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{{Galician-Page-Top}}
{{Galician-Page-Top}}
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Galician|Galician]]  → [[Language/Galician/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Galician/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Nouns and Articles → Gender and Number</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Galician|Galician]]  → [[Language/Galician/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Galician/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Gender and Number</div>
 
Welcome to this lesson on '''Gender and Number''' in Galician! Understanding these concepts is essential for beginners, as they lay the foundation for constructing sentences, using articles correctly, and ultimately communicating effectively in Galician.
 
In many languages, including Galician, nouns have a gender, which can be either masculine or feminine. Additionally, nouns can be singular or plural. This lesson will guide you through these concepts, providing you with the tools you need to master the basics of Galician grammar.
 
=== Lesson Structure ===
 
1. '''Introduction to Gender and Number'''
 
2. '''Gender of Nouns'''
 
* Masculine Nouns
 
* Feminine Nouns
 
3. '''Number of Nouns'''
 
* Singular Nouns
 
* Plural Nouns
 
4. '''Articles and Their Agreement'''
 
* Definite Articles
 
* Indefinite Articles
 
5. '''Examples of Gender and Number'''
 
6. '''Exercises and Solutions'''
 
7. '''Conclusion'''


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== Introduction to Gender and Number ===
 
In Galician, every noun is assigned a gender, which affects the form of articles and adjectives that accompany it. This classification is not only a grammatical necessity but is also deeply rooted in the language's structure and history.
 
Understanding gender and number is crucial because they dictate how nouns interact with other components of the sentence. For example, if you want to say "the cat" or "a cat," knowing whether "cat" is masculine or feminine will determine which article you should use.


Welcome to the lesson on gender and number in Galician nouns and articles. Understanding the concepts of gender and number is crucial for mastering Galician grammar. In this lesson, we will explore how gender and number affect the usage of articles in Galician. We will delve into the details of noun gender, noun endings, article agreement, and exceptions to the rules. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of how to correctly use articles with nouns in Galician.
Let's dive deeper into the concepts of gender and number!


== Gender and Number in Galician Nouns ==
=== Gender of Nouns ===


In Galician, like in many other Romance languages, nouns are classified into genders: masculine and feminine. Unlike English, where gender is often determined by the biological sex of the object, Galician nouns have grammatical gender. This means that even inanimate objects have a gender assignment. Let's take a closer look at how gender is determined in Galician nouns.
In Galician, nouns are classified into two genders: '''masculine''' and '''feminine'''.  


=== Noun Gender ===
==== Masculine Nouns ====


In Galician, the gender of a noun is not always predictable based on its meaning. There are some general rules that can help you determine the gender of a noun, but there are also many exceptions. Here are some guidelines to keep in mind:
Masculine nouns typically end in '''-o'''. Here are some examples:


1. Nouns ending in -o are usually masculine. For example:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| libro || /ˈli.βɾo/ || book
 
| gato || ˈɡato || cat
 
|-
|-
| gato || /ˈɡa.to/ || cat
 
| libro || ˈli.βɾo || book
 
|-
|-
| coche || /ˈko.tʃe/ || car
|}


2. Nouns ending in -a are usually feminine. For example:
| coche || ˈkotʃe || car
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| casa || /ˈka.sa/ || house
 
| amigo || aˈmi.ɡo || friend (male)
 
|-
|-
| mañá || /ma.ˈɲa/ || morning
 
|-
| río || ˈri.o || river
| palabra || /pal.ˈa.bɾa/ || word
 
|}
|}


3. Nouns ending in -e can be either masculine or feminine. For example:
==== Feminine Nouns ====
 
Feminine nouns, on the other hand, generally end in '''-a'''. Here are some examples:
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| leite || /ˈlej.te/ || milk
 
| gata || ˈɡata || cat (female)
 
|-
|-
| serpente || /sɛɾ.ˈpen.te/ || snake
|}


4. Nouns ending in -ción, -sión, or -zón are usually feminine. For example:
| casa || ˈka.sa || house
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| canción || /kan.ˈθi̯on/ || song
 
| mesa || ˈme.sa || table
 
|-
|-
| ilusión || /i.lu.ˈθjon/ || illusion
 
| amiga || aˈmi.ɡa || friend (female)
 
|-
|-
| razón || /ra.ˈθon/ || reason
 
| rúa || ˈru.a || street
 
|}
|}


5. Nouns ending in -or or -án are usually masculine. For example:
=== Number of Nouns ===
 
Nouns in Galician can also change based on their number — that is, whether they are singular or plural.
 
