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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Standard-estonian|Standard Estonian]]  → [[Language/Standard-estonian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Standard-estonian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Conjunctions</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Standard-estonian|Standard Estonian]]  → [[Language/Standard-estonian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Standard-estonian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Conjunctions</div>
Understanding conjunctions in Standard Estonian is essential for anyone looking to create more complex and expressive sentences. Conjunctions serve as the glue that holds our sentences together, allowing us to connect words, phrases, and clauses in a seamless and coherent manner. In this lesson, we will explore various types of conjunctions in Estonian, their usage, and provide plenty of examples to illustrate how they function in sentences.
'''Lesson Structure:'''
1. '''Introduction to Conjunctions'''
2. '''Types of Conjunctions'''
* Coordinating Conjunctions
* Subordinating Conjunctions
3. '''Using Conjunctions in Sentences'''
4. '''Practice Exercises'''
5. '''Solutions and Explanations'''


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== Introduction to Conjunctions ===


In this lesson, we will explore the topic of conjunctions in Standard Estonian grammar. Conjunctions are an essential part of any language, as they are used to connect words, phrases, and clauses, allowing us to form complex sentences and convey more nuanced meanings. By mastering conjunctions, you will be able to express yourself more effectively and create a variety of sentence structures in Estonian.
Conjunctions are critical in Estonian grammar, as they enable speakers to link thoughts and ideas smoothly. By utilizing conjunctions effectively, you can elevate your language skills from simple statements to more intricate expressions. Understanding how to use conjunctions will also help you in listening and reading comprehension, as they often signal relationships between ideas.


Throughout this lesson, we will delve into the details of conjunctions, providing numerous examples to illustrate each point. We will also explore any regional variations in the usage or understanding of conjunctions and discuss any historical reasons for these differences. Additionally, we will share interesting cultural facts and anecdotes related to conjunctions in Estonian, enriching your understanding of the language and its cultural context.
=== Types of Conjunctions ===


To ensure a comprehensive learning experience, we have included a series of exercises and practice scenarios for you to apply what you have learned. These exercises will help you reinforce your understanding of conjunctions and develop your skills in using them correctly. Solutions and explanations will be provided to assist you in self-assessment and further learning.
Estonian has two primary types of conjunctions: '''coordinating conjunctions''' and '''subordinating conjunctions'''. Let’s delve into each type.


Let's begin our exploration of conjunctions in Standard Estonian!
==== Coordinating Conjunctions ====


Coordinating conjunctions join words, phrases, or independent clauses that are of equal importance. The most common coordinating conjunctions in Estonian include:


== Understanding Conjunctions ==
* '''ja''' (and)


Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, and clauses, enabling us to express relationships and create complex sentences. They serve as bridges between different parts of a sentence, allowing us to convey meaning in a more precise and nuanced manner.
* '''või''' (or)


In Estonian, conjunctions are used in a similar way to other languages, such as English. They can connect words, phrases, or clauses, and they can express various relationships, such as addition, contrast, cause and effect, condition, purpose, and time.
* '''aga''' (but)


Let's take a closer look at some common conjunctions in Estonian and how they are used:
* '''kuid''' (but)


=== 1. "ja" (and) ===
* '''ning''' (and)


The conjunction "ja" is used to connect words, phrases, or clauses that are similar or related in meaning. It indicates addition and creates a cumulative effect in the sentence.
Here are some examples:


Example:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Standard Estonian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Standard Estonian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Ma armastan õunu '''ja''' pirne. || Ma armastan õunu ja pirne. || I love apples '''and''' pears.
 
| Ma armastan kohvi ja teed. || ma ar-mas-tan koh-vi ja teed || I love coffee and tea.
 
|-
|-
| Ta on sõbralik '''ja''' abivalmis. || Ta on sõbralik ja abivalmis. || He/She is friendly '''and''' helpful.
 
| Kas sa tahad õuna või banaani? || kas sa ta-had õu-na või ba-naa-ni || Do you want an apple or a banana?
 
|-
|-
| Lugesin raamatut '''ja''' kuulasin muusikat. || Lugesin raamatut ja kuulasin muusikat. || I read a book '''and''' listened to music.
|}


=== 2. "või" (or) ===
| Ta on tark, aga laisk. || ta on tark, a-ga laisk || He is smart, but lazy.
 
|-


The conjunction "või" is used to present alternatives or options. It indicates a choice between two or more possibilities.
| Ma tulen, kuid hiljem. || ma tu-len, kuid hil-jem || I will come, but later.


