instrument. (Telyn)
 
2. ________ is a popular folk dance in Wales. (Gwerin)
 
3. The song "Calon Lân" means ________ in English. (Pure Heart)
 
''Answers:''
 
1. Telyn
 
2. Gwerin
 
3. Pure Heart
 
==== Exercise 4: True or False ====
 
Determine whether the following statements are true or false.
 
1. The Harp is a symbol of Welsh culture. (True)
 
2. "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" is a dance. (False)


== The Origins of Welsh Music and Dance ==
3. Welsh music has no connection to the Welsh language. (False)


Welsh music and dance have ancient roots that can be traced back to the prehistoric era. The harp, the most well-known traditional Welsh instrument, dates back to at least the 10th century. In the Middle Ages, bards were key figures in Welsh society who would compose and perform epic poems that told the stories of Welsh people.
''Answers:''


Dancing has been a part of Welsh life from even earlier times. Welsh folk dancing is still popular today and is characterised by lively steps and a sense of community that is shared between the dancers.
1. True


== Traditional Welsh Instruments ==
2. False


Welsh traditional music is centred around a variety of unique instruments, which are still played today.
3. False


One such instrument is the harp. It was once a status symbol reserved only for the wealthy, but gradually harps became more widely available, and they were used to evoke a sense of Welsh identity.
==== Exercise 5: Write about Your Favorite Song ====


Another Welsh instrument that has gained popularity in recent years is the 'crwth', a type of bowed lyre. It was widely used in Wales during the Middle Ages but fell out of use in the early modern period. With the revival of Welsh traditional music, the crwth has come back into favour.
Write a short paragraph about your favorite Welsh song. Include why you like it and what it means to you.


The 'pibgorn' (hornpipe) is yet another traditional Welsh instrument. A type of hornpipe made from a single piece of wood, it produces a distinctive sound and is one of the oldest wind instruments in Europe.
''Example Answer:''


== Welsh Traditional Songs ==
"My favorite Welsh song is 'Calon Lân.' I love it because of its beautiful melody and heartfelt lyrics. It speaks about having a pure heart, which is something I strive for in my life."


Welsh traditional music also encompasses a range of vocal songs that are typically sung in the Welsh language.
==== Exercise 6: Create a Dance Move ====


The most famous Welsh song is undoubtedly 'Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau', the Welsh national anthem. The origins of this song can be traced back to the 19th century, and it continues to evoke a powerful sense of Welsh national pride today.
Invent a new dance move that you think would fit with a traditional Welsh song. Describe the movement and the music you would use.


Other traditional Welsh songs include 'Men of Harlech', which tells the story of a battle fought in the late Middle Ages, and 'Calon Lân', a popular hymn that speaks to the purity of the heart.
''Example Answer:''


Traditional Welsh songs often feature complex harmonies and unusual melodies. They can be enjoyed at events such as concerts or Eisteddfodau, and are an important part of Welsh culture.
"I would create a dance move called 'The Dragon's Leap,' where you jump and spin like a dragon taking flight, set to the rhythm of 'Ar Lan y Môr.'"


== Welsh Traditional Dance ==
==== Exercise 7: Listening Practice ====


Welsh traditional dance is characterised by energetic footwork and an emphasis on group participation.
Find a recording of "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" and listen to it. Write down three emotions you feel while listening to the song.


One of the most well-known Welsh folk dances is the 'twmpath', which is similar to a ceilidh or a barn dance. It is generally danced in sets of eight and features complex steps and moves that are often improvised.
''Example Answers:''


Another famous Welsh dance is the 'clog', which is performed in pairs. The dance requires the dancers to hit their clogs together rhythmically, producing a distinctive sound.
1. Pride


Perhaps the most famous Welsh dance, however, is the 'Welsh Morris Dance'. This dance was once a common feature of village life and is still performed at festivals and cultural events today. It is a lively dance that typically involves men, who are dressed in colourful clothing and perform intricate footwork to a selection of traditional Welsh tunes.
2. Nostalgia


== Conclusion ==
3. Joy


Welsh music and dance are an essential part of Welsh culture. They have evolved over centuries to become a unique expression of Welsh identity and are still celebrated today. Through traditional instruments, songs, and dance, Welsh musicians and dancers continue to convey the country's rich cultural heritage for new generations to appreciate and enjoy.
==== Exercise 8: Research a Festival ====
 
Research a Welsh festival that features music and dance. Write a short report about it, including its history and significance.
 
