| character
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English zh [s:etymology_text]
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English zh [ld:sounds ls:tags,s:zh-pron]
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English zh [ld:senses ls:glosses]
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English ja [ld:head_templates s:expansion]
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English ja [ld:senses ls:glosses]
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English ko [ld:head_templates s:expansion]
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English ko [ld:senses ls:glosses]
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English vi [ld:head_templates s:expansion]
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English ko [ld:senses ls:glosses]
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character
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| 丑
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Pictogram (象形) – a hand. \ Smith (2010) proposes that 丑 graphically depicts the claw-like "final, narrow phase of the moon"; he glosses it as "thing that pinches > pincer" and groups it into a word-family which is based on 扭 (OC *nuʔ, *tnuʔ, “twist, pinch”) and also includes \ * 手 (OC *hnjɯwʔ, “hand”); \ * 杻 (OC *nuʔ, *n̥ʰuʔ) ~ 杽 (OC *n̥ʰɯwʔ, “manacle”), which equally uses 丑 (OC *n̥ʰuʔ) or 手 (OC *hnjɯwʔ) as phonophoric, as noted by Unger (1995) and Sagart (1999); \ * 紐 (OC *nuʔ) ~ 鈕 (OC *nuʔ, “grip handle”), with which Shuowen glosses 丑 (OC *n̥ʰuʔ); \ * 狃 (OC *nuʔ, *nus, “animal tracks”), suggested to mean "animals' fingers" by Sagart (1999). \ Its association with the ox is from Austroasiatic (Mei, 1980; Norman, 1985; Ferlus, 2013); compare Proto-Vietic *c-luː (“water buffalo”), Proto-Mon-Khmer *krpiʔ ~ *krpiiw ~ *krpuʔ ~ *(kr)puh (“buffalo”), Proto-Austroasiatic *k.r.pu.y (“buffalo”). ‖ From 醜／丑 (chǒu, “ugly”): \ : \ 以墨粉塗面，其形甚醜。今省文為丑。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]以墨粉涂面，其形甚醜。今省文为丑。 [Classical Chinese, simp.] \ From: 1559, 徐渭 [Xu Wei], 《南詞敘錄》 [An Account of Southern Drama] \ Yǐ mòfěn tú miàn, qí xíng shèn chǒu. Jīn xǐngwén wèi chǒu. [Pinyin] \ His face is smeared with powdered ink, and his appearance is very 醜 (ugly). It is now graphically simplified to 丑.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiúnn • Middle-Chinese : trhjuwX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiúnn
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second of twelve earthly branches (地支) • second of twelve earthly branches (地支) · (Chinese zodiac) ox (牛) • a surname ‖ clown; comedian
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‖ 丑(うし) • (Ushi) ‖ 丑(ちゅう) • (Chū) ^(←ちう (tiu)?)
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1:00 AM to 3:00 AM. • The ox, the second sign of Chinese zodiac. ‖ the Ox, the second of the twelve Earthly Branches ‖ the Ox, the second of the twelve Earthly Branches
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丑 (eumhun 소 축 (so chuk)) · 丑 (eumhun 둘째 지지 축 (duljjae jiji chuk)) ‖ 丑 (eumhun 사람 이름 추 (saram ireum chu))
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hanja form of 축 (“ox; second earthly branch”) ‖ Used in personal names.
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Hán-Nôm : sửu • Hán-Nôm : giấu • Hán-Nôm : sấu • Hán-Nôm : xấu • Hán-Nôm : trửu • Hán-Nôm : trẩu • Hán-Nôm : chẩu • Hán-Nôm : chửu
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chữ Hán form of Sửu (“second of the twelve earthly branches”).
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丑
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| 串
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Pictogram (象形) – objects strung together. \ Cognate with 穿 (OC *kʰljon, *kʰljons, “to pierce through; to wear”). ‖ Cognate with 貫 (OC *koːn, *koːns, “to penetrate”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyun³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄢˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshǹg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuàn ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwaan³ • Middle-Chinese : kwaenH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄢˋ
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to string together; to link up • string; chain; series of objects • skewer • Classifier for strung, bunched or clustered objects. • to cross; to criss-cross; to traverse to; to mix (undesirably) • (literary, or in compounds) to gang up on; to conspire; to collaborate • to pay a visit to; to visit; to move about • (literary, or in compounds) to play a role; to act; to perform • (chiefly Taiwan, Internet) thread • (Cantonese) to spell a word in Roman letters • (Cantonese, slang, may be derived from 串聯 during the Cultural Revolution) cocksure; arrogant; cocky • (Cantonese, slang) to humiliate; to provoke ‖ to get close to; to fawn on; to be obsequious to; to curry favor with • people on intimate terms • habit; custom • to joke; to banter ‖ Used in 串夷.
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‖ 串(くし) • (kushi) ‖ 串(くし) • (Kushi) ‖ 串(くし) • (kushi)
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‖ a skewer, spit • any slender object that can pierce other objects, especially: · (Shinto) Short for 玉串 (tamagushi): a branch of a 榊 (sakaki) tree used as a Shinto offering • any slender object that can pierce other objects, especially: · Short for 幕串 (makugushi): a post used to hang a curtain • a candle's wick ‖ a surname ‖ (slang, computing) a proxy server
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串 (eumhun 익힐 관 (ikhil gwan)) ‖ 串 (eumhun 꿰미 천 (kkwemi cheon)) ‖ 串 (eumhun 꼬챙이 찬 (kkochaeng'i chan)) ‖ 串 (eumhun 땅 이름 곶 (ttang ireum got))
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hanja form of 관 (“to become habituated to something”) ‖ hanja form of 천 (“string; chain; skewer”) • hanja form of 관 (“to string; to thread; to skewer”) • hanja form of 천 (“receipt”) ‖ hanja form of 찬 (“skewer”) ‖ hanja form of 곶 (“used as a suffix in placenames”) • hanja form of 곶 (“cape”)
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canonical : 串: Hán Việt readings: quán 串: Nôm readings: xiên • canonical : xuyên • canonical : xuyến • canonical : quán
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chữ Hán form of quán (“to string an object”).
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串
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| 乃
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From ancient 𠄎. \ ; “you; your” \ ; "then; now" ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄞˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nái • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ná • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nǎ • Middle-Chinese : nojX ‖
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(literary) you, your • (literary) be • (literary) then; hence • (literary) only then; not ... until • (literary) but • (literary) surprisingly; unexpectedly • (Mainland China, Internet slang, cute-sounding) you (singular) • (Northern Wu) now ‖ (Taishanese, colloquial) Alternative form of 哪 (“which; where”)
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from • possessive particle • whereupon • accordingly • you
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乃 (eumhun 이에 내 (ie nae))
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hanja form of 내 (“then”) • hanja form of 내 (“really, indeed”) • hanja form of 내 (“as it turned out, after all”)
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canonical : 乃: Hán Việt readings: nãi • canonical : ái 乃: Nôm readings: náy • canonical : nãy • canonical : nảy • canonical : nải • canonical : nấy • canonical : nới
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chữ Hán form of nãi (“but; then”). • chữ Hán form of nãi (“you”).
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乃
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| 之
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Characters in the same phonetic series (之) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 止 (“foot”) + 一 (“the beginning place”); compound meaning “to go”. \ ; demonstrative pronoun "this; he; she; it" \ ; "to go; to proceed"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi • Middle-Chinese : tsyi
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(literary) to go • (literary) to go · (obsolete) to sprout; to come about • (obsolete) this; these • (literary) Genitive or attributive marker · Indicates that the previous word has possession of the next one. • (literary) Genitive or attributive marker · Indicates that the previous word modifies the next one. • (literary) Genitive or attributive marker · particle indicating that the preceding element is specialised or qualified by the next • (archaic) Particle infixed in a subject-predicate construct acting as a nominalizer or indicating a subordinate clause. • (literary) The third-person pronoun: him, her, it, them, when it appears in a non-subject position in the sentence.
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‖ 之(すすむ) • (Susumu)
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| 之 (eumhun 갈 지 (gal ji))
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canonical : 之: Hán Việt readings: chi 之: Nôm readings: gì • canonical : giây • canonical : chi
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Nôm form of gì (“what”). • Nôm form of giây (“a brief moment; an instant”). • Nôm form of chi (“what for”).
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之
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| 乎
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢaː) : semantic [Term?] (“wind; air”) + phonetic 丂 (OC *kʰluːʔ, “branch”) – original form of 呼 (OC *qʰaː, “to call; to cry”). Compare 兮 (OC *ɢeː). \ ; in; at; on ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hoo • Middle-Chinese : hu ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōo ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : honnh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hônn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : honn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōnn
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in; at; on • (indicates the object of an action) with; on • (indicates comparison) than • A suffix placed after adjectives and adverbs to express praise or amazement. • Sentence-final interrogative particle. • Sentence-final exclamatory particle. • Sentence-final imperative particle. • Sentence-final speculative particle. ‖ Alternative form of 予 (“hō͘”) ‖ (Hokkien) Sentence-final particle expressing doubt with a question, especially to ask for confirmation: right? • (Mainland China and Philippine Hokkien) Particle in the middle of a sentence to express a pause in speaking with slight emphasis on the preceding word: right • (Taiwanese Hokkien) Sentence-final particle expressing a question to tease or ridicule someone • (Taiwanese Hokkien) modal particle expressing understanding, comprehension, realization: oh! • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) Sentence-final particle to indicate an imperative sentence
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乎 (eumhun 어조사 호 (eojosa ho))
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canonical : 乎: Hán Việt readings: hồ • canonical : hô 乎: Nôm readings: hồ
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(Literary Chinese) sentence final particle expressing a question.
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乎
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| 乏
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Possibly an ideogram (指事) generated by replacing uppermost stroke of 正 (“straight; right”) with a slanted stroke 丿 — not right; lacking. \ According to Shuowen, an ideogram (指事) created from reversing 正 (“straight; right”). This is more evident in the Small Seal Script form.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ha̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hua̍t • Middle-Chinese : bjop
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to lack • poor • tired • (Hokkien) lacking; insufficient; inadequate • (Hokkien) to be moderate; to abstain; to check; to restrict oneself (in food, usage, spending, addiction, etc.)