==== Singular Nouns ====
 
Singular nouns refer to one item. Here are some examples:
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| amor || /a.ˈmoɾ/ || love
 
| libro || ˈli.βɾo || book
 
|-
|-
| pan || /ˈpan/ || bread
 
| coche || ˈkotʃe || car
 
|-
|-
| sol || /ˈsol/ || sun
|}


It is important to note that these are general guidelines, and there are many exceptions to these rules. The best way to determine the gender of a noun is to consult a reliable Galician dictionary or to learn the gender along with the noun when you first encounter it.
| casa || ˈka.sa || house


=== Noun Number ===
|-


In addition to gender, nouns in Galician can also be singular or plural. The singular form refers to a single object, while the plural form refers to multiple objects. Here are some rules to form the plural of Galician nouns:
| río || ˈri.o || river


1. Nouns ending in -o in the singular form usually change to -os in the plural form. For example:
{| class="wikitable"
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| libro (singular) || /ˈli.βɾo/ || book
 
|-
| amiga || aˈmi.ɡa || friend (female)
| libros (plural) || /ˈli.bɾos/ || books
 
|}
|}


2. Nouns ending in -a in the singular form usually change to -as in the plural form. For example:
==== Plural Nouns ====
 
To form plural nouns, Galician generally adds an '''-s''' or '''-es''' to the end of the singular form, depending on the noun's ending. Here are examples of plural nouns:
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| casa (singular) || /ˈka.sa/ || house
 
| libros || ˈli.βɾos || books
 
|-
|-
| casas (plural) || /ˈka.sas/ || houses
|}


3. Nouns ending in -e in the singular form usually change to -es in the plural form. For example:
| coches || ˈkotʃes || cars
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| leite (singular) || /ˈlej.te/ || milk
 
| casas || ˈka.sas || houses
 
|-
|-
| leites (plural) || /ˈlej.tes/ || milks
|}


4. Nouns ending in -l or -n in the singular form usually add -s in the plural form. For example:
| ríos || ˈri.os || rivers
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| sol (singular) || /ˈsol/ || sun
 
|-
| amigas || aˈmi.ɡas || friends (female)
| soles (plural) || /ˈso.les/ || suns
 
|-
| pan (singular) || /ˈpan/ || bread
|-
| pans (plural) || /ˈpans/ || breads
|}
|}


Again, it is important to note that there are exceptions to these rules, and some nouns have irregular plural forms. It is best to consult a dictionary or a reliable resource when you encounter a noun with an irregular plural form.
=== Articles and Their Agreement ===


== Articles in Galician ==
In Galician, articles must agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.


Now that we have explored gender and number in Galician nouns, let's move on to how they affect the usage of articles. In Galician, just like in other Romance languages, articles are used before nouns to indicate definiteness or indefiniteness. There are definite and indefinite articles in Galician, and their forms change according to the gender and number of the noun they accompany.
==== Definite Articles ====


=== Definite Articles ===
The definite article "the" in Galician is:


Definite articles are used to refer to specific or known objects. In Galician, the definite articles are:
* '''o''' for masculine singular nouns


- Masculine singular: o
* '''a''' for feminine singular nouns
- Feminine singular: a
 
- Masculine plural: os
* '''os''' for masculine plural nouns
- Feminine plural: as
 
* '''as''' for feminine plural nouns
 
For example:
 
* '''o gato''' (the cat - masculine)
 
* '''a gata''' (the cat - feminine)
 
* '''os gatos''' (the cats - masculine)
 