''Example Answer:''
 
"The Eisteddfod is a festival of literature, music, and performance held annually in Wales. It celebrates Welsh culture and language, featuring competitions in singing, dancing, and poetry."
 
==== Exercise 9: Group Discussion ====
 
Discuss with a partner the role of music and dance in your culture. How do they compare to Welsh traditions?
 
''Guiding Questions:''
 
* What types of music are popular in your culture?
 
* Are there any traditional dances?
 
* How do music and dance bring people together?
 
==== Exercise 10: Create a Playlist ====
 
Compile a playlist of your top five Welsh songs. Share it with the class and explain why you chose each song.
 
''Example Answer:''
 
1. Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau - It's our national anthem.
 
2. Calon Lân - It has a beautiful melody.
 
3. Yma o Hyd - It speaks to resilience.
 
4. Ar Lan y Môr - It's perfect for summer.
 
5. Dacw 'Nghariad - It reminds me of love.
 
As we wrap up this lesson, I hope you feel more connected to the rich tapestry of Welsh culture through its music and dance. These artistic expressions are not only a joy to experience but also a window into the heart of the Welsh language and its people.


{{#seo:
{{#seo:
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|keywords=Welsh music, Welsh dance, Welsh instruments, Welsh songs, Welsh Morris Dance, Welsh Heritage
|title=Welsh Culture: Traditional Music and Dance
|description=Learn about traditional Welsh music and dance, including famous songs, instruments, and styles.
 
|keywords=Welsh music, traditional dance, Welsh culture, Eisteddfod, Welsh instruments
 
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about traditional Welsh music and dance, including famous songs, instruments, and their cultural significance.
 
}}
}}


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==Videos==
 
===Welsh traditional dance at International students dinner - Swansea ...===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_jMCsiYHTE</youtube>








==Videos==
==Sources==
* [https://www.music-workshop.co.uk/resources/blog/welsh-dance-%E2%80%93-a-living-tradition/ Welsh Dance – A Living Tradition]


===Welsh traditional dance at International students dinner - Swansea ...===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_jMCsiYHTE</youtube>




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* [[Language/Welsh/Culture/Famous-Welsh-Writers|Famous Welsh Writers]]
* [[Language/Welsh/Culture/Famous-Welsh-Writers|Famous Welsh Writers]]
* [[Language/Welsh/Culture/Holidays-and-Festivals|Holidays and Festivals]]
* [[Language/Welsh/Culture/Holidays-and-Festivals|Holidays and Festivals]]


{{Welsh-Page-Bottom}}
{{Welsh-Page-Bottom}}
<span pgnav>
{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
|[[Language/Welsh/Culture/Holidays-and-Festivals|◀️ Holidays and Festivals — Previous Lesson]]
|[[Language/Welsh/Vocabulary/Common-Hobbies|Next Lesson — Common Hobbies ▶️]]
|}
</span>

Latest revision as of 15:12, 2 August 2024

◀️ Holidays and Festivals — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Common Hobbies ▶️

Welsh-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Welsh → Culture → 0 to A1 Course → Traditional Music and Dance

Welcome to this exciting lesson on Traditional Music and Dance in Welsh culture! As your Welsh language teacher, I am thrilled to guide you through the vibrant world of Welsh music and dance, which is an essential part of our cultural heritage. Music and dance not only bring people together but also serve as a means of expressing identity, history, and tradition.

In this lesson, we will explore a variety of aspects related to traditional Welsh music and dance, including famous songs, instruments, and dance styles. You will learn about the cultural significance of these art forms and how they connect to the Welsh language. As beginners, you will find that understanding these elements can enhance your appreciation of the language and its speakers.

