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<span pgnav>
{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
|[[Language/Lithuanian/Grammar/Present-Tense|◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson]]
|[[Language/Lithuanian/Vocabulary/Common-Foods|Next Lesson — Common Foods ▶️]]
|}
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{{Lithuanian-Page-Top}}
{{Lithuanian-Page-Top}}
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Lithuanian|Lithuanian]]  → [[Language/Lithuanian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Lithuanian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Past Tense</div>
In this lesson, we will embark on an exciting journey into the past! Understanding the past tense is essential for expressing experiences, storytelling, and reminiscing about moments that have shaped our lives. Whether you want to share what you did last summer or recount a memorable dinner with friends, mastering the past tense will empower you to communicate more vividly in Lithuanian.
The past tense in Lithuanian can be a bit tricky, but fear not! We will break it down step by step. We will cover the following key points:
* Formation of the past tense
* Regular verb conjugations
* Irregular verb conjugations
* Time expressions used with the past tense


<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Lithuanian|Lithuanian]]  → [[Language/Lithuanian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Lithuanian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Past Tense</div>
* Practical exercises to help you apply what you've learned
 
By the end of this lesson, you will feel confident in your ability to use the past tense in everyday conversation.


__TOC__
__TOC__


As a Lithuanian language teacher with over 20 years of experience in the field, I have seen many students struggle with mastering the past tense. However, once you understand the formation and usage of this tense, you will be able to express yourself more clearly and accurately in Lithuanian. In this lesson, we will cover regular and irregular verb conjugations and time expressions.
=== Formation of the Past Tense ===


== Formation of the Past Tense ==
In Lithuanian, the past tense is formed differently than in English. It is primarily based on the verb's aspect (perfective or imperfective) and its conjugation pattern.


The past tense is used to describe actions or events that have already occurred. In Lithuanian, the formation of the past tense depends on the type of verb. There are two categories: regular and irregular verbs.  
To create the past tense, we typically remove the infinitive suffix of the verb and add specific endings based on the subject's gender and number.


=== Regular Verb Conjugations ===
==== Regular Verbs ====


The formation of the past tense for regular verbs depends on the ending of the infinitive. There are three groups of regular verbs:
Regular verbs follow predictable patterns when conjugating into the past tense. Let's take a look at the general endings used for regular verbs:


1. Verbs ending in -ti
* For masculine singular: '''-o'''
2. Verbs ending in -ėti
3. Verbs ending in -ti but with a stressed vowel in the root


Let's take a closer look at these groups and their respective conjugations:
* For feminine singular: '''-a'''


==== Verbs Ending in -ti ====
* For masculine plural: '''-o''' (or sometimes '''-i''')


Verbs ending in -ti form the past tense by removing the -ti ending and adding the following personal endings:
* For feminine plural: '''-o''' (or sometimes '''-e''')
 
Let's take the regular verb "mokyti" (to teach) as an example:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Person !! Ending
 
! Lithuanian !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
|-
| 1st singular || -au
 
| mokyti !! mokɪtʲɪ || to teach
 
|-
|-
| 2nd singular || -ei
 
| aš mokiau !! aʃ mɔˈkʲi.aʊ || I taught (masc.)
 
|-
|-
| 3rd singular || -o
 
| tu mokei !! tu mɔˈkʲeɪ || you taught (masc.)
 
|-
|-
| 1st plural || -ėme
 
| jis mokė !! jɪs mɔˈkʲe || he taught
 
|-
|-
| 2nd plural || -ėte
 
| ji mokė !! jɪ mɔˈkʲe || she taught
 
|-
 
| mes mokėme !! mɛs mɔˈkʲe.mɛ || we taught
 
|-
|-
| 3rd plural || -ojo
|}


For example:
| jūs mokėte !! juːs mɔˈkʲe.tɛ || you (plural/formal) taught
 
|-
 
| jie mokė !! jɛ mɔˈkʲe || they (masc.) taught
 
|-


* Gerti (to drink) - gerai (I drank)
| jos mokė !! jɔs mɔˈkʲe || they (fem.) taught
* Rašyti (to write) - rašiau (I wrote)