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poverty • lack • scarcity
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乏 (eumhun 모자랄 핍 (mojaral pip))
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hanja form of 핍 (“lack”)
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Hán-Nôm : phạp • Hán-Nôm : phạc
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乏
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| 乘
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Pictogram (象形) – a person 大 climbing a tree 木, with the feet visible. Etymology clearer in alternative form 椉. In this form, simplified to 禾 (“tree and top”) + 北 (“feet”). ‖ Pictogram (象形) – a person 大 climbing a tree 木, with the feet visible. Etymology clearer in alternative form 椉. In this form, simplified to 禾 (“tree and top”) + 北 (“feet”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sing⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîng • Middle-Chinese : zying ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄥˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sing⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sīng • Middle-Chinese : zyingH
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(literary) to ascend; to go up • (literary) to drive (a horse, cart, etc.) • to take (a form of transport) • to make use of; to take advantage of • (literary) to pursue; to attack • (arithmetic) to multiply • a surname ‖ (literary) war chariot drawn by four horses; (imperial) carriage • (literary) Classifier for carriages drawn by four horses. • (literary) history book • (Buddhism) vehicle; creed; yana
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乘 (eumhun 탈 승 (tal seung))
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to mount, to ride • to take (a form of transport) • (arithmetic) exponent
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Hán-Nôm : thừa • Hán-Nôm : thặng • Hán-Nôm : thắng
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乘
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| 也
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Uncertain. There are various possible explanations: \ * The traditional glyph origin given in Shuowen explains the character to be a pictogram (象形) of female genitalia. \ * It is possibly a pictogram (象形) of an ancient funnel or wash basin. It may be an early form of 匜. \ * It was once interchangeable with 它 and may have originated as a simplification. \ * It may have been created to represent the modal particle (語氣詞／语气词 (yǔqìcí)). In some bronze inscriptions, it appears to be a mouth (口) with a curved line descending from it to represent air coming out of the mouth. \ * It may have signified a big-headed scorpion with its legs flattened, signifying as something very "flat" or "stretched out". \ ; classical sentence-ending copulative particle, topic particle \ Unclear. Possibly Sino-Tibetan, connectable to Tibetan ལ (la), which is often used as a marker (for oblique locative, dative, possessor in constructions with a copula verb, etc.) but also a topicalizer like ནི (ni, “as for”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ On the other hand, Pulleyblank (1995) notes the similarity with anteclassical 唯 (OC *ɢʷi) as a copula and a topicalizer. \ ; also, too, as well
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iǎ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ǎ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iá • Middle-Chinese : yaeX
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also; too; as well; (in negative sentences) neither; either • Used for emphasis. · With object fronting. • Used for emphasis. · Used in the 連……也……／连……也…… constructions for stronger emphasis. Interchangeable with 都. even • Used for emphasis. · Used in the 再……也…… concessive constructions. still, anyway, nevertheless • Used for emphasis. • (Classical) Particle used at the end of copular constructions involving a nominal predicate; to be (although not grammatically a verb) • (Classical) Particle used at the end of copular constructions involving a nominal predicate; to be (although not grammatically a verb) · Often used more loosely than the English copula to indicate a cause or relation. • (Classical) Topic-marking particle used at the end of noun phrases. • (Classical) Topic-marking particle used at the end of noun phrases. · when, at the time of; especially commonly used for temporal topics, often as 及其……也. • (Classical) Verb phrase-final particle marking continuous aspect, especially common for assertions of unchanging fact. • (Teochew) if • a surname. Ye
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‖ ‖
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to be • (uncommon) also ‖ ‖
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也 (eumhun 잇기 야 (itgi ya)) · 也 (eumhun 어조사 야 (eojosa ya)) · 也 (eumhun 잇달을 야 (itdareul ya))
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canonical : 也: Hán Việt readings: giã • canonical : dã 也: Nôm readings: dạ • canonical : dã • canonical : giã • canonical : rã
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也
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| 于
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Pictogram (象形) . Two possibilities for the object of representation are: \ * An ancient wind instrument; early form of 竽 (OC *ɢʷa). This view is supported by mainstream palaeography. \ * Exhaled air; early form of 吁 (OC *qʰʷa, *ɢʷas, “to sigh”). Shuowen considers it to be an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 一 (“flat stream of air”) + 丂 (“to exhale”). Compare 乎, 兮, 号. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-wa-ŋ (“to go; to come”). Related to 往 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, “to go to, to, towards”). Merged with 於 (OC *qaː, *qa) by the classical times. \ It is now used as the simplified form in Mainland China. ‖ ‖ ‖
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‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : û • Hokkien · Tai-lo : u • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : hju ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩ • Cantonese · Jyutping : heoi¹
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‖ a surname • Used in several names and proper nouns. ‖ Alternative form of 迂 (yū, “large; vast; wide”) ‖ Alternative form of 吁 (interjection).Only used in 于嗟 (xūjiē) and 于咨.
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于 (eum 우 (u))
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Hán-Nôm : vu • Hán-Nôm : vo • Hán-Nôm : vò
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于
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| 云
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wan⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : în • Middle-Chinese : hjun
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(literary) to say; to speak (used when quoting from a source) • A particle. • a surname: · originated from 妘 (yún) • a surname: · originated from Zhou dynasty feudal state of 䢵 • a surname: · originated from surname 牒云 • a surname: · simplified from 雲 • (Quanzhou, Xiamen and Philippine Hokkien) to go on a pleasure trip; to roam around • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 云 (MC hjun), equivalent to the 3rd 等 (děng) of the initial 喻 (MC yuH)
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‖ 云(うん) • (un)
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say ‖ say
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云 (eum 운 (un))
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canonical : 云: Hán Việt readings: vân 云: Nôm readings: vân
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chữ Hán form of vân (“to say; to speak”).
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云
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| 亥
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Pictogram (象形) – depiction uncertain. Some propose it depicts a plant's roots underground, possibly as the original form of 荄 (OC *kɯː, *krɯː). Others propose it is an animal, similar in origin to 豕. \ Smith (2011) groups 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ) in a word-family meaning "root, germ, generative core" along with 荄 (OC *kɯ:, “grassroot”) > 根 (OC *kɯːn, “root”), 核 (OC *ɡrɯːɡ, “germ, kernel”), 骸 (OC *ɡrɯː, “(human) bones”), and 孩 (OC *ɡɯː, “child”). He suggests the derivation 荄根 "germ, sprout, root (n.)" → 孩 "to sprout" → 亥 "sprouting stage", i.e. "the moon’s first appearance", recalling 月芽 lit. "moon sprout" > "crescent moon". \ See 核 (hé) for further etymology. \ Later 亥 (hài) and 豕 (shǐ, “pig”) graphically converged. \ As for 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ)'s phonological association with the pig. Compare the following: \ * Khmer កុរ (kol, “year of the pig”), from Angkorian Old Khmer kur. \ * Proto-Vietic *guːrʔ (“pig; pork”) or *kuːrʔ (“pig; pork”): \ ** Vietnamese cúi (“(archaic) pig”) \ ** Muong củi (kuːj³, “pig”) \ ** Chut cûl (kûːl, “pig”) \ * Thai กุน (gun, “year of the pig”), a loan from Old Khmer. \ Ferlus (2013) notes 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ) is a possible match to the Austroasiatic root, but there should be a final sonorant in Old Chinese.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǎi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hāi • Middle-Chinese : hojX
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(obsolete) grass root • twelfth of twelve earthly branches (十二支) • pig (豬) of the Chinese zodiac • a surname
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‖ 亥(い) • (I) ^(←ゐ (wi)?) ‖ 亥(がい) • (Gai)
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‖ the Boar, the twelfth of the twelve Earthly Branches ‖ the Boar, the twelfth of the twelve Earthly Branches
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亥 (eum 해 (hae))
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Hán-Nôm : hợi
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chữ Hán form of Hợi (“twelfth of the twelve earthly branches”).
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亥
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| 亦
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Ideogram (指事) – a human figure (compare 大) with water falling from them (roughly from arm pits). Original form of 腋 (OC *laːɡ, “armpit”) or 液 (OC *laːɡ, “liquid”). \ Cognate with Mizo ve (“also; too”), Mizo vêk (“again; over again”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jik⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Middle-Chinese : yek
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(formal) also; too; likewise; still • (formal) only; just • (formal) already • (formal) although • (Suzhounese) again • a surname: Yi • meaningless particle
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‖
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also ‖
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亦 (eum 역 (yeok))
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Hán-Nôm : diệc
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亦
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| 仕
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See 士 "servant, retainer, officer, scholar, gentleman" ‖ From 亻 (denoting one octave lower in Cantonese opera) + 士 (si⁶).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : si⁶ • Middle-Chinese : dzriX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : si⁶
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scholar; official; guardian • to serve in the government • (xiangqi) adviser; guard; minister (on the red side) • a surname ‖ (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note an octave below low la (6̣̣).
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‖ 仕(し) • (shi) ^(←し (si)?) ‖ 仕(し) • (shi) ^(←し (si)?)
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‖ official, civil service ‖ Alternative spelling of し (shi, continuative of する (suru))
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仕 (eumhun 섬길 사 (seomgil sa))
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hanja form of 사 (“serve; official”)
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Hán-Nôm : sĩ • Hán-Nôm : sải • Hán-Nôm : sảy • Hán-Nôm : sãi • Hán-Nôm : sẻ • Hán-Nôm : sễ • Hán-Nôm : sẽ • Hán-Nôm : sì • Hán-Nôm : sẩy • Hán-Nôm : sè • Hán-Nôm : sõi • Hán-Nôm : sỡi • Hán-Nôm : xảy
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仕
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| 伺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *slɯ, *slɯs) : semantic 人 (“person, man”) + phonetic 司 (OC *slɯ) – a person stands beside (attends), looks in. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *slɯ, *slɯs) : semantic 人 (“person, man”) + phonetic 司 (OC *slɯ) – a person stands beside (attends), looks in.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : si⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sì • Middle-Chinese : siH • Middle-Chinese : si ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : si⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sū • Middle-Chinese : siH
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to spy; to examine • to wait ‖ Only used in 伺候 (cìhou).
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Inquire [ask] after • Inquire about/ask
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伺 • (sa) · 伺 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa)
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伺
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| 佛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯd) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 弗 (OC *pɯd). \ Ji (1998v7) considers it likely borrowed from Iranian (compare Sogdian 𐼾𐼴𐽂𐼷 (pwty), 𐫁𐫇𐫤𐫏 (bwty /Pute, Bute, βute/), Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwt'), 𐫁𐫇𐫤 (bwt /But/), Parthian 𐫁𐫇𐫎 (bwṯ /But, Butt/)), ultimately from Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha, “awakened, enlightened”, past passive participle), whence also 佛陀 (MC bjut da), but the Chinese morpheme 佛 is not a direct contraction or clipping of the latter. ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 佛 – see 彿. \ (This character is the simplified and variant traditional form of 彿). \ Notes: \ Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. \ Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. ‖ ‖ ‖ Dialectal pronunciation of 服 (fú). Popularized by the streamer Sun Xiaochuan.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pu̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hu̍t • Middle-Chinese : bjut ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fat¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bat⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : but⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄛˊ
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(Buddhism) Buddha; The Enlightened One • (Buddhism) statue of Buddha • (by extension) Buddhist scriptures • (by extension) Buddhism; Buddhist doctrines ‖ Alternative form of 拂 (fú, “to go against; to be contrary to”) ‖ Alternative form of 弼 (bì, “to assist”) • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 勃 (bó, “prosperous, thriving”) ‖ (Mainland China, Internet slang) Alternative form of 服 (“You win”)
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‖
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Kyūjitai form of 仏 ‖
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佛 (eumhun 부처 불 (bucheo bul)) ‖ 佛 • (Bul) (hangeul 불)
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hanja form of 불 (“Buddha”) • hanja form of 불 (“France (in compounds, in news media)”) ‖ (in news headlines) Short for 佛(불)蘭(란)西(서) (Bullanseo, “France”).