* '''as gatas''' (the cats - feminine)
 
==== Indefinite Articles ====
 
The indefinite article "a" or "an" in Galician is:
 
* '''un''' for masculine singular nouns
 
* '''una''' for feminine singular nouns
 
* '''uns''' for masculine plural nouns
 
* '''uns''' for feminine plural nouns
 
For example:
 
* '''un gato''' (a cat - masculine)
 
* '''una gata''' (a cat - feminine)
 
* '''uns gatos''' (some cats - masculine)
 
* '''unas gatas''' (some cats - feminine)
 
=== Examples of Gender and Number ===
 
To solidify your understanding, let's look at some more examples that illustrate gender and number in Galician:


Here are some examples of definite articles in Galician:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| o libro || /o ˈli.βɾo/ || the book
 
| un libro || un ˈli.βɾo || a book
 
|-
|-
| a casa || /a ˈka.sa/ || the house
 
| unha casa || unˈa ˈka.sa || a house
 
|-
|-
| os gatos || /os ˈɡa.tos/ || the cats
 
| os libros || os ˈli.βɾos || the books
 
|-
|-
| as palabras || /as pal.ˈa.bɾas/ || the words
|}


As you can see from the examples, the definite articles agree in gender and number with the nouns they accompany. The form of the definite article changes depending on the gender and number of the noun.
| as casas || as ˈka.sas || the houses
 
|-


=== Indefinite Articles ===
| un coche || un ˈkotʃe || a car


Indefinite articles are used to refer to non-specific or unknown objects. In Galician, the indefinite articles are:
|-


- Masculine singular: un
| unha mesa || unˈa ˈme.sa || a table
- Feminine singular: unha
- Masculine plural: uns
- Feminine plural: unhas


Here are some examples of indefinite articles in Galician:
{| class="wikitable"
! Galician !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| un libro || /un ˈli.βɾo/ || a book
 
| uns coches || uns ˈkotʃes || some cars
 
|-
|-
| unha casa || /ˈu.na ˈka.sa/ || a house
 
| unhas mesas || unas ˈme.sas || some tables
 
|-
|-
| uns gatos || /uns ˈɡa.tos/ || some cats
 
| o río || o ˈri.o || the river
 
|-
|-
| unhas palabras || /ˈu.ɲas pal.ˈa.bɾas/ || some words
 
| a rúa || a ˈru.a || the street
 
|}
|}


Similar to the definite articles, the indefinite articles also agree in gender and number with the nouns they accompany.
=== Exercises and Solutions ===
 
Now it’s time to put your knowledge to the test! Here are some exercises that will help you practice what you've learned about gender and number in Galician.
 
==== Exercise 1: Identify the Gender ====
 
For each noun, identify whether it is masculine (M) or feminine (F).
 
1. gato
 
2. mesa


=== Cultural Insight: Regional Variation in Article Usage ===
3. coche


It is interesting to note that there are some regional variations in the usage of articles in Galicia. In some areas, especially in rural dialects, the definite articles "o" and "a" are often pronounced as "u" and "a" respectively. This pronunciation variation is known as "gheada" and is considered a characteristic feature of Galician speech in those regions. For example, instead of saying "o libro" (the book), people might pronounce it as "u libro." This is an important cultural aspect to be aware of when learning and experiencing different dialects of Galician.
4. rúa


== Exercises ==
5. amigo


Now it's time to put your knowledge into practice. Complete the following exercises to solidify your understanding of gender and number in Galician nouns and articles.
''Solutions:''


Exercise 1: Gender Identification
1. M
Identify the gender of the following nouns by writing M for masculine or F for feminine:


1. casa
2. F
2. sol
3. libro
4. mañá
5. gato
6. leite
7. canción
8. serpente


Solution:
1. F
2. M
3. M
3. M
4. F
4. F
5. M
5. M
6. M
7. F
8. F


Exercise 2: Plural Formation
==== Exercise 2: Singular or Plural ====
Form the plural of the following nouns:
 
Determine whether the following nouns are singular or plural.
 