Example:
{| class="wikitable"
! Standard Estonian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Kas sa tahad kohvi '''või''' teed? || Kas sa tahad kohvi või teed? || Do you want coffee '''or''' tea?
 
|-
| Meie mängime, ning nad vaatavad. || mei-e mäng-i-me, ning nad va-a-ta-vad || We are playing, and they are watching.
| Kas sa lähed kinosse '''või''' teatrisse? || Kas sa lähed kinosse või teatrisse? || Are you going to the cinema '''or''' the theater?
 
|-
| Võid valida kas õuna '''või''' pirni. || Võid valida kas õuna või pirni. || You can choose either an apple '''or''' a pear.
|}
|}


=== 3. "aga" (but) ===
==== Subordinating Conjunctions ====
 
Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses and connect them to independent clauses. Common subordinating conjunctions in Estonian include:
 
* '''sest''' (because)
 
* '''kui''' (if)
 
* '''kuigi''' (although)
 
* '''et''' (that)


The conjunction "aga" is used to express contrast or contradiction. It indicates a shift in the sentence, introducing a contrasting element.
* '''kuni''' (until)
 
Here are some examples:


Example:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Standard Estonian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Standard Estonian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Ta on väsinud, '''aga''' õnnelik. || Ta on väsinud, aga õnnelik. || He/She is tired, '''but''' happy.
 
| Ma tulen, sest mul on vaba päev. || ma tu-len, sest mul on va-ba päev || I am coming because I have a day off.
 
|-
|-
| Ma tahtsin minna välja, '''aga''' ilm oli halb. || Ma tahtsin minna välja, aga ilm oli halb. || I wanted to go out, '''but''' the weather was bad.
 
| Kui sa tuled, siis me lähme. || kui sa tu-led, siis me läh-me || If you come, then we will go.
 
|-
|-
| Tal on palju tööd, '''aga''' ta ei kaeba. || Tal on palju tööd, aga ta ei kaeba. || He/She has a lot of work, '''but''' he/she doesn't complain.
|}


=== 4. "sest" (because) ===
| Kuigi see on kallis, ostan ma selle. || kui-gi se on kal-lis, os-tan ma sel-le || Although it is expensive, I will buy it.
 
|-


The conjunction "sest" is used to indicate cause and effect. It introduces a reason or explanation for something mentioned in the previous clause.
| Ta ütles, et ta tuleb homme. || ta üt-les, et ta tu-leb hom-me || He said that he will come tomorrow.


Example:
{| class="wikitable"
! Standard Estonian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Ta ei tulnud peole, '''sest''' ta oli haige. || Ta ei tulnud peole, sest ta oli haige. || He/She didn't come to the party, '''because''' he/she was sick.
 
|-
| Oota, kuni ma tulen. || oo-ta, kuni ma tu-len || Wait until I come.
| Ma ei saa tulla homme, '''sest''' mul on tööd. || Ma ei saa tulla homme, sest mul on tööd. || I can't come tomorrow, '''because''' I have work.
 
|-
| Ta ei saanud hinded kätte, '''sest''' ta oli puudunud. || Ta ei saanud hindeid kätte, sest ta oli puudunud. || He/She didn't get the grades, '''because''' he/she was absent.
|}
|}


=== 5. "kui" (if) ===
=== Using Conjunctions in Sentences ===


The conjunction "kui" is used to express a condition or hypothesis. It introduces a dependent clause that indicates a specific condition for something to happen.
Now that we've familiarized ourselves with the types of conjunctions, let's look at how to use them in sentences.  