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canonical : 佛: Hán Việt readings: phật • canonical : phất 佛: Nôm readings: phật
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chữ Hán form of Phật (“Buddha, the Enlightened One”). • chữ Hán form of Phật (“Buddhism”).
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佛
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| 係
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *keːɡs) : semantic 人 + phonetic 系 (OC *ɡeːɡs). \ The simplified form 系 also exists as a traditional character, and is also used to simplify 繫. In ancient times, 系, 係, and 繫 were usually interchangeable graphic variants, although in some compounds, only one form is acceptable (e.g. 世系 and 繋辭／繋辞).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hē • Middle-Chinese : kejH
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to relate; to bear on • to tie; to bind • (formal or Cantonese, Hakka) to be (copula) • (Cantonese, Hakka) yes (as answer to a question)
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‖ 係(かかり) • (kakari) ‖ 係(がかり) • (-gakari)
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‖ person in charge; person responsible ‖ person in charge; person responsible
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係 (eumhun 맬 계 (mael gye))
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hanja form of 계 (“connection”)
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Hán-Nôm : hệ • Hán-Nôm : hể • Hán-Nôm : hề • Hán-Nôm : hễ
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係
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| 俺
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Fusion of 我們／我们 (wǒmen) (Lü, 1984; Norman, 1988). ‖ Possibly from weakening of 阮 (goán) (Tan and Wu, 2011). ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jim³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aan² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iàm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : àm • Middle-Chinese : 'jemH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : án • Hokkien · Tai-lo : an ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : lán ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jim³ • Middle-Chinese : 'jaemH
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(dialectal Mandarin, Northern Min) I; me; my • (dialectal Mandarin, exclusive) we; us; our • (Northern Min, inclusive) we; us; our ‖ (Hokkien, honorific) Prefix for kinship terms. • (Taiwanese Hokkien, inclusive) Synonym of 咱 (lán, “we; us”) ‖ (Hokkien, Teochew) Alternative form of 咱 (“(inclusive) we; us”) ‖ (obsolete) large
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‖ 俺(おれ) or 俺(オレ) • (ore)
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‖ (informal, men's speech) I, me • (obsolete, familiar or derogatory) you
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俺 • (eom, am) · 俺 • (eom, am) (hangeul 엄, 암)
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Hán-Nôm : em • Hán-Nôm : yêm • Hán-Nôm : êm
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俺
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| 倉
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In oracle bone and bronze inscriptions, pictogram (象形) : a granary, depicting its roof (亼), a door (戶), and a pit for storing grain (口). Alternatively an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 合 (“gather”) + 戶 (“door”) – a warehouse. The component 戶 corrupted into 𠁣 in Qin bamboo slips. This form was inherited in small seal script and was misinterpreted as cognate with the unrelated 食 in the Shuowen Jiezi.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : cong¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshong • Middle-Chinese : tshang
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granary • warehouse • (trading) position • (Cantonese) prison • Alternative form of 艙／舱 (cāng) • Alternative form of 滄／沧 (cāng)
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‖ 倉(くら) • (kura)
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‖ Alternative form of 蔵
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倉 (eumhun 곳집 창 (gotjip chang))
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hanja form of 창 (“granary”) • hanja form of 창 (“warehouse; storage”)
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Hán-Nôm : thương • Hán-Nôm : thưng • Hán-Nôm : thơng
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倉
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| 個
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːls) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 固 (OC *kaːs). \ The semantics may have developed along the grammaticalisation process "bamboo stalk" (箇) > "piece, item" > "classifier for every category of noun" > "possessive particle, generic particle". If so, it would then possibly be cognate with 竿 (OC *kaːn, “bamboo, rod”). Compare Tibetan མཁར་བ (mkhar ba), འཁར་བ ('khar ba, “walking stick, staff”) and Thai ก้าน (gâan, “stem, stalk”). \ ; Min Nan classifier and possessive particle \ ; Wu classifier and possessive particle
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄍㄜ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lê • Middle-Chinese : kaH
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single; alone; individual • height; build; stature • (dialectal Hakka, dialectal Min, dialectal Wu) one • The generic classifier for people or for things lacking specific classifiers. • Classifier for hours and months. • Alternative classifier, for nouns having specific classifiers. Often colloquial and regional. Usage varies greatly between different topolects. • (Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Puxian Min, Wenzhounese) Classifier for money: yuan, dollar; buck • (Cantonese, slang) Classifier for money: ten thousand yuan, dollars, etc. • (Mandarin, colloquial) Particle, placed between a verb and numbers, showing that the following numbers are approximate, not accurate. • (Mandarin, Cantonese, colloquial) Particle, placed between a verb and its object or complement, adding a sense of ease, swiftness and one-offness to the action. • (Mandarin, colloquial) Particle used after 些 (xiē). • Particle between a verb and its complement. • (dialectal Mandarin) Particle used in some time-related words. • (literary or Wu, Xiang, Gan, dialectal Cantonese, dialectal Min) (= 搿 (Northern Wu)) this; that • (dialectal Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min, Wu) Possessive particle. Equivalent to Mandarin 的 (de). • (dialectal) Sentence-final declarative, affirmative, or prohibitive particle. Equivalent to Mandarin 的 (de), 了 (le). • (dialectal) Sentence-final declarative, affirmative, or prohibitive particle. Equivalent to Mandarin 的 (de), 了 (le). · (Cantonese, pronunciation spelling) Vowel harmony form of 嘅 (ge3, “emphasis particle used at the end of declarative sentences”), pronounced as 個／个 (go3) when followed by sentence final particles with vowel o, such as 喎／㖞 (wo3). • (often dialectal) Emphatic particle between a pronoun and a noun, usually to highlight some negative quality of the person. • (Teochew) to be • (dated Shanghainese) Used to indicate the past tense.
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‖ 個(こ) • (-ko)
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‖ item, article, thing
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個 (eumhun 낱 개 (nat gae))
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hanja form of 개 (“a piece”) • hanja form of 개 (“a unit”) • hanja form of 개 (“an item”)
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Hán-Nôm : cá • Hán-Nôm : cái
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generic classifier
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個
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| 倣
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emulate • imitate
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倣 (eumhun 본뜰 방 (bontteul bang))
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hanja form of 방 (“imitate”)
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倣
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| 倫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *run) : semantic 人 + phonetic 侖 (OC *run).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leon⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lûn • Middle-Chinese : lwin
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the same type/kind/class; equal; match • normal human relationships; ethics • reason; logic • coherence; order; logical sequence • a surname
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‖ 倫(りん) • (Rin)
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ethics ‖ a male given name
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倫 (eumhun 인륜 륜 (illyun ryun), word-initial (South Korea) 인륜 윤 (illyun yun))
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hanja form of 륜/윤 (“morality, humanity, ethics”) • hanja form of 륜/윤 (“duty”)
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Hán-Nôm : luân • Hán-Nôm : luồn • Hán-Nôm : lùn • Hán-Nôm : lụm
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倫
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| 假
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs) : semantic 人 + phonetic 叚 (OC *kraːʔ). \ ; “to borrow; false” \ : Cognate with Tibetan ཀར་སྐྱིན (kar skyin, “loan; thing borrowed”). An allofam is probably 雇 (OC *kʷaːs, *ɡʷaːʔ, “to hire”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs) : semantic 人 + phonetic 叚 (OC *kraːʔ). \ ; “to borrow; false” \ : Cognate with Tibetan ཀར་སྐྱིན (kar skyin, “loan; thing borrowed”). An allofam is probably 雇 (OC *kʷaːs, *ɡʷaːʔ, “to hire”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs) : semantic 人 + phonetic 叚 (OC *kraːʔ). \ ; “to borrow; false” \ : Cognate with Tibetan ཀར་སྐྱིན (kar skyin, “loan; thing borrowed”). An allofam is probably 雇 (OC *kʷaːs, *ɡʷaːʔ, “to hire”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ké • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kée • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ká • Middle-Chinese : kaeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kèe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kà • Middle-Chinese : kaeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚˇ
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to lend; to borrow; to loan • (archaic, historical, politics) acting • to make use of • to disguise; to fake; to pretend • forged; artificial; false • falsehood; deception • if; assuming • a surname ‖ vacation ‖ ^† Same as 格 (gé).
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temporary • interim • assumed (name) • informal
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假 (eumhun 거짓 가 (geojit ga)) ‖ 假 (eumhun 멀 하 (meol ha)) ‖ 假 (eumhun 이를 격 (ireul gyeok))
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hanja form of 가 (“false, fake”) ‖ (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 遐 (“hanja form of 하 (“afar; distant”)”) ‖ (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 格 (“hanja form of 격 (“to come; to arrive; to go to”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : giả • Hán-Nôm : giá • Hán-Nôm : hạ • Hán-Nôm : hà
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chữ Hán form of giả (“false, fake”). • (only in compounds) chữ Hán form of giá, giả (“if, assuming”).
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假
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| 偉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯlʔ) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 韋 (OC *ɢʷɯl).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uí • Middle-Chinese : hjw+jX
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extraordinary; magnificent; great; robust
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‖ 偉(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?) ‖ 偉(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)-na (adnominal 偉(い)な (i na), adverbial 偉(い)に (i ni)) ‖ 偉(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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admirable ‖ (literary) greatness ‖ (literary) great ‖ great, excellent, magnificent, extraordinary
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偉 (eumhun 훌륭할 위 (hullyunghal wi))
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hanja form of 위 (“to be extraordinary”)
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Hán-Nôm : vĩ • Hán-Nôm : vỉ
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偉
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| 側
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsrɯɡ) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 則 (OC *ʔsɯːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄜˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄜˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zak¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshak • Middle-Chinese : tsrik
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side • to lean to one side; to incline; to slant
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‖ 側(がわ) • (gawa) ^(←がは (gafa)?) ‖ 側(そば) • (soba) ‖ 側(かわ) • (kawa) ^(←かは (kafa)?) ‖ 側(はた) • (hata) ‖ 側(そく) • (soku) ‖ 側(そく) • (soku)
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‖ side ‖ vicinity, near, beside, side ‖ side ‖ vicinity ‖ side ‖ the first of the Eight Principles of Yong
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側 (eum 측 (cheuk))
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side
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Hán-Nôm : trắc • Hán-Nôm : trắt • Hán-Nôm : trặc
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側
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| 傑
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡrad) : phonetic 桀 (OC *ɡrad) + semantic 亻 (“person”). \ Same word as 桀 (OC *ɡrad) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for etymology.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : git⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kia̍t • Middle-Chinese : gjet
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outstanding; remarkable • hero • a surname
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‖ 傑(すぐる) • (Suguru)
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outstanding ‖ a male given name
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傑 (eumhun 호걸 걸 (hogeol geol))
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hanja form of 걸 (“hero”) • hanja form of 걸 (“remarkable, outstanding”)
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Hán-Nôm : kiệt
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傑
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| 備
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Phono-semantic (形聲／形声, OC *brɯɡs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : a person (亻) carrying a quiver (𤰈 OC *bɯɡ) – "ready; prepared". \ Area word; compare Burmese ပြင် (prang, “to get ready; to prepare”), Jingpho hpra (pʰraʔ³¹, “to complete”), Mon ပြေၚ် (“to prepare; to arrange for”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei⁶⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pī • Middle-Chinese : bijH
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to prepare • to provide or prepare against; to take precautions against • equipment • to possess • complete • fully
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equip, provision
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備 (eumhun 갖출 비 (gatchul bi))
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hanja form of 비 (“equip, provision”)
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Hán-Nôm : bị • Hán-Nôm : bẹ • Hán-Nôm : bợ • Hán-Nôm : vựa
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備
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| 債
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsreːɡs, *ʔsreːɡ) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 責 (OC *ʔsreːɡ). \ Cognate with 責 (OC *ʔsreːɡ, “to request; to hold responsible”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsèe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsài • Middle-Chinese : tsreaH • Middle-Chinese : tsreak
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debt; loan; liabilities • (figurative) owed thing
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‖ 債(さい) • (sai)
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‖ loan, debt
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債 (eum 채 (chae))
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Hán-Nôm : trái
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債
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| 傷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljaŋ, *hljaŋs) : semantic 人 + phonetic 𥏻 (). \ Current form resembles 从 + 昜. \ Perhaps a causative of 瘍 (OC *laŋ, “ulcers”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sionn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siaunn • Middle-Chinese : syang • Middle-Chinese : syangH
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wound; injury • to injure; to hurt • to fall ill from • to get sick of something • to harm • distressed; sorrowful • (Southern Min) too; excessively • (Singapore Hokkien, literal) injurious • (Singapore Hokkien, slang) very tough or difficult • a surname
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‖ 傷(きず) or 傷(キズ) • (kizu) ‖ 傷(しょう) • (shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?)