1. libros


1. libro
2. casa
2. casa
3. leite
4. sol
5. pan


Solution:
3. gatas
1. libros
 
4. amigo
 
5. coches
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. Plural
 
2. Singular
 
3. Plural
 
4. Singular
 
5. Plural
 
==== Exercise 3: Fill in the Blanks with the Correct Article ====
 
Fill in the blanks with the correct definite article (o/a/os/as) or indefinite article (un/una/uns/unas).
 
1. ___ gato (the cat)
 
2. ___ gatas (the cats)
 
3. ___ libro (a book)
 
4. ___ casas (some houses)
 
5. ___ coche (a car)
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. o
 
2. as
 
3. un
 
4. unhas
 
5. un
 
==== Exercise 4: Choose the Correct Form ====
 
Choose the correct form of the noun based on the context.
 
1. (gato/gata) - "The female cat is cute."
 
2. (libros/libro) - "I read two (books)."
 
3. (amigos/amiga) - "She is a good (friend)."
 
4. (coche/coche) - "I have a (car)."
 
5. (ríos/río) - "The (river) is beautiful."
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. gata
 
2. libros
 
3. amiga
 
4. coche
 
5. río
 
==== Exercise 5: Translate the Sentence ====
 
Translate the following sentence into Galician: "I have a car and a friend."
 
''Solution:''
 
"Teño un coche e unha amiga."
 
==== Exercise 6: Create a Plural Noun ====
 
Create the plural form of the following nouns.
 
1. gato
 
2. casa
 
3. amigo
 
4. mesa
 
5. coche
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. gatos
 
2. casas
2. casas
3. leites
4. soles
5. pans


Exercise 3: Article Agreement
3. amigos
Choose the correct definite or indefinite article to agree with the gender and number of the noun:
 
4. mesas
 
5. coches
 
==== Exercise 7: Match the Noun with Its Article ====
 
Match the following nouns with their correct articles.
 
1. _____ río
 
2. _____ gata
 
3. _____ libros
 
4. _____ mesa
 
5. _____ coches
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. o
 
2. a


1. ___ libro
3. os
2. ___ casas
3. ___ gato
4. ___ palabras
5. ___ mañá
6. ___ serpentes


Solution:
4. a
1. O
2. As
3. Un
4. As
5. A
6. As


== Conclusion ==
5. os


Congratulations! You have successfully completed the lesson on gender and number in Galician nouns and articles. By understanding the gender and number of nouns, as well as the agreement of articles, you are now equipped to use articles correctly in Galician. Remember to continue practicing and exposing yourself to Galician language and culture to further enhance your skills. Keep up the great work!
==== Exercise 8: Identify the Mistake ====
 
Identify and correct the mistake in the following sentences.
 
1. "A gato é bonito."
 
2. "Unas amigas están aquí."
 
3. "Os casa son grandes."
 
4. "Un coche é novo."
 
5. "As ríos son limpos."
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. "O gato é bonito." (correcting the article)
 
2. Correct.
 
3. "As casas son grandes." (correcting the number)
 
4. Correct.
 
5. "Os ríos son limpos." (correcting the article)
 
==== Exercise 9: Write Your Own Sentence ====
 
Write a sentence using both a masculine and a feminine noun with their articles.
 
''Example Solution:''
 
"Un gato e unha gata están xogando." (A cat and a female cat are playing.)
 
==== Exercise 10: Gender and Number Quiz ====
 
1. What is the gender of "coche"?
 
2. How do you make "amiga" plural?
 
3. Which article would you use for "a gata"?
 
4. Is "libros" singular or plural?
 
5. What is the feminine form of "amigo"?
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. Masculine
 
2. Amigas
 
3. A
 
4. Plural
 
5. Amiga
 
=== Conclusion ===
 
Congratulations! You have now taken your first steps into the world of Galician grammar by learning about gender and number. Understanding these concepts will make it easier for you to communicate effectively and build upon your knowledge in future lessons.  
 