Note that in the first person singular, verbs ending in -sti or -ti with a consonant before the ending do not follow this rule. Instead, they drop the -i and add -au:
|}


* Mokytis (to learn) - mokiau (I learned)
As you can see, the verb "mokyti" changes based on the subject's gender and number.
* Kvepsti (to smell) - kvepiau (I smelled)


==== Verbs Ending in -ėti ====
==== Irregular Verbs ====


Verbs ending in -ėti form the past tense by replacing -ėti with -ėjau (for the first person singular) or -ėjo (for all other persons):
Irregular verbs, on the other hand, do not follow the regular patterns and must be memorized. Here’s an example with the verb "būti" (to be):


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Person !! Ending
 
! Lithuanian !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
|-
| 1st singular || -ėjau
 
| būti !! ˈbʊːtʲɪ || to be
 
|-
|-
| 2nd singular || -ėjai
 
| aš buvau !! aʃ buˈvau || I was
 
|-
|-
| 3rd singular || -ėjo
 
| tu buvai !! tu buˈvai || you were
 
|-
|-
| 1st plural || -ėjome
 
| jis buvo !! jɪs ˈbʊ.vɔ || he was
 
|-
|-
| 2nd plural || -ėjote
 
| ji buvo !! jɪ ˈbʊ.vɔ || she was
 
|-
|-
| 3rd plural || -ėjo
|}


For example:
| mes buvome !! mɛs ˈbʊ.vɔ.mɛ || we were
 
|-


* Išeiti (to go out) - išėjau (I went out)
| jūs buvote !! juːs ˈbʊ.vɔ.tɛ || you (plural/formal) were
* Miegoti (to sleep) - miegėjo (he/she/it slept)


==== Verbs Ending in -ti with a Stressed Vowel ====
|-


Verbs ending in -ti with a stressed vowel in the root form the past tense by replacing -ti with -davau (for the first person singular) or -davo (for all other persons):
| jie buvo !! jɛ ˈbʊ.vɔ || they (masc.) were


{| class="wikitable"
! Person !! Ending
|-
|-
| 1st singular || -davau
 
|-
| jos buvo !! jɔs ˈbʊ.vɔ || they (fem.) were
| 2nd singular || -davai
 
|-
| 3rd singular || -davo
|-
| 1st plural || -davome
|-
| 2nd plural || -davote
|-
| 3rd plural || -davojo
|}
|}


For example:
Take note of the variations in conjugation for this irregular verb.
 
=== Time Expressions ===
 
When using the past tense, you will often want to indicate when the action took place. Here are some common time expressions used with the past tense:
 
* vakar (yesterday)
 
* prieš dvi dienas (two days ago)
 
* praėjusią savaitę (last week)
 
* pernai (last year)
 
* prieš mėnesį (a month ago)
 
* vakar vakare (last night)
 
These time expressions can help give context to your sentences.
 
=== Practical Exercises ===
 
Now that we have covered the formation and usage of the past tense, it's time to practice! Below are some exercises designed to reinforce your learning.
 
==== Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks ====
 
Complete the sentences with the correct past tense form of the verbs in parentheses.
 
1. Aš (mėgti) __________ ledus.
 
2. Ji (būti) __________ labai laiminga.
 
3. Mes (važiuoti) __________ į pajūrį.
 
4. Tu (matyti) __________ filmą vakar.
 
5. Jie (dirbti) __________ kartu.
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. Aš mėgiau ledus.
 
2. Ji buvo labai laiminga.
 
3. Mes važiavome į pajūrį.
 
4. Tu matei filmą vakar.
 
5. Jie dirbo kartu.
 
==== Exercise 2: Conjugate the verbs ====
 
Conjugate the following verbs in the past tense for all subjects:
 
1. žaisti (to play)
 
2. rašyti (to write)
 
3. kalbėti (to speak)
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. žaisti:
 
* aš žaidžiau
 
* tu žaidei
 
* jis/ji žaidė
 
* mes žaidėme
 
* jūs žaidėte
 
* jie/jos žaidė
 
2. rašyti:
 
* aš rašiau
 
* tu rašei
 
* jis/ji rašė
 
* mes rašėme
 
* jūs rašėte
 
* jie/jos rašė
 
3. kalbėti:
 
* aš kalbėjau
 
* tu kalbėjai
 
* jis/ji kalbėjo
 
* mes kalbėjome
 
* jūs kalbėjote
 
* jie/jos kalbėjo
 
==== Exercise 3: Translate the sentences ====
 
Translate the following sentences into Lithuanian using the past tense.
 