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‖ any form of shallow wound: an injury, cut, scar • any kind of light damage: a chip, scratch, blemish, stain ‖ wound, injury • damage, harm • grief, sorrow
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傷 • (sang) · 傷 • (sang) (hangeul 상, revised sang, McCune–Reischauer sang)
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Hán-Nôm : thương ‖
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‖ chữ Hán form of thương (“to wound”). • chữ Hán form of thương (“to love (platonically)”).
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傷
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| 傾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰʷeŋ) : semantic 人 (“man”) + phonetic 頃 (OC *kʰʷeŋ, *kʰʷeŋʔ). Note that it is not 化 + 頁. \ Of Austroasiatic origin; compare Proto-Monic *kʔiəŋ (“to lean; to be slanted”), Khmer អៀង (ʼiəng, “to lean sideways”) (Schuessler 2007). ‖ From English king.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khing • Middle-Chinese : khjwieng ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : king¹
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to lean; to tilt; to incline • to collapse • to overturn and pour out; to empty • to do one's best; to use up all of one's resources • to adore; to admire • to overpower; to overwhelm • to compete • entire; whole • (Cantonese) to chat; to converse ‖ (Cantonese, card games) king
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傾 (eumhun 기울 경 (giul gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“incline, tilt”) • hanja form of 경 (“upset, overflow”)
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Hán-Nôm : khuynh • Hán-Nôm : khoanh • Hán-Nôm : khuâng • Hán-Nôm : khuỳnh
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傾
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| 僅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡrɯns) : semantic 人 + phonetic 堇 (OC *ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡrɯns) : semantic 人 + phonetic 堇 (OC *ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gan² • Cantonese · Jyutping : gan⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kín • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kīn • Middle-Chinese : ginH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gan² • Cantonese · Jyutping : gan⁶ • Middle-Chinese : ginH
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only; merely • a surname ‖ (literary) nearly; almost
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merely, small quantity
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僅 (eumhun 겨우 근 (gyeou geun))
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hanja form of 근 (“only, merely, solely, just”)
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Hán-Nôm : cẩn • Hán-Nôm : cận • Hán-Nôm : cấn • Hán-Nôm : cẫn
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僅
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| 儀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋral) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 義 (OC *ŋrals). \ Sino-Tibetan in origin. Cognate with the following (Schuessler (2007), STEDT): \ * 宜 (OC *ŋral, “proper; suitable”) \ * 義 (OC *ŋrals, “righteous”) \ * 議 (OC *ŋrals, “to discuss; to comment; to criticize”) \ * 犧 (OC *hŋral, “sacrifice (v., n.)”) \ Schuessler (2007) considers them to be cognate with Mizo ŋaiᴴ / ŋaiʔᴸ (“to think; consider; be necessary; have need to; be customary”), Khumi Chin ŋài (“to wish; to need”), Lai ŋaaj / ŋaʔj (“to yearn; to long for”), Tedim Chin ŋaːi² (“to love”). \ On the other hand, STEDT provisionally sets up Proto-Kuki-Chin *ŋaay (“listen; hark”), which is compared to the 5 Sinitic words.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gî • Middle-Chinese : ngje
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ceremony; rite • appearance • apparatus; tool • gift; present • to admire
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‖ 儀(ぎ) • (gi) ‖ 儀(ぎ) • (gi) ‖ 儀(ぎ) • (-gi)
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‖ ceremony • model ‖ ceremony • thing ‖ thing, in relation to
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儀 (eum 의 (ui))
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ceremony • model
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Hán-Nôm : nghi • Hán-Nôm : nghe • Hán-Nôm : nghỉ • Hán-Nôm : nghè • Hán-Nôm : nghì • Hán-Nôm : ngơi
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儀
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| 億
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯɡ) : semantic 人 + phonetic 意 (OC *qɯɡs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iak • Middle-Chinese : 'ik
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hundred million (100,000,000) (sometimes written as 1,0000,0000) • hundred thousand (100,000) • peaceful; stable • brimming; plentiful; abundant • Alternative form of 臆 (yì, “chest”) • Alternative form of 臆 (yì, “to guess; to estimate; to surmise”) • a surname
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‖ 億(おく) • (oku)
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‖ a hundred million, 10⁸
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億 (eumhun 억 억 (eok eok))
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hanja form of 억 (“a hundred million, 10⁸”)
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canonical : 億: Hán Việt readings: ức 億: Nôm readings: tỉ • canonical : ức ‖
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‖ chữ Hán form of ức (“a hundred thousand”).
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億
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| 償
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 賞 (OC *hjaŋʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : soeng⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sióng • Middle-Chinese : dzyang • Middle-Chinese : dzyangH
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(literary, or in compounds) to repay; to recompense • (literary, or in compounds) restitution; compensation • (literary, or in compounds, of a wish) to be fulfilled
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reparation
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償 (eum 상 (sang))
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Hán-Nôm : thường
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償
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| 優
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qu) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 憂 (OC *qu).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iu • Middle-Chinese : 'juw
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generous; abundant; ample • excellent; superior • (literary, or in compounds) to give preferential treatment • (dated) actor; entertainer • (Cantonese) to pull up (pants or socks) • a surname: You
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‖ 優(ゆう) • (yū) ^(←いう (iu)?) ‖ 優(ゆう) • (yū) ^(←いう (iu)?) ‖ 優(ゆう) • (Yū) ^(←いう (iu)?) ‖ 優(まさる) • (Masaru)
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a person with lithe movements • kind (adj.), favor • good, excellent, surpass, superior • good, excellent, surpass, superior · the best possible grade on school results • rich, wealthy • a sufficient amount for a certain thing • tenderness, gentleness • actor ‖ enough, amply • easily, skillfully ‖ A (letter grade); excellence • gentleness ‖ a female given name ‖ a male given name
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優 (eumhun 넉넉할 우 (neongneokhal u))
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hanja form of 우 (“excellent; superior”) • hanja form of 우 (“actor”)
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Hán-Nôm : ưu
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優
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| 其
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In the oracle bone script, it was originally 𠀠, a pictogram (象形) of a basket. \ In the bronze inscriptions, 丌 was added under the basket to represent a stand. It may also have acted as a phonetic component. \ Later borrowed for an Old Chinese pronoun. The derivative 箕 (OC *kɯ) refers to the original word. \ ; third-person possessive pronoun \ ; modal particle "should; probably" ‖ In the oracle bone script, it was originally 𠀠, a pictogram (象形) of a basket. \ In the bronze inscriptions, 丌 was added under the basket to represent a stand. It may also have acted as a phonetic component. \ Later borrowed for an Old Chinese pronoun. The derivative 箕 (OC *kɯ) refers to the original word. \ ; third-person possessive pronoun \ ; modal particle "should; probably" ‖ In the oracle bone script, it was originally 𠀠, a pictogram (象形) of a basket. \ In the bronze inscriptions, 丌 was added under the basket to represent a stand. It may also have acted as a phonetic component. \ Later borrowed for an Old Chinese pronoun. The derivative 箕 (OC *kɯ) refers to the original word. \ ; third-person possessive pronoun \ ; modal particle "should; probably"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kei⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kî • Middle-Chinese : gi ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei¹ • Middle-Chinese : ki ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei³
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his; her; its; their • he; she; it; they; one • that; those • (literary) among which; therein • (literary) probably; perhaps • (obsolete) particle indicating intention; let, shall, will • (literary) adverb indicating a rhetorical question • (literary) adverb indicating imperative • (obsolete) if • (obsolete) conjunction indicating a question with choices; or • (Eastern Min or obsolete) possessive particle. • a surname ‖ (obsolete) Used at the end of a sentence to show doubt. • (obsolete) Used in personal names. ‖ (archaic) Only used in 彼其.
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‖ 其(し) • (shi)
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‖ (archaic) that • you • oneself
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其 (eumhun 그 기 (geu gi))
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(literary) hanja form of 기 (“therein”) • (literary) hanja form of 기 (“his; her; its; their”) • (literary) hanja form of 기 (“that; those”)
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Hán-Nôm : kì • Hán-Nôm : kỳ • Hán-Nôm : cà • Hán-Nôm : khởi
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其
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| 冊
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Pictogram (象形) – bamboo slips strung together.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caak³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsheh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsheeh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : seh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiak • Middle-Chinese : tsrheak
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(literary or Southern Min) book • volume • imperial edict • to grant in an imperial edict • Classifier for books. • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to organize and stack neatly
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‖ 冊(さつ) • (-satsu)
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‖ books
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冊 (eumhun 책 책 (chaek chaek))
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hanja form of 책 (“book”)
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Hán-Nôm : sách
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chữ Hán form of sách (“book”).