Example:
* '''Coordinating Conjunctions''': These can be used to join two nouns, verbs, or clauses.
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Standard Estonian !! Pronunciation !! English
* Example: ''Ma söön õuna ja banaani.'' (I eat an apple and a banana.)
|-
 
| Ma tulen, '''kui''' ma jõuan õigeks ajaks. || Ma tulen, kui ma jõuan õigeks ajaks. || I will come, '''if''' I arrive on time.
* '''Subordinating Conjunctions''': These help to create more complex sentences by indicating a relationship between the main clause and the subordinate clause.  
|-
 
| Sa võid tulla, '''kui''' sul on aega. || Sa võid tulla, kui sul on aega. || You can come, '''if''' you have time.
* Example: ''Ma joon teed, sest olen väsinud.'' (I drink tea because I am tired.)
|-
 
| Saadame sulle meili, '''kui''' on uudiseid. || Saadame sulle meili, kui on uudiseid. || We will send you an email, '''if''' there is news.
'''Important Note:''' In Estonian, word order can be flexible, but the conjunctions usually appear before the clause they introduce.
|}
 
=== Practice Exercises ===
 
Now it's time to put your knowledge into practice! Below are exercises designed to help you apply what you've learned about conjunctions.
 
1. '''Fill in the blanks with the correct conjunction''':
 
* Ma armastan jalgrattasõitu ___ see on lõbus.
 
* (Options: sest, aga, või)
 
2. '''Combine the sentences using a coordinating conjunction''':
 
* Ma tahan minna kinno.  


=== 6. "et" (that) ===
* Ma tahan süüa.


The conjunction "et" is used to introduce indirect speech or reported statements. It indicates that the following clause is a reported statement or a statement made by someone else.
* (Example answer: Ma tahan minna kinno ja süüa.)


Example:
3. '''Translate the following sentences into Estonian''':
{| class="wikitable"
! Standard Estonian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Ta ütles, '''et''' ta armastab mind. || Ta ütles, et ta armastab mind. || He/She said, '''that''' he/she loves me.
|-
| Ma kuulsin, '''et''' sa võitsid loteriiga. || Ma kuulsin, et sa võitsid loteriiga. || I heard, '''that''' you won the lottery.
|-
| Ta teatas, '''et''' ta lahkub riigist. || Ta teatas, et ta lahkub riigist. || He/She announced, '''that''' he/she is leaving the country.
|}


These are just a few examples of the many conjunctions used in Standard Estonian. Conjunctions play a crucial role in connecting ideas and forming complex sentences. As you progress in your Estonian language journey, you will encounter more conjunctions and learn how to use them effectively to express your thoughts and ideas.
* I will call you if I have time.


Now that we have covered the basics of conjunctions, let's move on to exploring any regional variations in their usage and understanding, as well as their historical significance in Estonian language and culture.
* (Example answer: Ma helistan sulle, kui mul on aega.)


4. '''Choose the correct subordinating conjunction''':


== Regional Variations and Historical Significance ==
* Ta ei tulnud, ___ ta oli haige.


The usage and understanding of conjunctions in Estonian are generally consistent across regions. However, there may be slight variations in vocabulary and colloquial expressions related to conjunctions, influenced by regional dialects or speech patterns.
* (Options: et, sest, kui)


For example, in some regions, the conjunction "ja" (and) may be replaced with "ning" or "ega" in certain contexts. These variations are often influenced by local dialects and regional linguistic traditions.
5. '''Rearrange the words to form a correct sentence''':


Historically, the Estonian language has undergone significant changes, influenced by various factors, including foreign rule, cultural exchanges, and linguistic developments. These historical influences have shaped the vocabulary and grammar of Estonian, including the usage of conjunctions.
* sest / armastan / ma / raamatuid / lugeda.


The Estonian language has strong ties to the Finno-Ugric language family, which includes Finnish, Hungarian, and several other languages spoken in the region. The similarities between these languages can be observed in the usage of conjunctions, although each language has its unique characteristics and variations.
* (Example answer: Ma armastan lugeda raamatuid, sest ...)