1. I was at the concert.
 
2. They played football yesterday.
 
3. She wrote a letter last week.
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. Aš buvau koncerte.
 
2. Jie žaidė futbolą vakar.
 
3. Ji parašė laišką praėjusią savaitę.
 
==== Exercise 4: Create your own sentences ====
 
Write five sentences in Lithuanian using the past tense about what you did last week.
 
''Example Solutions:''
 
1. Aš nuėjau į kiną.
 
2. Mes valgėme picą.
 
3. Tu skambinai draugui.
 
4. Ji mokėsi universitetui.
 
5. Jie žiūrėjo televizorių.
 
==== Exercise 5: Identify the verbs ====
 
Read the following sentences and identify the verbs in the past tense.
 
1. Aš rašiau knygą.
 
2. Jie dirbo sode.
 
3. Tu valgiai vakarienę.
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. rašiau
 
2. dirbo
 
3. valgiai
 
==== Exercise 6: Match the time expressions ====
 
Match the sentences with the correct time expressions.
 
1. Aš buvau ten __________.
 
2. Mes žaidėme futbolą __________.
 
3. Ji parašė laišką __________.
 
a. vakar 
 
b. pernai 
 
c. prieš dvi dienas 
 
''Solutions:''


* Žinoti (to know) - žinojau (I knew)
1 - a
* Bandyti (to try) - bandėjo (he/she/it tried)


=== Irregular Verb Conjugations ===
2 - c


Irregular verbs do not follow the regular conjugation rules. You will need to memorize their unique forms. Here are some examples:
3 - b


{| class="wikitable"
==== Exercise 7: Rewrite the sentences ====
! Infinitive !! Past Tense
 
|-
Rewrite the following sentences in the past tense.
| Eiti (to go) || ėjau (I went)
 
|-
1. Aš einu į parduotuvę.
| Turėti (to have) || turėjau (I had)
 
|-
2. Mes mokomės lietuvių kalbos.
| Būti (to be) || buvau (I was)
 
|}
''Solutions:''
 
1. Aš ėjau į parduotuvę.
 
2. Mes mokėmės lietuvių kalbos.
 
==== Exercise 8: Fill in the correct ending ====
 
Complete the sentences by filling in the correct past tense ending for the verbs.
 
1. Mes (žinoti) __________, kad jis atvyko.
 
2. Ji (pamatyti) __________ gražų saulėlydį.
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. Mes žinojome, kad jis atvyko.
 
2. Ji pamatė gražų saulėlydį.
 
==== Exercise 9: True or False ====
 
Decide if the following statements are true or false.


== Usage of the Past Tense ==
1. The past tense in Lithuanian is always formed by adding -ed. (False)


The past tense is used to describe actions or events that have already occurred. In Lithuanian, it is often used in combination with time expressions to indicate when an action took place. Some common time expressions include:
2. "Būti" is an irregular verb. (True)


* Vakar (yesterday)
''Solutions:''
* Prieš savaitę (a week ago)
* Anksčiau (previously)
* Pernai (last year)


Here are some examples of the past tense being used with time expressions:
1. False


* Aš vakar rašiau laišką savo mamai. (I wrote a letter to my mom yesterday.)
2. True
* Jie grįžo namo prieš savaitę. (They returned home a week ago.)
* Pernai kovo mėnesį mes buvome Karaliaučiuje. (Last year in March we were in Kaliningrad.)