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冊
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| 冶
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : je⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iá • Middle-Chinese : yaeX
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to smelt (metal) • smelter (someone who casts metal) • smelting furnace • smelter (a place where smelting or casting is done) • (derogatory, of woman's look) seductive; bewitching • Alternative form of 野 • a surname
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smelting
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冶 (eumhun 풀무 야 (pulmu ya))
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hanja form of 야 (“lewd, NSFW, erotic, sexy”) [prefix; adjectival root] • hanja form of 야 (“smelting; smelter”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : dã
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冶
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| 准
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For pronunciation and definitions of 准 – see 準 (“water-level; flat; level; water level; etc.”). \ (This character is the simplified and variant form of 準). \ Notes: \ Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. \ Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeon² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsún • Middle-Chinese : tsywinX
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to allow; to grant; to permit
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准 (eum 준 (jun))
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Hán-Nôm : chuẩn • Hán-Nôm : chốn • Hán-Nôm : chổn • Hán-Nôm : chõn • Hán-Nôm : chủn • Hán-Nôm : trốn
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准
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| 凍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toːŋ, *toːŋs) : semantic 冫 + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dung³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tàng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tòng • Middle-Chinese : tuwng • Middle-Chinese : tuwngH
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cold; (of weather) chilly • to freeze • jelly • a surname
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frozen
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凍 (eumhun 얼 동 (eol dong))
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hanja form of 동 (“freeze”) • hanja form of 동 (“cold, congeal”) • hanja form of 동 (“jelly”)
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Hán-Nôm : đống • Hán-Nôm : đông • Hán-Nôm : gióng • Hán-Nôm : rúng • Hán-Nôm : đóng
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凍
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| 凸
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Pictogram (象形) .
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄝˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tu̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thu̍t • Middle-Chinese : dwot • Middle-Chinese : det
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convex • to protrude; to stick out
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‖ 凸(とつ) • (totsu) -na (adnominal 凸(とつ)な (totsu na), adverbial 凸(とつ)に (totsu ni))
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‖ convex
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凸 (eumhun 볼록하다 철 (bollokhada cheol))
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Hán-Nôm : đột
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凸
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| 凹
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Pictogram (象形) . ‖ Pictogram (象形) . ‖ Pictogram (象形) . ‖ Pictogram (象形) .
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Cantonese · Jyutping : nap¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aau³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄠ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : au • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lap • Middle-Chinese : 'eap ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waa¹ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : nip¹ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : nah
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concave; hollow; sunken; dented • to cave in; to be sunken; to dent; to be concave • indentation; depression ‖ Alternative form of 窪／洼 (wā) ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 𠱃 ‖ (Zhangzhou Hokkien) swollen bumps on the skin • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for swollen bumps on the skin.
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‖ 凹(おう) • (ō) ^(←あふ (afu)?) ‖ 凹(くぼ) • (kubo) ‖ 凹(くぼみ) • (kubomi) ‖ 凹(なかくぼ) • (nakakubo) ‖ 凹(へこみ) • (hekomi) ‖ 凹(ぼこ) • (boko)
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‖ concave ‖ an area with sides higher than the center: an indentation, a depression, a dip, a divot, a hole • (slang) female genitalia, the vagina ‖ a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent ‖ a sunken center • a place or object with a sunken center ‖ a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent • a mistake, and error • a moment of weakness or confusion, being at a loss ‖ an indentation, a dip or divot, a hollow, a dent in a surface
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凹 (eumhun 오목할 요 (omokhal yo))
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Hán-Nôm : ao
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凹
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| 刃
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 刀 (“knife”) + 丶.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : līm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jīm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : līn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jīn • Middle-Chinese : nyinH
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blade; knife edge • sword; knife • (literary) to kill with a sword or knife
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‖ 刃(は) • (ha) ‖ 刃(やいば) • (yaiba) ^(←や𛀆ば (yayiba)?) ‖ 刃(じん) • (jin) ‖ 刃(じん) • (jin)
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‖ any sharp and thin cutting implement: a blade, edge ‖ a forged blade, such as a sword • the wavy pattern formed in the metal on the surface of a forged blade • a sword or similar edged weapon • something sharp like a sword • someone or something powerful ‖ a blade, edge ‖ blade, edge • bladed object (knife, sword, etc.) • kill with a bladed object, put to the sword
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刃 (eum 인 (in))
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Hán-Nôm : nhẫn • Hán-Nôm : nhấn • Hán-Nôm : nhận
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刃
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| 則
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 鼎 (“ding, a bronze cauldron for cooking or sacrificial rituals”) + 刂 (“knife”). 鼎 was simplified as 貝 in the Small seal script. Cf. 貞 (OC *teŋ, “to divine; righteous; firm”), which underwent similar development. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tserk • Middle-Chinese : tsok ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zik¹
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rule; law; regulation • standard; example • to follow an example • Classifier for news, writings, stories, or narratives: item • conjunction used to indicate sequence of events; and • conjunction used to indicate cause and effect; so; thus • conjunction used to indicate contrast; but; on the other hand • conjunction used between two identical or near-identical words to indicate concession; it is ... but it ... • particle used as the copula • particle used after numerals to list reasons ‖ (Cantonese) floor plan or layout (of buildings, especially of apartments or flats) (Classifier: 個／个 c)
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‖ 則(そく) • (-soku) ‖ 則(そく) • (soku)
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rule, law • measure, norm • to follow, to conform ‖ counter for rules ‖ rule, law
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則 (eumhun 법칙(法則) 칙 (beopchik chik)) ‖ 則 (eumhun 곧 즉 (got jeuk))
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hanja form of 칙 (“rule; law; regulation”) [affix] ‖ (literary Chinese) hanja form of 즉 (“particle in literary Chinese texts”)
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canonical : 則: Hán Việt readings: tắc • canonical : trắc 則: Nôm readings: tắc • canonical : tấc • canonical : trắc
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chữ Hán form of tắc (“law; regulation”).
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則
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| 剖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄡ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fau² • Cantonese · Jyutping : pau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phió • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phóo • Middle-Chinese : phjuX • Middle-Chinese : phuwX
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to cut open; to divide • to analyze; to dissect
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divide
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剖 (eum 부 (bu))
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Hán-Nôm : phẩu • Hán-Nôm : bo • Hán-Nôm : mổ • Hán-Nôm : phẫu
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剖
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| 剛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːŋ) : phonetic 岡 (OC *klaːŋ) + semantic 刀 (“knife”). \ \ Along with 鋼 (OC *klaːŋ, *klaːŋs, “steel”), derived from the terminative of 固 (OC *kaːs, “firm, solid, hard”), literally "having become solid, hard" (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kang • Middle-Chinese : kang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kang
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firm; hard; stiff • strong • a surname ‖ just; exactly • only a short while ago; just • barely; just • as soon as; only at this moment
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‖ 剛(たけし) • (Takeshi) · 剛(つよし) • (Tsuyoshi) · 剛(ごう) • (Gō)
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sturdy ‖ a male given name • a male given name • a male given name
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剛 (eum 강 (gang))
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Hán-Nôm : cương • Hán-Nôm : cang
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hard, strong, firm
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剛
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| 創
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰraŋ, *sʰraŋs) : phonetic 倉 (OC *sʰaːŋ) + semantic 刀 (“knife”) – wound. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰraŋ, *sʰraŋs) : phonetic 倉 (OC *sʰaːŋ) + semantic 刀 (“knife”) – wound.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cong³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshòng • Middle-Chinese : tsrhjangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cong¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshng • Middle-Chinese : tsrhjang
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to start to (do something); to do something (for the first time); to found; to create; to establish • to expand; to broaden; to extend • to write; to start to compile • to punish; to penalise • unique; special; unseen; creative • (Internet slang, humorous) Alternative form of 撞 (“to hit”) • (Southern Min) to do; to perform • (Southern Min) to make; to produce • (Southern Min) to tease; to poke fun at ‖ to injure; to harm; to damage • to cut; to slash; to sever • damage; wound; knife cut • Alternative form of 瘡／疮 (chuāng, “sore”)
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‖ 創(そう) • (Sō) ^(←さう (sau)?) ‖ 創(つくる) • (Tsukuru) ‖ 創(はじめ) • (Hajime)
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injury, wound • originate, start ‖ a female given name ‖ a female given name ‖ a female given name
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創 (eumhun 비롯할 창 (birothal chang)) ‖ 創 (eumhun 다칠 창 (dachil chang))
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hanja form of 창 (“to start; to originate”) • hanja form of 창 (“unique; special; creative”) ‖ hanja form of 창 (“damage; wound”)
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Hán-Nôm : sáng • Hán-Nôm : sang
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創
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| 劇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaɡ) : phonetic 豦 (OC *kas, *ɡa) + semantic 刀 (“knife”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khia̍k • Middle-Chinese : gjaek
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theatrical work; play; opera; drama (Classifier: 部 m; 套 c) • many; diverse; numerous • great; powerful • severe; acute; intense • hard; difficult • fortress; stronghold • fast; rapid • to play and joke • 76th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "aggravation" (𝍑) • a surname: Ju
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‖ 劇(げき) • (geki)
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theatrical play • drama ‖ play
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劇 (eumhun 심할 극 (simhal geuk))
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hanja form of 극 (“theatrical plays, opera, drama”) • hanja form of 극 (“excessive, extreme”)
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Hán-Nôm : kịch • Hán-Nôm : cạch • Hán-Nôm : kếch • Hán-Nôm : kệch
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劇
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| 勃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯːd) : phonetic 孛 (OC *bɯːds, *bɯːd, “power”) + semantic 力.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pu̍t • Middle-Chinese : bwot
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exuberant; flourishing; vigorous • suddenly (changing countenance) • to push; to drive; to surge • (obsolete) fine powder
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suddenness, something that happens suddenly • rise • Short for 勃牙利 (Burugaria, “Bulgaria”).
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勃 (eumhun 노할 발 (nohal bal))
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hanja form of 발 (“rise”)
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Hán-Nôm : bột
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勃
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| 動
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːŋʔ) : phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs) + semantic 力 (“strength”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǎng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǒng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōng • Middle-Chinese : duwngX
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(transitive or intransitive) to move • to act • to alter; to change the state of • to use • to move; to touch (emotionally) • (dialectal, chiefly in the negative) to eat; to drink • (literary) easily; almost always • (grammar) Short for 動詞／动词 (dòngcí, “verb”).
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movement, to move
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動 (eumhun 움직일 동 (umjigil dong))
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hanja form of 동 (“move”)
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Hán-Nôm : động • Hán-Nôm : đụng
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動
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| 勘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰluːms) : semantic 力 (“strong”) + phonetic 甚 (OC *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums) – to look at carefully, strongly.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ham³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ham¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kham • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khàm • Middle-Chinese : khomH
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to proofread; to compare • to investigate
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‖ 勘(かん) • (kan) ‖ 勘(かん) • (kan)
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‖ perception; intuition; the sixth sense ‖ consideration • disinheritance
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勘 (eumhun 헤아릴 감 (hearil gam))
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hanja form of 감 (“consideration”)
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勘
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| 務
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *moɡs) : phonetic 敄 (OC *moʔ, *mos) + semantic 力 (“strength”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mow (“to work; to move”) (STEDT). Cognate with 懋 (OC *mus, “to strive”), Garo mo (“to move”), Jingpho mu ⪤ ə mu (“work; labor”), Burmese မူ (mu, “to pursue some course of action; to act”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bū • Middle-Chinese : mjuH ‖
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to be engaged in; to be devoted to • to seek; to pursue • business; affairs • must; should; be sure to • 26th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "endeavor" (𝌟) • a surname ‖ (Eastern Min) Alternative form of 有 (“to have”)
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task, duties
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務 (eumhun 힘쓸 무 (himsseul mu))
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hanja form of 무 (“to be engaged in; to be devoted to”)
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canonical : 務: Hán Việt readings: vụ 務: Nôm readings: mùa • canonical : múa
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chữ Hán form of vụ (“case, affair”). • Nôm form of vụ, mùa (“season”).