Additionally, Estonian has been influenced by neighboring languages, such as Swedish, German, and Russian, due to historical interactions and cultural exchanges. These influences can be seen in certain aspects of Estonian grammar and vocabulary, including the usage of conjunctions.
6. '''Create sentences using the conjunctions from the list below''':


Understanding the historical significance of conjunctions in Estonian can provide valuable insights into the language's development and cultural context. It illustrates the rich linguistic heritage of Estonia and its connection to other languages spoken in the region.
* ja, kuid, sest


Now that we have explored the regional and historical aspects of conjunctions in Estonian, let's move on to the exercises section to practice using conjunctions in various contexts.
* (Example: Ma lähen parki, kuid see on kaugel.)


7. '''Identify the type of conjunction in the following sentences''':


== Exercises ==
* Ta joonistas, ja ma värvisin. (Coordinating/Subordinating)


Now it's time to put your knowledge of conjunctions into practice! Below, you will find a series of exercises designed to help you reinforce your understanding and usage of conjunctions in Standard Estonian. Try to complete each exercise to the best of your ability, and refer to the solutions and explanations provided to check your answers.
* Ma lähen välja, kui see on soe. (Coordinating/Subordinating)


=== Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks ===
8. '''Complete the sentence''':


Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the appropriate conjunction.
* Ma tahan õuna, ___ banaani, ___ apelsini. (Options: ja, või, aga)


1. Ma tahan minna kinno, _____ mul on palju tööd.
9. '''Match the Estonian sentences with their English translations''':
2. Kas sa tahad teed, _____ kohvi?
3. Ta on väsinud, _____ ta on õnnelik.
4. Ta ütles, _____ ta ei saa tulla peole.
5. Ma helistan sulle homme, _____ mul on aega.


=== Solutions: Exercise 1 ===
* 1) Ma tulen, kui sa tuled.


1. Ma tahan minna kinno, '''aga''' mul on palju tööd.
* 2) Ta on õppija, aga mõnikord ta ei taha õppida.
2. Kas sa tahad teed, '''või''' kohvi?
3. Ta on väsinud, '''aga''' ta on õnnelik.
4. Ta ütles, '''et''' ta ei saa tulla peole.
5. Ma helistan sulle homme, '''kui''' mul on aega.


=== Exercise 2: Sentence Transformation ===
* (Translations provided separately)


Transform the given sentence using the conjunction provided in parentheses. Pay attention to any necessary changes in word order or verb form.
10. '''Compose a dialogue using at least three conjunctions''':


Example:
* (Example answer: A: Kas sa tuled kinno? B: Ma ei tea, kas ma saan, sest mul on kodutöö.)
Original sentence: Ma armastan õunu.
Transformation: Ma armastan õunu ''ja'' pirne. (and)


1. Ta läheb poodi. (aga)
=== Solutions and Explanations ===
2. Ma tahan süüa. (või)
3. Sa olid õigel ajal. (kui)
4. Ta ei tule, sest tal on tööd. (sest)
5. Ma kuulsin uudiseid. (et)


=== Solutions: Exercise 2 ===
1. '''Answer''': sest. Explanation: This sentence explains why the speaker loves cycling.


1. Ta läheb poodi, '''aga''' mina jään koju.
2. '''Example Answer''': Ma tahan minna kinno ja süüa. Explanation: The conjunction "ja" is used to combine two independent clauses.
2. Ma tahan süüa, '''või''' ma teen ise midagi.
3. Sa olid õigel ajal, '''kui''' pidid.
4. Ta ei tule, '''sest''' tal on tööd.
5. Ma kuulsin uudiseid, '''et''' sa võitsid auhinna.


Congratulations on completing the exercises! By practicing these exercises, you have gained valuable experience in using conjunctions effectively in Estonian sentences. Keep up the good work!
3. '''Example Answer''': Ma helistan sulle, kui mul on aega. Explanation: "Kui" introduces a condition.


4. '''Answer''': sest. Explanation: This conjunction explains the reason for the subject not coming.


== Conclusion ==
5. '''Example Answer''': Ma armastan lugeda raamatuid, sest ... Explanation: The conjunction introduces a reason.


In this lesson, we have explored the topic of conjunctions in Standard Estonian grammar. We have learned about the various conjunctions used in Estonian to connect words, phrases, and clauses, enabling us to form complex sentences and convey more nuanced meanings.
6. '''Example''': "Ja" connects two ideas, "Kuid" contrasts two thoughts, and "Sest" provides a reason.