Keep practicing, and don’t hesitate to revisit this lesson whenever you need a refresher. Happy learning!


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==Sources==
==Sources==

Latest revision as of 09:35, 2 August 2024

◀️ Definite and Indefinite Articles — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Family Members ▶️

Galician-Language-PolyglotClub.png
GalicianGrammar0 to A1 Course → Gender and Number

Welcome to this lesson on Gender and Number in Galician! Understanding these concepts is essential for beginners, as they lay the foundation for constructing sentences, using articles correctly, and ultimately communicating effectively in Galician.

In many languages, including Galician, nouns have a gender, which can be either masculine or feminine. Additionally, nouns can be singular or plural. This lesson will guide you through these concepts, providing you with the tools you need to master the basics of Galician grammar.

Lesson Structure[edit | edit source]

1. Introduction to Gender and Number

2. Gender of Nouns

  • Masculine Nouns
  • Feminine Nouns

3. Number of Nouns

  • Singular Nouns
  • Plural Nouns

4. Articles and Their Agreement

  • Definite Articles
  • Indefinite Articles

5. Examples of Gender and Number

6. Exercises and Solutions

7. Conclusion

Introduction to Gender and Number[edit | edit source]

In Galician, every noun is assigned a gender, which affects the form of articles and adjectives that accompany it. This classification is not only a grammatical necessity but is also deeply rooted in the language's structure and history.

Understanding gender and number is crucial because they dictate how nouns interact with other components of the sentence. For example, if you want to say "the cat" or "a cat," knowing whether "cat" is masculine or feminine will determine which article you should use.

Let's dive deeper into the concepts of gender and number!

Gender of Nouns[edit | edit source]

In Galician, nouns are classified into two genders: masculine and feminine.

Masculine Nouns[edit | edit source]

Masculine nouns typically end in -o. Here are some examples:

Galician Pronunciation English
gato ˈɡato cat
libro ˈli.βɾo book
coche ˈkotʃe car
amigo aˈmi.ɡo friend (male)
río ˈri.o river

Feminine Nouns[edit | edit source]

Feminine nouns, on the other hand, generally end in -a. Here are some examples:

Galician Pronunciation English
gata ˈɡata cat (female)
casa ˈka.sa house
mesa ˈme.sa table
amiga aˈmi.ɡa friend (female)
rúa ˈru.a street

Number of Nouns[edit | edit source]

Nouns in Galician can also change based on their number — that is, whether they are singular or plural.

Singular Nouns[edit | edit source]

Singular nouns refer to one item. Here are some examples:

Galician Pronunciation English
libro ˈli.βɾo book
coche ˈkotʃe car
casa ˈka.sa house
río ˈri.o river
amiga aˈmi.ɡa friend (female)

Plural Nouns[edit | edit source]

To form plural nouns, Galician generally adds an -s or -es to the end of the singular form, depending on the noun's ending. Here are examples of plural nouns:

Galician Pronunciation English
libros ˈli.βɾos books
coches ˈkotʃes cars
casas ˈka.sas houses
ríos ˈri.os rivers
amigas aˈmi.ɡas friends (female)

Articles and Their Agreement[edit | edit source]

In Galician, articles must agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.

Definite Articles[edit | edit source]

The definite article "the" in Galician is:

  • o for masculine singular nouns
  • a for feminine singular nouns
  • os for masculine plural nouns
  • as for feminine plural nouns

For example:

  • o gato (the cat - masculine)
  • a gata (the cat - feminine)
  • os gatos (the cats - masculine)
  • as gatas (the cats - feminine)

Indefinite Articles[edit | edit source]

The indefinite article "a" or "an" in Galician is:

  • un for masculine singular nouns
  • una for feminine singular nouns
  • uns for masculine plural nouns
  • uns for feminine plural nouns

For example:

  • un gato (a cat - masculine)
  • una gata (a cat - feminine)
  • uns gatos (some cats - masculine)
  • unas gatas (some cats - feminine)

Examples of Gender and Number[edit | edit source]