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務
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| 勝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljɯŋ, *hljɯŋs) : phonetic 朕 (OC *l'ɯmʔ) + semantic 力 (“strength”). \ Graphically, the character decomposes as 月 + 劵 (which gives rise to the simplified form 胜), though this is not the etymology. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljɯŋ, *hljɯŋs) : phonetic 朕 (OC *l'ɯmʔ) + semantic 力 (“strength”). \ Graphically, the character decomposes as 月 + 劵 (which gives rise to the simplified form 胜), though this is not the etymology.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄥˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sing¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sing • Middle-Chinese : sying ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : sing³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìng • Middle-Chinese : syingH
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to be able to bear; to be able to withstand • to be equal to; to match • exhaustively; entirely; completely • Alternative form of 升 (shēng, “unit of measure for grain volumes”) • Alternative form of 伸 (shēn, “to stretch”) ‖ to defeat; to win; to succeed; to be victorious • victory; success; triumph • to surpass; to prevail over; to outdo • to spread; to be popular; to be employed • to restrain; to check; to subdue; to bring under control • annihilated; destroyed; fallen (of nation or dynasty) • to bully; to place oneself over; to coerce; to subjugate • wonderful; excellent; outstanding • famed; of superior quality • scenic spots and historical sites; scenic attraction • (historical) a kind of splendid jewellery worn by ancient women • (historical) axle on a loom which holds the warp
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‖ 勝(しょう) • (shō) ‖ 勝(しょう) • (-shō) ‖ 勝(まさる) • (Masaru)
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(win a game): かつ, かち • (be superior to): まさる ‖ win, victory ‖ wins, victories ‖ a male given name
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勝 (eumhun 이길 승 (igil seung))
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hanja form of 승 (“to win, to beat”)
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Hán-Nôm : thắng
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to win, to defeat, to be victorious
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勝
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| 勢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hŋjeds) : phonetic 埶 (OC *ŋeds) + semantic 力 (“power”). \ Nominalisation of 設 (OC *ŋ̊et, “to set up”), i.e. “that which is set up” (Schuessler, 2007; Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Compare the following quote from Han Feizi: \ : \ 吾所為言勢者，言人之所設也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]吾所为言势者，言人之所设也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.] \ From: Han Feizi, circa 2ⁿᵈ century BCE \ Wú suǒ wéi yán shì zhě, yán rén zhī suǒ shè yě. [Pinyin] \ The setup (*ŋ̊et-s) of which I am speaking refers to what is set up (*ŋ̊et) by men.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sì • Middle-Chinese : syejH
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power; force; momentum; influence; authority • outward appearance of something • posture; position; pose; bearing • situation; circumstances; conditions • tendency; trend • male genitals • (set theory, of a set) cardinality • (physics, mathematics) potential • (Eastern Min, Southern Min) Suffix for locality noun.
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‖ 勢(せい) • (sei) ^(←せい (sei)?) ‖ 勢(せい) • (-sei) ^(←せい (sei)?)
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forces • energy • military strength ‖ force ‖ group of people with a common trait
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勢 (eumhun 형세 세 (hyeongse se))
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hanja form of 세 (“force”)
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Hán-Nôm : thế • Hán-Nôm : thể
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勢
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| 勾
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Variant of 句, via 口 → 厶. ‖ Variant of 句, via 口 → 厶.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄡ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngau¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gau¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kio • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kau • Middle-Chinese : kuw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄡˋ • Middle-Chinese : kuwH
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to bend; to curve; to crook; to hook • to draw; to delineate • to tick; to mark; to tick off • to cut off or cut out; to strike out; to cross out • to entice; to induce; to attract • to smear; to apply • (literary, or in compounds) to collude; to conspire • (cooking, literary, or in compounds) to mix thoroughly to make something thicken • (literary, or in compounds) to get; to call; to summon • (literary, or in compounds) to catch; to arrest • (historical geometry) shorter leg of a right triangle • numeral nine (used in radio communications in aviation and by the military) • a surname ‖ trap; trick • Alternative form of 夠／够 (gòu, “to be enough; to be sufficient; to reach; can”)
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be bent
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勾 • (gu, gwi) · 勾 • (gu, gwi) (hangeul 구, 귀, revised gu, gwi, McCune–Reischauer ku, kwi)
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Hán-Nôm : câu • Hán-Nôm : cấu • Hán-Nôm : cú
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勾
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| 勿
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Pictogram (象形) – blood on a knife; the original character of 刎 (OC *mɯnʔ, “to cut”). Phonetically borrowed for the negative particle since the time of the oracle bone script. \ ; do not (verb) him/her/it! ‖ According to Pan (2002), developed from a labiodentalized and checked variant of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ'). \ In certain varieties the initial has gained voicing and in some cases caused the word shifted to yang tones, either restricted to specific syntactical positions or in all contexts. \ See also 弗 (feq). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bu̍t • Middle-Chinese : mjut ‖ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : mài ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ
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(literary or formal, imperative) do not; don't • (literary) not • Used in 勿勿. ‖ (Wu) not ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 莫 (“(imperative) do not; don't”) ‖ Only used in 卹勿.
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‖ 勿(ぶつ) • (butsu) · 勿(もち) • (mochi)
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negation • prohibition ‖ must not, do not, be not
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勿 (eumhun 말 물 (mal mul)) · 勿 (eumhun 아닐 물 (anil mul)) · 勿 (eumhun 없을 몰 (eopseul mol))
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hanja form of 물 (“must not, do not”) • hanja form of 물 (“never”) • hanja form of 물 (“without, lacking”)
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Hán-Nôm : vật • Hán-Nôm : vặt • Hán-Nôm : vất
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勿
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| 匠
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Traditionally thought to be an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 匚 (“box”) + 斤 (“axe”) (e.g. Shuowen). \ In more recent scholarship (e.g. Zhengzhang, 2003; Baxter and Sagart, 2014), an alternative glyph origin has been proposed, suggesting that it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sbaŋs) : phonetic 匚 (OC *paŋ) + semantic 斤 (“axe”). \ Several etymologies have been proposed: \ * Related to Tibetan བྱང (byang, “skilled”) (Bodman, 1980) or སྤྱང (spyang, “skilful; clever”) (Sagart and Baxter, 2012). These comparisons would require the Old Chinese reconstruction to have a *sb- initial, which is possible if 匚 (OC *paŋ) is considered to be the phonetic component. The Middle Chinese initial would be derived as such: *s.b- > *zb- > *bz- > *dz- (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). \ * Schuessler (2007), who reconstructs the Old Chinese minimally as *dzaŋh, deems it more likely to be from Mon-Khmer, comparing it to Khmer ចាំង (cang, “to dress; to trim (wood)”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ * Jacques (2015) proposes another Sino-Tibetan etymology, comparing it to Tibetan མཛངས (mdzangs, “wise; intelligent”), which is derived from བཟང (bzang, “good”). Under this hypothesis, it can be derived from 臧 (OC *[ts]ˤaŋ, “good”), which has been connected to the Tibetan word. He postulates the derivation to consist of the nominalizing circumfix *k- -s and the applicative prefix *N-, yielding *k-N-tsaŋ-s > *k-dzaŋ-s.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zoeng⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiūnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiōnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siūnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiǔnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiōng • Middle-Chinese : dzjangH
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craftsman; artisan; workman • master
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‖ 匠(たくみ) • (takumi) ‖ 匠(たくみ) • (Takumi) ‖ 匠(しょう) • (shō)
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‖ craftsman, artisan • craft, craftsmanship, skill ‖ a male given name ‖ skilled worker
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匠 (eumhun 장인 장 (jang'in jang))
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hanja form of 장 (“craftsman, artisan”)
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Hán-Nôm : tượng
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匠
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| 匿
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Characters in the same phonetic series (匿) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nɯɡ) : semantic 匸 + phonetic 若 (OC *nja, *njaʔ, *njaɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-maŋ ~ s-mak (“black; dark; ink”) or Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nak (“black”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (匿) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nɯɡ) : semantic 匸 + phonetic 若 (OC *nja, *njaʔ, *njaɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-maŋ ~ s-mak (“black; dark; ink”) or Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nak (“black”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nik¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nik⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍k • Middle-Chinese : nrik ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄜˋ
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to flee • to hide; to go into hiding • to conceal; to hold back • secretly ‖ Alternative form of 慝 (tè, “evil; wicked; wicked thoughts”)
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‖ 匿(とく) • (toku)
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‖ shelter • hide
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匿 (eumhun 숨길 닉 (sumgil nik), word-initial (South Korea) 숨길 익 (sumgil ik))
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hanja form of 닉/익 (“to hide”)
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canonical : 匿: Hán Việt readings: nặc 匿: Nôm readings: nắc • canonical : nác • canonical : nước • canonical : nặc
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chữ Hán form of nặc.
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匿
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| 升
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Pictogram (象形) of a dipper, compare 斗.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : sing¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsin • Middle-Chinese : sying
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to rise; to go up; to soar; to ascend (literally or figuratively) • to raise; to lift; to elevate; to promote • 46th hexagram of the I Ching; ䷭ • a volume unit of measure: · (historical) sheng, equal to 10 合 (hé) • a volume unit of measure: · litre (unit of measure for volume, chiefly for liquid measure, equal to one thousandth of the cubic metre) • Used in 升平 (shēngpíng, “peaceful”). • (music) sharp (♯) • a surname
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‖ 升(ます) • (masu) (counter 升) ‖ 升(ます) or 升(チート) • (masu or chīto) ‖ 升(しょう) • (shō)
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rise, ascend • measuring box ‖ a volume unit, equal to ²⁴⁰¹⁄₁₃₃₁ litres (approximately 1804 millilitres). · a box used for measuring or serving sake in such volume. • a volume unit, equal to ²⁴⁰¹⁄₁₃₃₁ litres (approximately 1804 millilitres). · in bottled wine, it is measured in 1800 millilitres. ‖ (video games, Internet slang) cheat ‖ a unit of volume, equal to 10 合 (gō) or about 1.8 liters
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升 (eum 승 (seung))
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(되 승): A unit of volume equivalent to about 1.8 L.