Outline of the Lesson:

  • Introduction to Traditional Welsh Music and Dance
  • Famous Traditional Welsh Songs
  • Traditional Instruments Used in Welsh Music
  • Popular Dance Styles in Wales
  • Cultural Significance of Music and Dance
  • Exercises for Practice

Introduction to Traditional Welsh Music and Dance[edit | edit source]

Traditional Welsh music and dance have deep roots in the history of Wales, reflecting the unique identity of the Welsh people. From the haunting melodies of folk songs to the lively rhythms of traditional dances, these art forms have been passed down through generations, often bringing communities together during festivals and celebrations. Understanding this music and dance will not only enrich your language learning experience but also give you a glimpse into the heart of Welsh culture.

Famous Traditional Welsh Songs[edit | edit source]

Welsh music is renowned for its emotional depth and beautiful melodies. Here are some famous traditional songs that you might encounter:

Welsh Pronunciation English
Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau hɛn wlad vɪ ˈnaðai̯ Land of My Fathers
Calon Lân ˈkalɔn lɑːn Pure Heart
Ar Lan y Môr ar lan ɨ mɔːr By the Seaside
Yma o Hyd ɨma o hiːd Here to Stay
Mae Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau maɪ hɛn wlad vɪ ˈnaðai̯ Our Land of My Fathers
Dacw 'Nghariad ˈdaku ɪŋˈɡarjad There’s My Love
Clychau Abertawe klɨˈχaʊ̯ aˈbɛrtaʊ̯ Bells of Swansea
Llyn y Fan Fach l̥ɪn ɨ væn vaχ Lake of the Little Fairy
Ffarwel i’r Llyn ˈfaːr.wɛl iːr l̥ɪn Farewell to the Lake
Oes Gennym Ni ɔɪ̯s ɡɛnɨm nɪ We Are Alive

These songs range from national anthems to heartfelt ballads and have become a part of Wales's national identity. They are often sung at sporting events and during festivals, creating a sense of unity among the Welsh people.

Traditional Instruments Used in Welsh Music[edit | edit source]

Welsh music features a variety of traditional instruments that contribute to its unique sound. Here are some of the most notable instruments:

Welsh Pronunciation English
Telyn ˈtɛlɨn Harp
Piban ˈpɪban Pipe
Telyn deires ˈtɛlɨn ˈdeɪ̯rɛs Triple Harp
Ffidl ˈfɪdəl Fiddle
Basso ˈbæsəʊ Bass
Banjô ˈbændʒəʊ Banjo
Drums drʌmz Drums
Tablau ˈtæblaʊ Tambourine
Cello ˈtʃɛloʊ Cello
Accordion əˈkɔːrdiən Accordion

The harp, in particular, is a symbol of Welsh culture, often associated with the enchanting melodies of traditional songs. The vibrant sound of these instruments adds to the rich tapestry of Welsh music.

Popular Dance Styles in Wales[edit | edit source]

Dance is another vital aspect of Welsh cultural heritage. Here are some popular traditional dance styles that you might find interesting:

Welsh Pronunciation English
Dawnsio ˈdaʊ̯nsɨo Dancing
Dawns y Ddraig ˈdaʊ̯ns ɨ ˈðraɪɡ Dance of the Dragon
Cwmni Dawns ˈkʊmni daʊ̯ns Dance Company
Cylch y Cwm ˈkɪlχ ɨ ˈkʊm Circle of the Valley
Codiad ˈkɔːdɪad Rising
Gwerin ˈɡwɛrin Folk Dance
Ffair y Felin ˈfɛːr ɨ ˈvɛlɪn Fair of the Mill
Dwy Ddawns ˈdwiː ðaʊ̯ns Two Dances
Cwmni ˈkʊmni Company
Cyd-dyn ˈkɪð.dɪn Group Dance

Welsh folk dances are often performed at community events, including Eisteddfodau (festivals of literature, music, and performance). These dances celebrate Welsh culture and history, and they are a fantastic way to immerse yourself in the spirit of Wales.

Cultural Significance of Music and Dance[edit | edit source]

The impact of music and dance on Welsh culture cannot be overstated. They serve as a means of storytelling, preserving history, and fostering community spirit. Some key points to consider include:

  • Identity: Music and dance are integral to defining Welsh identity.
  • Unity: Shared songs and dances create a sense of belonging among the Welsh people.
  • Celebration: Festivals and gatherings are often centered around music and dance, making them essential elements of social life.