To solidify your understanding, let's look at some more examples that illustrate gender and number in Galician:

Galician Pronunciation English
un libro un ˈli.βɾo a book
unha casa unˈa ˈka.sa a house
os libros os ˈli.βɾos the books
as casas as ˈka.sas the houses
un coche un ˈkotʃe a car
unha mesa unˈa ˈme.sa a table
uns coches uns ˈkotʃes some cars
unhas mesas unas ˈme.sas some tables
o río o ˈri.o the river
a rúa a ˈru.a the street

Exercises and Solutions[edit | edit source]

Now it’s time to put your knowledge to the test! Here are some exercises that will help you practice what you've learned about gender and number in Galician.

Exercise 1: Identify the Gender[edit | edit source]

For each noun, identify whether it is masculine (M) or feminine (F).

1. gato

2. mesa

3. coche

4. rúa

5. amigo

Solutions:

1. M

2. F

3. M

4. F

5. M

Exercise 2: Singular or Plural[edit | edit source]

Determine whether the following nouns are singular or plural.

1. libros

2. casa

3. gatas

4. amigo

5. coches

Solutions:

1. Plural

2. Singular

3. Plural

4. Singular

5. Plural

Exercise 3: Fill in the Blanks with the Correct Article[edit | edit source]

Fill in the blanks with the correct definite article (o/a/os/as) or indefinite article (un/una/uns/unas).

1. ___ gato (the cat)

2. ___ gatas (the cats)

3. ___ libro (a book)

4. ___ casas (some houses)

5. ___ coche (a car)

Solutions:

1. o

2. as

3. un

4. unhas

5. un

Exercise 4: Choose the Correct Form[edit | edit source]

Choose the correct form of the noun based on the context.

1. (gato/gata) - "The female cat is cute."

2. (libros/libro) - "I read two (books)."

3. (amigos/amiga) - "She is a good (friend)."

4. (coche/coche) - "I have a (car)."

5. (ríos/río) - "The (river) is beautiful."

Solutions:

1. gata

2. libros

3. amiga

4. coche

5. río

Exercise 5: Translate the Sentence[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentence into Galician: "I have a car and a friend."

Solution:

"Teño un coche e unha amiga."

Exercise 6: Create a Plural Noun[edit | edit source]

Create the plural form of the following nouns.

1. gato

2. casa

3. amigo

4. mesa

5. coche

Solutions:

1. gatos

2. casas

3. amigos

4. mesas

5. coches

Exercise 7: Match the Noun with Its Article[edit | edit source]

Match the following nouns with their correct articles.

1. _____ río

2. _____ gata

3. _____ libros

4. _____ mesa

5. _____ coches

Solutions:

1. o

2. a

3. os

4. a

5. os

Exercise 8: Identify the Mistake[edit | edit source]

Identify and correct the mistake in the following sentences.

1. "A gato é bonito."

2. "Unas amigas están aquí."

3. "Os casa son grandes."

4. "Un coche é novo."

5. "As ríos son limpos."

Solutions:

1. "O gato é bonito." (correcting the article)

2. Correct.

3. "As casas son grandes." (correcting the number)

4. Correct.

5. "Os ríos son limpos." (correcting the article)

Exercise 9: Write Your Own Sentence[edit | edit source]

Write a sentence using both a masculine and a feminine noun with their articles.

Example Solution:

"Un gato e unha gata están xogando." (A cat and a female cat are playing.)

Exercise 10: Gender and Number Quiz[edit | edit source]

1. What is the gender of "coche"?

2. How do you make "amiga" plural?

3. Which article would you use for "a gata"?

4. Is "libros" singular or plural?

5. What is the feminine form of "amigo"?

Solutions:

1. Masculine

2. Amigas

3. A

4. Plural

5. Amiga

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations! You have now taken your first steps into the world of Galician grammar by learning about gender and number. Understanding these concepts will make it easier for you to communicate effectively and build upon your knowledge in future lessons.

Keep practicing, and don’t hesitate to revisit this lesson whenever you need a refresher. Happy learning!

Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]




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