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Hán-Nôm : thăng • Hán-Nôm : thưng
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升
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| 協
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɦleːb) : semantic 十 (“many”) + phonetic 劦 (OC *ɦleːb, “to collaborate”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hip³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hip⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hia̍p • Middle-Chinese : hep
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to cooperate; to work together; to collaborate • to assist; to help • harmonious; in amity with • united; joint; common
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collaboration
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協 (eum 협 (hyeop))
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Hán-Nôm : hiệp
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協
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| 卜
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Perhaps a pictogram (象形) of a crack in an oracle bone, used for divination in ancient China. \ Officially adopted as the simplified form of 蔔 in the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (《漢字簡化方案》) in 1956. \ "Cracking" of a bone or tortoise shell in fire: "to divine by oracle bone" (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Galo -`buk (“to burst”), Galo -`puk (“to pop”), Mizo puak (“to explode; to burst”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : buk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : poh • Middle-Chinese : puwk
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to divine • (literary) to foretell; to predict • (literary) to choose • a surname
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‖ 卜(ぼく) • (boku)
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‖ (archaic) fortune-telling • (archaic) choosing
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卜 (eumhun 점 복 (jeom bok))
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hanja form of 복 (“to divine”)
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canonical : 卜: Hán Việt readings: bốc • canonical : bặc 卜: Nôm readings: bói • canonical : bóc • canonical : vúc • canonical : bốc • canonical : vốc • canonical : vóc • canonical : bặc • canonical : cốc ‖
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‖ ăn bốc (咹卜, to eat with the fingers)
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卜
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| 即
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 皀 (“ancient round-mouthed food vessel”) + 卩 (“to kneel”) – to come near to eat; to approach.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zik¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Middle-Chinese : tsik
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(obsolete) to come near to eat • to approach; to come near; to be near • to ascend; to go up; to assume office • prompted by the occasion • (literary) if; assuming that • (literary) even if; even though • namely; that is; to be the same as; i.e. • promptly; quickly; immediately; at once • now; at present • a surname • (Southern Min, determiner) this
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‖ 即(そく) • (soku) ‖ 即(そく) • (soku-)
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‖ immediately ‖ (informal) immediate; instant
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即 (eumhun 곧 즉 (got jeuk))
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Alternative form of 卽 (“immediately; in other words”)
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Hán-Nôm : tức
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即
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| 卷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡron, *kronʔ, *krons, *ɡonʔ) : phonetic 𢍏 () + semantic 卩 (“kneeling person”). \ Now phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : phonetic 龹 () + semantic 卩 (“kneeling person”). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gyun² • Cantonese · Jyutping : gyun³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuínn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuán • Middle-Chinese : kjwenX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gyun² • Cantonese · Jyutping : gyun³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǹg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuàn • Middle-Chinese : gjwonX • Middle-Chinese : kjwenH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kyun⁴ • Middle-Chinese : gjwen
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Alternative form of 捲／卷 (juǎn) ‖ reel of books • book; scroll • volume; chapter; fascicle • (computing) volume • examination paper (Classifier: 份 c) • Classifier for volume or chapter of books. ‖ to bend (especially of knees); to curve; to flex; Original form of 蜷 (quán). • honest; sincere • Alternative form of 婘 (quán, “fine; good”)
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volume • book • scrolls
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卷 (eumhun 굽을 권 (gubeul gwon))
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hanja form of 권 (“scroll”) • hanja form of 권 (“curl”)
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Hán-Nôm : quyển • Hán-Nôm : cuốn • Hán-Nôm : quấn
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卷
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| 卸
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 午 (“pestle”) + 止 (“foot; walk”) + 卩 (“kneeling person”). \ Also phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋjaːs) : phonetic 午 (OC *ŋaːʔ) + semantic 止 (“foot; walk”) + semantic 卩 (“kneeling person”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : se³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sià • Middle-Chinese : sjaeH
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to unload • to take; to remove • to release; to shirk; to resign; to retire (from office)
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wholesale • to grate, grated
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卸 • (sa) · 卸 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa)
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canonical : 卸: Hán Việt readings: tá 卸: Nôm readings: tá • canonical : xả
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Nôm form of xả (“discharge, remove”).
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卸
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| 卿
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Characters in the same phonetic series (鄉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰraŋ) : semantic 卯 (“two men facing each other”) + phonetic 皀 (OC *pqrɯɡ, *pqrɯb, *krɯb, *qʰaŋ, “food vessel with a stand”) – people engaged in ritual feasting (Yang, 1965). The character was once indistinguishable from 鄉 (OC *qʰaŋ); see the Glyph origin section there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hing¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khing • Middle-Chinese : khjaeng
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(historical) high official; minister • (historical) honorific term of address • (imperial, historical) term of address used by emperors toward ministers • (archaic) term of endearment used between spouses • Synonym of 慶／庆 (qìng, “auspicious”) Used in 卿雲／卿云 (qīngyún, “auspicious clouds”).
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‖ 卿(きょう) • (kyō)
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‖ (honorific title) Sir, Lord
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卿 (eumhun 벼슬 경 (byeoseul gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“noble”)
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canonical : 卿: Hán Việt readings: khanh 卿: Nôm readings: khành
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(imperial) chữ Hán form of khanh (“you”). (used by royalty to refer to inferior)
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卿
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| 厄
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Possibly a Ideogram (指事) of a person kneeling (卩), and a small stroke to accentuate the knee (now 厂). Not cognate with 戹 (“yoke”) but eventually they shared meanings. \ Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreːɡ) : phonetic 厂 (OC *hŋaːnʔ, *hŋaːns) + semantic 卪 (“joint; node”) – wood knot. \ Probably related to 嗌 (OC *qleɡ, “throat”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖ From 惡／恶.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : eh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iak • Middle-Chinese : 'eak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˋ ‖
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harrowing; miserable • disaster; calamity; catastrophe • adversity; difficulty; distress • to be stranded • strategic point • Alternative form of 軛／轭 (è, “yoke”) ‖ ^‡ Used in 科厄. ‖ (Teochew) hard; difficult; challenging
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‖ 厄(やく) • (yaku)
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unlucky • misfortune • bad luck • disaster ‖ bad luck, evil
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厄 (eumhun 재앙 액 (jaeang aek))
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canonical : 厄: Hán Việt readings: ách 厄: Nôm readings: ách • canonical : ạch • canonical : ịch
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厄
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| 叛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːns) : phonetic 半 (OC *paːns) + semantic 反.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bun⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puān • Middle-Chinese : banH
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rebel; betray • confused; in disorder • bright; shining • Alternative form of 判 (pàn, “to divide”)
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to betray; to rebel
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叛 (eumhun 배반할 반 (baebanhal ban))
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hanja form of 반 (“rebel, rebellion, rebellious”)
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叛
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| 只
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Pictogram (象形) : airflow coming out of a mouth (口) – a modal particle. \ Schuessler (2007) suggests that it is possibly Sino-Tibetan, relating it to Kamarupan ke, kʰe (“one”), which are perhaps related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-kjaŋ (“single”), whence Tibetan རྐྱང (rkyang, “single”), Burmese ချင်း (hkyang:, “single”) and Burmese ချည်း (hkyany:, “alone,only, just”). ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 只 – see 隻 (“one bird; single; etc.”). \ (This character is the simplified and variant traditional form of 隻). \ Notes: \ Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. \ Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. \ \ In traditional script, 只 (zhī) is a variant of 隻／只 (zhī) for a subset of its senses such as classifier for hands (highest affinity), one of a pair, etc, but most notably not for animals.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí • Middle-Chinese : tsye ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí • Middle-Chinese : tsyeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi² • Middle-Chinese : tsyeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi² ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi² ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi² • Middle-Chinese : tsyeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓ
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only; just; simply; merely • originally; at first ‖ (literary or Min) this ‖ A modal particle. ‖ to do ‖ Progressive particle, akin to 著／着 (zhe). ‖ a surname ‖ Classifier for hands and objects worn on/around hand. • Classifier for one of a pair. • Classifier for boats and certain vessels.
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‖
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only • simply • just ‖
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只 (eum 지 (ji))
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Hán-Nôm : chỉ • Hán-Nôm : chích
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只
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| 台
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‖ ‖ ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 台 – see 鮐 (“mackerel; old person; etc.”). \ (This character is a variant form of 鮐).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yi ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : toi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thai • Middle-Chinese : thoj • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yi ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞˊ • Middle-Chinese : thoj • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yi ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yi
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Original form of 怡 (yí, “happy, pleased”). • I, me • what • a surname ‖ Used in place names. ‖ Used in 三台 (“name of a star”). • historical placename in modern Shandong • (polite, honorific) used to address another person or to describe the actions of another person ‖ Alternative form of 嗣 (sì) • Alternative form of 始 (shǐ)
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‖ ‖ ‖ 台(だい) • (-dai) ‖ 台(だい) • (-dai)
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‖ pedestal • a stand • counter for machines and vehicles • Taiwan ‖ (replacing 颱) typhoon ‖ machines, especially vehicles or computers ‖ tables, beds • level, especially of price • period of time in a person's life
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台 • (tae, i, dae) · 台 • (tae, i, dae) (hangeul 태, 이, 대, revised tae, i, dae, McCune–Reischauer t'ae, i, dae)
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canonical : 台: Hán Việt readings: thai • canonical : đài 台: Nôm readings: thơi • canonical : thai • canonical : thay • canonical : hay • canonical : đài • canonical : thài • canonical : hai • canonical : đày
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台
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| 后
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Lateral inversion of 后 generates 司 (OC *slɯ). \ According to Kōjien and 学研漢和大字典, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person (variant form)”) + 口 (“hole”) — a depiction of a person's (人) anus, with the additional meaning of “behind”, “rear”, as well as coming to mean “emperor/empress”, who would live in a palace “behind” wordly troubles. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-gaw (“head”). Cognate with Tibetan གོ (go, “head; headman”), མགོ (mgo, “head, top, beginning”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiǒ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōo • Middle-Chinese : huwX • Middle-Chinese : huwH
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king; ruler; emperor • ^⁜ queen; empress • (chess) queen • a surname
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‖ 后(こう) • (kō) ‖ 后(きさき) • (kisaki) ‖ 后(きさい) • (kisai)
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‖ monarch, ruler, sovereign • empress, queen, or other female monarch ‖ an empress • any other wife of a male aristocrat, such as a queen ‖ (uncommon, archaic) Same as きさき (kisaki) above
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后 (eumhun 임금 후 (imgeum hu))
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hanja form of 후 (“ruler; monarch”) • (suffix) hanja form of 후 (“queen; empress”)
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Hán-Nôm : hậu
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后
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| 吾
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Characters in the same phonetic series (五) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋraː, *ŋaː) : phonetic 五 (OC *ŋaːʔ) + semantic 口 (“mouth”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa-j ~ ka (“I”). Cognate with Burmese ငါ (nga, “I”), 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ, “I”), Hakka 𠊎 (ngài, “I”). ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ng⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gôo • Middle-Chinese : ngu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ng⁴ • Middle-Chinese : ngu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ng⁴ ‖ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ng⁴ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaa⁴ • Middle-Chinese : ngae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ
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(literary or dialectal) I • (literary) my • a surname. Wu ‖ Used for onomatopoeia. ‖ Used in transcription. ‖ (Hakka) my ‖ (obsolete) a kind of baton ‖ Only used in 允吾 (Yányá; Qiānyá). A county established during the Western Han, disestablished during the Northern Wei, and briefly reestablished during the Sui dynasty ‖ Only used in 吾吾.