Exercises for Practice[edit | edit source]

Now that we’ve explored traditional Welsh music and dance, let’s put your knowledge to the test with some exercises!

Exercise 1: Match the Song[edit | edit source]

Match the Welsh song with its English translation.

Welsh Song English Translation
Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Land of My Fathers
Calon Lân Pure Heart
Ar Lan y Môr By the Seaside
Dacw 'Nghariad There’s My Love

Answers:

1. Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau - Land of My Fathers

2. Calon Lân - Pure Heart

3. Ar Lan y Môr - By the Seaside

4. Dacw 'Nghariad - There’s My Love

Exercise 2: Identify the Instruments[edit | edit source]

Identify the following instruments used in Welsh music.

Welsh Instrument English
Telyn Harp
Ffidl Fiddle
Drums Drums
Accordion Accordion

Answers:

1. Telyn - Harp

2. Ffidl - Fiddle

3. Drums - Drums

4. Accordion - Accordion

Exercise 3: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the correct Welsh term related to music or dance.

1. The ________ is a traditional Welsh instrument. (Telyn)

2. ________ is a popular folk dance in Wales. (Gwerin)

3. The song "Calon Lân" means ________ in English. (Pure Heart)

Answers:

1. Telyn

2. Gwerin

3. Pure Heart

Exercise 4: True or False[edit | edit source]

Determine whether the following statements are true or false.

1. The Harp is a symbol of Welsh culture. (True)

2. "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" is a dance. (False)

3. Welsh music has no connection to the Welsh language. (False)

Answers:

1. True

2. False

3. False

Exercise 5: Write about Your Favorite Song[edit | edit source]

Write a short paragraph about your favorite Welsh song. Include why you like it and what it means to you.

Example Answer:

"My favorite Welsh song is 'Calon Lân.' I love it because of its beautiful melody and heartfelt lyrics. It speaks about having a pure heart, which is something I strive for in my life."

Exercise 6: Create a Dance Move[edit | edit source]

Invent a new dance move that you think would fit with a traditional Welsh song. Describe the movement and the music you would use.

Example Answer:

"I would create a dance move called 'The Dragon's Leap,' where you jump and spin like a dragon taking flight, set to the rhythm of 'Ar Lan y Môr.'"

Exercise 7: Listening Practice[edit | edit source]

Find a recording of "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" and listen to it. Write down three emotions you feel while listening to the song.

Example Answers:

1. Pride

2. Nostalgia

3. Joy

Exercise 8: Research a Festival[edit | edit source]

Research a Welsh festival that features music and dance. Write a short report about it, including its history and significance.

Example Answer:

"The Eisteddfod is a festival of literature, music, and performance held annually in Wales. It celebrates Welsh culture and language, featuring competitions in singing, dancing, and poetry."

Exercise 9: Group Discussion[edit | edit source]

Discuss with a partner the role of music and dance in your culture. How do they compare to Welsh traditions?

Guiding Questions:

  • What types of music are popular in your culture?
  • Are there any traditional dances?
  • How do music and dance bring people together?

Exercise 10: Create a Playlist[edit | edit source]

Compile a playlist of your top five Welsh songs. Share it with the class and explain why you chose each song.

Example Answer:

1. Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau - It's our national anthem.

2. Calon Lân - It has a beautiful melody.

3. Yma o Hyd - It speaks to resilience.

4. Ar Lan y Môr - It's perfect for summer.

5. Dacw 'Nghariad - It reminds me of love.

As we wrap up this lesson, I hope you feel more connected to the rich tapestry of Welsh culture through its music and dance. These artistic expressions are not only a joy to experience but also a window into the heart of the Welsh language and its people.

Table of Contents - Welsh Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Greetings and Introductions


Pronouns and Verbs


Numbers and Time


Questions and Negation


Family and Relationships


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Drink


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Welsh Traditions and Celebrations


Hobbies and Leisure


Present Continuous and Future


Travel and Transportation


Welsh Literature and History

Videos[edit | edit source]

Welsh traditional dance at International students dinner - Swansea ...[edit | edit source]



Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]




◀️ Holidays and Festivals — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Common Hobbies ▶️

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