In addition to time expressions, the past tense can also be used to express the following:
==== Exercise 10: Create a short story ====


* Completed actions: Aš išgėriau vandenį. (I drank water.)
Write a short story (3-5 sentences) in the past tense about a memorable event in your life.
* Repeated or habitual actions in the past: Mano brolis dažnai renkasi grybus. (My brother often picked mushrooms.)
* Actions or events that happened over a period of time: Mes kelionėje maudėmės jūroje. (We swam in the sea while on vacation.)
* Conditions or states that were true in the past: Buvo žvarbu ir šalta. (It was cold and windy.)


== Conclusion ==
''Example Solution:''


The past tense is an essential aspect of Lithuanian grammar that allows you to talk about actions or events that have already taken place. While it may take some time to memorize the conjugations of regular and irregular verbs, with practice and dedication, you will become more comfortable using the past tense in your conversations. Remember to pay attention to time expressions and the context of the conversation to determine when to use the past tense.  
Praėjusią vasarą aš nuvykau į pajūrį su draugais. Mes plaukėme, valgėme ledus ir žaidėme futbolą. Vakarą praleidome prie laužo ir kalbėjome apie mūsų nuotykius. Tai buvo nuostabi diena!


I hope you found this lesson valuable and informative. In the next lesson, we will cover the basics of food and dining in Lithuania. Keep up the good work!
In conclusion, mastering the past tense is a significant step in your journey to learning Lithuanian. Practice makes perfect, so make sure to revisit these exercises and apply what you've learned in your conversations. Remember, the more you use the past tense, the more natural it will become!


{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Lithuanian Grammar → Past Tense
|keywords=Lithuanian past tense, Lithuanian verbs, regular verbs in Lithuanian, irregular verbs in Lithuanian, Lithuanian language course, Lithuanian language teacher, Lithuanian grammar, Lithuanian language lessons
|description=Understand the formation and usage of the past tense in Lithuanian, including regular and irregular verb conjugations and time expressions. Improve your Lithuanian language skills with our Complete 0 to A1 Lithuanian Course.}}


|title=Lithuanian Grammar: Past Tense for Beginners


{{Lithuanian-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
|keywords=Lithuanian past tense, Lithuanian verbs, Lithuanian grammar, learning Lithuanian, Lithuanian language course
 
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to form and use the past tense in Lithuanian, including regular and irregular verbs, with practical exercises for beginners.
 
}}
 
{{Template:Lithuanian-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}


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==Videos==
==Videos==
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==Related Lessons==
 
==Sources==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_grammar Lithuanian grammar - Wikipedia]
* [https://cooljugator.com/lt Lithuanian verb conjugator]
* [http://www.debeselis.net/lessons/lesson/temp/227 Verbs - Lithuanian Grammar]
 
 
 
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Lithuanian/Grammar/Plurals|Plurals]]
* [[Language/Lithuanian/Grammar/Plurals|Plurals]]
* [[Language/Lithuanian/Grammar/Comparatives-and-Superlatives|Comparatives and Superlatives]]
* [[Language/Lithuanian/Grammar/Comparatives-and-Superlatives|Comparatives and Superlatives]]
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* [[Language/Lithuanian/Grammar/Multipurpose-Words-and-Suffixes|Multipurpose Words and Suffixes]]
* [[Language/Lithuanian/Grammar/Multipurpose-Words-and-Suffixes|Multipurpose Words and Suffixes]]
* [[Language/Lithuanian/Grammar/Connecting-Ideas|Connecting Ideas]]
* [[Language/Lithuanian/Grammar/Connecting-Ideas|Connecting Ideas]]


{{Lithuanian-Page-Bottom}}
{{Lithuanian-Page-Bottom}}
<span pgnav>
{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
|[[Language/Lithuanian/Grammar/Present-Tense|◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson]]
|[[Language/Lithuanian/Vocabulary/Common-Foods|Next Lesson — Common Foods ▶️]]
|}
</span>

Latest revision as of 01:27, 2 August 2024

◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Common Foods ▶️

30EE5B94-4D56-4C8B-9796-38B1CFE1679F.png
Lithuanian → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Past Tense

In this lesson, we will embark on an exciting journey into the past! Understanding the past tense is essential for expressing experiences, storytelling, and reminiscing about moments that have shaped our lives. Whether you want to share what you did last summer or recount a memorable dinner with friends, mastering the past tense will empower you to communicate more vividly in Lithuanian.