We have also discussed any regional variations in the usage of conjunctions and their historical significance in Estonian language and culture. Understanding these aspects enhances our knowledge of the Estonian language and its rich linguistic heritage.
7. '''Answers''': 1) Coordinating, 2) Subordinating. Explanation: "Ja" connects; "kui" introduces a condition.


By completing the exercises, you have had the opportunity to practice using conjunctions in various contexts, reinforcing your understanding and usage of these important grammatical elements.
8. '''Answer''': või. Explanation: "Või" indicates a choice between different fruits.


Continue to practice using conjunctions in your everyday conversations and written exercises to further develop your skills. As you progress in your Estonian language journey, you will encounter more conjunctions and learn how to use them effectively to express your thoughts and ideas.
9. 1) I will come if you come. 2) He is a learner, but sometimes he does not want to learn.  


Keep up the great work, and continue exploring the fascinating world of Standard Estonian grammar!
10. '''Example Dialogue''': A: Kas sa tuled kinno? B: Ma ei tea, kas ma saan, sest mul on kodutöö. Explanation: This dialogue uses conjunctions to connect thoughts.


This concludes our lesson on conjunctions in Standard Estonian. Remember to practice frequently to get comfortable using these connectors in your speech and writing. Happy learning!


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Latest revision as of 02:35, 2 August 2024

◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Daily Routine ▶️

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Standard Estonian → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Conjunctions

Understanding conjunctions in Standard Estonian is essential for anyone looking to create more complex and expressive sentences. Conjunctions serve as the glue that holds our sentences together, allowing us to connect words, phrases, and clauses in a seamless and coherent manner. In this lesson, we will explore various types of conjunctions in Estonian, their usage, and provide plenty of examples to illustrate how they function in sentences.

Lesson Structure:

1. Introduction to Conjunctions

2. Types of Conjunctions

  • Coordinating Conjunctions
  • Subordinating Conjunctions

3. Using Conjunctions in Sentences

4. Practice Exercises

5. Solutions and Explanations

Introduction to Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Conjunctions are critical in Estonian grammar, as they enable speakers to link thoughts and ideas smoothly. By utilizing conjunctions effectively, you can elevate your language skills from simple statements to more intricate expressions. Understanding how to use conjunctions will also help you in listening and reading comprehension, as they often signal relationships between ideas.

Types of Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Estonian has two primary types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. Let’s delve into each type.

Coordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Coordinating conjunctions join words, phrases, or independent clauses that are of equal importance. The most common coordinating conjunctions in Estonian include:

  • ja (and)
  • või (or)
  • aga (but)
  • kuid (but)
  • ning (and)

Here are some examples:

Standard Estonian Pronunciation English
Ma armastan kohvi ja teed. ma ar-mas-tan koh-vi ja teed I love coffee and tea.
Kas sa tahad õuna või banaani? kas sa ta-had õu-na või ba-naa-ni Do you want an apple or a banana?
Ta on tark, aga laisk. ta on tark, a-ga laisk He is smart, but lazy.
Ma tulen, kuid hiljem. ma tu-len, kuid hil-jem I will come, but later.
Meie mängime, ning nad vaatavad. mei-e mäng-i-me, ning nad va-a-ta-vad We are playing, and they are watching.

Subordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses and connect them to independent clauses. Common subordinating conjunctions in Estonian include:

  • sest (because)
  • kui (if)
  • kuigi (although)
  • et (that)
  • kuni (until)

Here are some examples:

Standard Estonian Pronunciation English
Ma tulen, sest mul on vaba päev. ma tu-len, sest mul on va-ba päev I am coming because I have a day off.
Kui sa tuled, siis me lähme. kui sa tu-led, siis me läh-me If you come, then we will go.
Kuigi see on kallis, ostan ma selle. kui-gi se on kal-lis, os-tan ma sel-le Although it is expensive, I will buy it.
Ta ütles, et ta tuleb homme. ta üt-les, et ta tu-leb hom-me He said that he will come tomorrow.
Oota, kuni ma tulen. oo-ta, kuni ma tu-len Wait until I come.