The past tense in Lithuanian can be a bit tricky, but fear not! We will break it down step by step. We will cover the following key points:

  • Formation of the past tense
  • Regular verb conjugations
  • Irregular verb conjugations
  • Time expressions used with the past tense
  • Practical exercises to help you apply what you've learned

By the end of this lesson, you will feel confident in your ability to use the past tense in everyday conversation.

Formation of the Past Tense[edit | edit source]

In Lithuanian, the past tense is formed differently than in English. It is primarily based on the verb's aspect (perfective or imperfective) and its conjugation pattern.

To create the past tense, we typically remove the infinitive suffix of the verb and add specific endings based on the subject's gender and number.

Regular Verbs[edit | edit source]

Regular verbs follow predictable patterns when conjugating into the past tense. Let's take a look at the general endings used for regular verbs:

  • For masculine singular: -o
  • For feminine singular: -a
  • For masculine plural: -o (or sometimes -i)
  • For feminine plural: -o (or sometimes -e)

Let's take the regular verb "mokyti" (to teach) as an example:

Lithuanian Pronunciation English
mokyti !! mokɪtʲɪ to teach
aš mokiau !! aʃ mɔˈkʲi.aʊ I taught (masc.)
tu mokei !! tu mɔˈkʲeɪ you taught (masc.)
jis mokė !! jɪs mɔˈkʲe he taught
ji mokė !! jɪ mɔˈkʲe she taught
mes mokėme !! mɛs mɔˈkʲe.mɛ we taught
jūs mokėte !! juːs mɔˈkʲe.tɛ you (plural/formal) taught
jie mokė !! jɛ mɔˈkʲe they (masc.) taught
jos mokė !! jɔs mɔˈkʲe they (fem.) taught

As you can see, the verb "mokyti" changes based on the subject's gender and number.

Irregular Verbs[edit | edit source]

Irregular verbs, on the other hand, do not follow the regular patterns and must be memorized. Here’s an example with the verb "būti" (to be):

Lithuanian Pronunciation English
būti !! ˈbʊːtʲɪ to be
aš buvau !! aʃ buˈvau I was
tu buvai !! tu buˈvai you were
jis buvo !! jɪs ˈbʊ.vɔ he was
ji buvo !! jɪ ˈbʊ.vɔ she was
mes buvome !! mɛs ˈbʊ.vɔ.mɛ we were
jūs buvote !! juːs ˈbʊ.vɔ.tɛ you (plural/formal) were
jie buvo !! jɛ ˈbʊ.vɔ they (masc.) were
jos buvo !! jɔs ˈbʊ.vɔ they (fem.) were

Take note of the variations in conjugation for this irregular verb.

Time Expressions[edit | edit source]

When using the past tense, you will often want to indicate when the action took place. Here are some common time expressions used with the past tense:

  • vakar (yesterday)
  • prieš dvi dienas (two days ago)
  • praėjusią savaitę (last week)
  • pernai (last year)
  • prieš mėnesį (a month ago)
  • vakar vakare (last night)

These time expressions can help give context to your sentences.

Practical Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that we have covered the formation and usage of the past tense, it's time to practice! Below are some exercises designed to reinforce your learning.

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the correct past tense form of the verbs in parentheses.