Using Conjunctions in Sentences[edit | edit source]

Now that we've familiarized ourselves with the types of conjunctions, let's look at how to use them in sentences.

  • Coordinating Conjunctions: These can be used to join two nouns, verbs, or clauses.
  • Example: Ma söön õuna ja banaani. (I eat an apple and a banana.)
  • Subordinating Conjunctions: These help to create more complex sentences by indicating a relationship between the main clause and the subordinate clause.
  • Example: Ma joon teed, sest olen väsinud. (I drink tea because I am tired.)

Important Note: In Estonian, word order can be flexible, but the conjunctions usually appear before the clause they introduce.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now it's time to put your knowledge into practice! Below are exercises designed to help you apply what you've learned about conjunctions.

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct conjunction:

  • Ma armastan jalgrattasõitu ___ see on lõbus.
  • (Options: sest, aga, või)

2. Combine the sentences using a coordinating conjunction:

  • Ma tahan minna kinno.
  • Ma tahan süüa.
  • (Example answer: Ma tahan minna kinno ja süüa.)

3. Translate the following sentences into Estonian:

  • I will call you if I have time.
  • (Example answer: Ma helistan sulle, kui mul on aega.)

4. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction:

  • Ta ei tulnud, ___ ta oli haige.
  • (Options: et, sest, kui)

5. Rearrange the words to form a correct sentence:

  • sest / armastan / ma / raamatuid / lugeda.
  • (Example answer: Ma armastan lugeda raamatuid, sest ...)

6. Create sentences using the conjunctions from the list below:

  • ja, kuid, sest
  • (Example: Ma lähen parki, kuid see on kaugel.)

7. Identify the type of conjunction in the following sentences:

  • Ta joonistas, ja ma värvisin. (Coordinating/Subordinating)
  • Ma lähen välja, kui see on soe. (Coordinating/Subordinating)

8. Complete the sentence:

  • Ma tahan õuna, ___ banaani, ___ apelsini. (Options: ja, või, aga)

9. Match the Estonian sentences with their English translations:

  • 1) Ma tulen, kui sa tuled.
  • 2) Ta on õppija, aga mõnikord ta ei taha õppida.
  • (Translations provided separately)

10. Compose a dialogue using at least three conjunctions:

  • (Example answer: A: Kas sa tuled kinno? B: Ma ei tea, kas ma saan, sest mul on kodutöö.)

Solutions and Explanations[edit | edit source]

1. Answer: sest. Explanation: This sentence explains why the speaker loves cycling.

2. Example Answer: Ma tahan minna kinno ja süüa. Explanation: The conjunction "ja" is used to combine two independent clauses.

3. Example Answer: Ma helistan sulle, kui mul on aega. Explanation: "Kui" introduces a condition.

4. Answer: sest. Explanation: This conjunction explains the reason for the subject not coming.

5. Example Answer: Ma armastan lugeda raamatuid, sest ... Explanation: The conjunction introduces a reason.

6. Example: "Ja" connects two ideas, "Kuid" contrasts two thoughts, and "Sest" provides a reason.

7. Answers: 1) Coordinating, 2) Subordinating. Explanation: "Ja" connects; "kui" introduces a condition.

8. Answer: või. Explanation: "Või" indicates a choice between different fruits.

9. 1) I will come if you come. 2) He is a learner, but sometimes he does not want to learn.

10. Example Dialogue: A: Kas sa tuled kinno? B: Ma ei tea, kas ma saan, sest mul on kodutöö. Explanation: This dialogue uses conjunctions to connect thoughts.

This concludes our lesson on conjunctions in Standard Estonian. Remember to practice frequently to get comfortable using these connectors in your speech and writing. Happy learning!

Table of Contents - Standard Estonian Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Estonian


Greetings and Introductions


Nouns and Pronouns


Numbers and Time


Verbs and Tenses


Daily Activities


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Dining


Estonian Traditions


Travel and Transportation


Prepositions and Conjunctions


At Home and Work


Estonian History


Negation and Questions


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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