1. Aš (mėgti) __________ ledus.

2. Ji (būti) __________ labai laiminga.

3. Mes (važiuoti) __________ į pajūrį.

4. Tu (matyti) __________ filmą vakar.

5. Jie (dirbti) __________ kartu.

Solutions:

1. Aš mėgiau ledus.

2. Ji buvo labai laiminga.

3. Mes važiavome į pajūrį.

4. Tu matei filmą vakar.

5. Jie dirbo kartu.

Exercise 2: Conjugate the verbs[edit | edit source]

Conjugate the following verbs in the past tense for all subjects:

1. žaisti (to play)

2. rašyti (to write)

3. kalbėti (to speak)

Solutions:

1. žaisti:

  • aš žaidžiau
  • tu žaidei
  • jis/ji žaidė
  • mes žaidėme
  • jūs žaidėte
  • jie/jos žaidė

2. rašyti:

  • aš rašiau
  • tu rašei
  • jis/ji rašė
  • mes rašėme
  • jūs rašėte
  • jie/jos rašė

3. kalbėti:

  • aš kalbėjau
  • tu kalbėjai
  • jis/ji kalbėjo
  • mes kalbėjome
  • jūs kalbėjote
  • jie/jos kalbėjo

Exercise 3: Translate the sentences[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentences into Lithuanian using the past tense.

1. I was at the concert.

2. They played football yesterday.

3. She wrote a letter last week.

Solutions:

1. Aš buvau koncerte.

2. Jie žaidė futbolą vakar.

3. Ji parašė laišką praėjusią savaitę.

Exercise 4: Create your own sentences[edit | edit source]

Write five sentences in Lithuanian using the past tense about what you did last week.

Example Solutions:

1. Aš nuėjau į kiną.

2. Mes valgėme picą.

3. Tu skambinai draugui.

4. Ji mokėsi universitetui.

5. Jie žiūrėjo televizorių.

Exercise 5: Identify the verbs[edit | edit source]

Read the following sentences and identify the verbs in the past tense.

1. Aš rašiau knygą.

2. Jie dirbo sode.

3. Tu valgiai vakarienę.

Solutions:

1. rašiau

2. dirbo

3. valgiai

Exercise 6: Match the time expressions[edit | edit source]

Match the sentences with the correct time expressions.

1. Aš buvau ten __________.

2. Mes žaidėme futbolą __________.

3. Ji parašė laišką __________.

a. vakar

b. pernai

c. prieš dvi dienas

Solutions:

1 - a

2 - c

3 - b

Exercise 7: Rewrite the sentences[edit | edit source]

Rewrite the following sentences in the past tense.

1. Aš einu į parduotuvę.

2. Mes mokomės lietuvių kalbos.

Solutions:

1. Aš ėjau į parduotuvę.

2. Mes mokėmės lietuvių kalbos.

Exercise 8: Fill in the correct ending[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences by filling in the correct past tense ending for the verbs.

1. Mes (žinoti) __________, kad jis atvyko.

2. Ji (pamatyti) __________ gražų saulėlydį.

Solutions:

1. Mes žinojome, kad jis atvyko.

2. Ji pamatė gražų saulėlydį.

Exercise 9: True or False[edit | edit source]

Decide if the following statements are true or false.

1. The past tense in Lithuanian is always formed by adding -ed. (False)

2. "Būti" is an irregular verb. (True)

Solutions:

1. False

2. True

Exercise 10: Create a short story[edit | edit source]

Write a short story (3-5 sentences) in the past tense about a memorable event in your life.

Example Solution:

Praėjusią vasarą aš nuvykau į pajūrį su draugais. Mes plaukėme, valgėme ledus ir žaidėme futbolą. Vakarą praleidome prie laužo ir kalbėjome apie mūsų nuotykius. Tai buvo nuostabi diena!

In conclusion, mastering the past tense is a significant step in your journey to learning Lithuanian. Practice makes perfect, so make sure to revisit these exercises and apply what you've learned in your conversations. Remember, the more you use the past tense, the more natural it will become!

Table of Contents - Lithuanian Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Lithuanian


Greetings and Introductions


Nouns and Pronouns


Numbers and Time


Verbs and Tenses


Food and Dining


Adjectives and Adverbs


Travel and Transportation


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Shopping and Services


Lithuanian Traditions and Customs

Videos[edit | edit source]

Easy Lithuanian - Past frequentative tense - YouTube[edit | edit source]

Easy Lithuanian: Past tense Pt. 1/4 - YouTube[edit | edit source]


Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]


Template:Lithuanian-Page-Bottom

◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Common Foods ▶️

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