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I, me
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吾 • (o) · 吾 • (o) (hangeul 오, revised o, McCune–Reischauer o)
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Hán-Nôm : ngô • Hán-Nôm : ngo
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吾
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| 呈
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rleŋ, *l'eŋs) : semantic 口 + phonetic 𡈼 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋʔ). The bottom component is not to be confused with 壬 (rén) or 王. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rleŋ, *l'eŋs) : semantic 口 + phonetic 𡈼 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋʔ). The bottom component is not to be confused with 壬 (rén) or 王.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cing⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiânn • Middle-Chinese : drjeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˊ • Middle-Chinese : drjengH
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to submit; to present; to show • to appear; to assume • (historical) petition (from a civilian to the authorities); written report (to a superior) • Alternative form of 程 (chéng) • a surname: Cheng ‖ to flaunt
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display • offer • present • send • exhibit
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呈 (eum 정 (jeong))
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Hán-Nôm : trình • Hán-Nôm : chiềng • Hán-Nôm : chường • Hán-Nôm : triềng • Hán-Nôm : rềnh • Hán-Nôm : trành • Hán-Nôm : xình
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呈
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| 咸
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 戌 (“axe”) + 口 (“mouth (person) or clay pot”). A pictogram of soldiers shouting together with a spear in front of the battlefield, implying everyone, without exception. Also see 喊, which means to 'shout'. The alternative interpretation is to cut off one's head with an ax, depriving them of all they have; alternatively, to break a pot with an ax. \ For etymology 2, simplified from 鹹 (elimination of 鹵). \ Compare Khmer ព្រម (prɔɔm, “to agree; to go along with; together”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâm • Middle-Chinese : heam
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(literary) all; completely • (obsolete) together • (literary) united; in harmony • (literary) common; widespread • (obsolete) to finish; to terminate • 31st hexagram of the I Ching • a surname
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all
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咸 (eum 함 (ham))
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Hán-Nôm : hàm
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咸
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| 咽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qiːn, *qiːns, *qiːd) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 因 (OC *qin) – connected to the mouth, the throat. ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 咽 – see 嚥 (“to swallow”). \ (This character is the simplified and variant form of 嚥). \ Notes: \ Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. \ Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jin¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ian • Middle-Chinese : 'en ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jit³ • Middle-Chinese : 'et
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(anatomy) throat, pharynx ‖ to make a hoarse sound
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‖ 咽(いん) • (in) ‖ 咽(えつ) • (etsu) ‖ 咽(えん) • (en)
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throat ‖ throat ‖ choked; smothered: Only used in 嗚咽 (oetsu, “sobbing (n.), to sob (v.)”) ‖ Alternative form of 嚥 (en, “swallow; gulp down”): Only used in 咽下 (enka, enge, “swallowing (n.), to swallow (v.)”)
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咽 (eumhun 목구멍 인 (mokgumeong in)) ‖ 咽 (eumhun 목멜 열 (mongmel yeol))
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hanja form of 인 (“throat; pharynx”) [affix] ‖ hanja form of 열 (“Used in 오열(嗚咽) (oyeol, “sobbing”): choked; smothered”)
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Hán-Nôm : yết • Hán-Nôm : nhằn • Hán-Nôm : ịt • Hán-Nôm : nhiết • Hán-Nôm : yến
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咽
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| 哉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslɯː) : semantic 口 + phonetic 𢦏 (OC *ʔslɯː). ‖ According to Qian (2010), in contemporary Urban Shanghainese, it has become 了 through lenition (/zəʔ/ > /ləʔ/). Full lenition chain 哉 (MC tsoj) > Suzhounese /t͡se/ > Suburban Shanghainese /tæʔ/, while Old urban Shanghainese/ze/ /zəʔ/ > Contemporary urban Shanghainese/ləʔ/ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsai • Middle-Chinese : tsoj ‖ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsài
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grammatical particle indicating emphasis · sentence-medial particle indicating inverted construction for the emphasis of the predicate • grammatical particle indicating emphasis · sentence-final particle indicating exclamation, emphasis, or strong intention • begin, commence ‖ (Northern Wu) Sentence-final particle used to indicate the present tense ‖ (Hokkien) Only used in 佳哉.
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‖ 哉(さい) • (sai)
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‖ expression of exclamation or excitement
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哉 (eum 재 (jae))
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Hán-Nôm : tai • Hán-Nôm : tơi
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哉
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| 員
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : a 〇 indicating the top edge of a 鼎 (“ding”) - round. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : a 〇 indicating the top edge of a 鼎 (“ding”) - round. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : a 〇 indicating the top edge of a 鼎 (“ding”) - round.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : înn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guân ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wan⁴ • Middle-Chinese : hjun ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wan⁶
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member • personnel; staff member • Original form of 圓／圆 (yuán, “circle; round”). ‖ Only used in 伍員／伍员(a person’s name) ‖ a surname
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‖ 員(いん) • (in) ^(←ゐん (win)?) ‖ 員(いん) • (-in) ^(←ゐん (win)?) ‖ 員(いん) • (in) ^(←ゐん (win)?)
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‖ (literary) member ‖ member ‖ member
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員 (eumhun 인원 원 (inwon won))
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hanja form of 원 (“person, personnel, employee, member”)
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canonical : 員: Hán Việt readings: vân • canonical : viên 員: Nôm readings: von
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chữ Hán form of viên (“person, member, staff, personnel”).
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員
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| 哭
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In oracle bone inscriptions, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 吅 (“loudly”) + person with long hair (Similar to 老 without the cane) – "cry; weep". The pictogram of the person with long hair corrupted into 犬. Evidence suggests 吅 could be an abbreviation of the sound component 咢 (OC *ŋaːɡ), making the character phono-semantic (形聲／形声) . \ Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰoːɡ) : semantic 吅 (“to speak loudly”) + abbreviated phonetic 獄 (OC *ŋoɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kuːk (“to weep; to wail”); cognate with Mizo kûk (“to shriek”) (STEDT). \ This seems to be an area word; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kuk ~ kuuk ~ kuək ~ kək (“to call”), Proto-Austronesian *-kuk (“sound of a sob”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khok • Middle-Chinese : khuwk
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to weep; to cry; to wail
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to cry; to wail
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哭 (eumhun 울 곡 (ul gok))
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hanja form of 곡 (“cry”)
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Hán-Nôm : khốc • Hán-Nôm : khóc
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哭
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| 哺
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄨˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : póo • Middle-Chinese : buH
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(literary, of birds) to feed (with food in the mouth) • to feed; to nurse • (literary) food being chewed in the mouth • (literary) to eat • (Northern Min, Southern Min) to chew
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哺 • (po) · 哺 • (po) (hangeul 포, revised po, McCune–Reischauer p'o)
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Hán-Nôm : bộ • Hán-Nôm : phô • Hán-Nôm : bô • Hán-Nôm : bu • Hán-Nôm : bú • Hán-Nôm : bụ • Hán-Nôm : pho • Hán-Nôm : phò
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哺
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| 唆
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : so¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : so • Hokkien · Tai-lo : soo • Middle-Chinese : swa
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to incite; to instigate
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tempt • seduce • instigate • promote
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唆 • (sa) · 唆 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa)
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Hán-Nôm : toa
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唆
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| 唾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰoːls) : semantic 口 + phonetic 垂 (OC *djol). \ Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan ཐོ་ལེ (tho le, “spit”), Burmese တွေး (twe:, “spittle”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thòo • Middle-Chinese : thwaH
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saliva • to spit • to spit at; to spit with contempt • to vomit
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‖ 唾(つばき) • (tsubaki) ‖ 唾(つば) • (tsuba) ‖ 唾(つ) • (tsu)
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‖ spit, saliva ‖ spit, saliva ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) spit, saliva
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唾 (eumhun 침 타 (chim ta))
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hanja form of 타 (“saliva”)
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Hán-Nôm : thóa • Hán-Nôm : thoá
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唾
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| 問
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯns) : phonetic 門 (OC *mɯːn) + semantic 口. \ Exoactive derivation of 聞 (OC *mɯn, “to hear”) with suffix *-s, literally "let (me) hear" (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mn̄g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mňg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : būn • Middle-Chinese : mjunH
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to ask • to inquire about; to ask about • to send one's regards; to send one's respects; to greet; to ask how someone is; to show concern to someone • to try; to interrogate; to subject to an inquest • to call to account; to hold to account; to take to task • to interfere; to intervene; to meddle • (colloquial) to; from • a surname: Wen
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‖ 問(もん) • (-mon)
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question, inquiry ‖ counter for questions, problems
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問 (eumhun 물을 문 (mureul mun))
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hanja form of 문 (“ask; question”)
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Hán-Nôm : vấn • Hán-Nôm : vắn • Hán-Nôm : vắng • Hán-Nôm : vẩn • Hán-Nôm : vặn
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問
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| 喉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoː) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 侯 (OC *ɡoː). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ku (“neck; throat”) (STEDT); compare Chepang गुक् (“throat”) (Schuessler, 2007). Also compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ (“neck”), whence Mon ကံ (kaʹ, “neck”), Khmer ក (kɑɑ, “neck”), Vietnamese cổ (“neck”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : âu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiô • Middle-Chinese : huw
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(anatomy) larynx • (by extension) throat; gullet • (Cantonese) pipe; duct; hose; tube (Classifier: 條／条 c) • guttural
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‖ 喉(のど) • (nodo) ‖ 喉(こう) • (-kō) ‖ 喉(のんど) • (nondo) ‖ 喉(のみど) • (nomido) ‖ 喉(のみと) • (nomito)
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‖ throat • (printing, of a page) the inside margin, whichever vertical margin that is adjacent to the spine of the book ‖ counter for fish ‖ throat ‖ throat ‖ throat
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hanja form of 후 (“throat, gullet, larynx; guttural”)
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Hán-Nôm : hầu
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喉
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| 喝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qraːds, *qʰoːb, *qʰaːd) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 曷 (OC *ɡaːd). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hwap (“to drink”). Cognate to 噏 (OC *qʰrub, “to drink”) and 呷 (OC *qʰraːb, “to drink”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hot³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hot³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hat • Middle-Chinese : xat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jit³ • Middle-Chinese : 'aejH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˋ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : huah
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(Standard Written Chinese, Mandarin, Jin) to drink ‖ to shout; to call out • (Cantonese, transitive) to shout at someone • (Hokkien) to scold loudly • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to brag; to boast; to bluff ‖ (of one's voice) hoarse ‖ Alternative form of 嗬 (“hey”) ‖ (Quanzhou Hokkien) so
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‖ 喝(かつ) • (katsu) ‖ 喝(かつ) • (katsu)
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‖ (Buddhism) an interjection uttered by Zen Buddhist masters to scold their students ‖ a loud exclamation or scolding
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喝 • (gal, ae) · 喝 • (gal, ae) (hangeul 갈, 애, McCune–Reischauer kal, ae)
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loud voice • to call out, yell, shout • to scold
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Hán-Nôm : hát • Hán-Nôm : ạc • Hán-Nôm : hét • Hán-Nôm : hết • Hán-Nôm : hít • Hán-Nôm : ặc • Hán-Nôm : kệ • Hán-Nôm : kháo • Hán-Nôm : ha
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喝
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| 喪
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Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ) : phonetic 桑 (OC *sŋaːŋ, “mulberry tree”) + semantic 㗊 (“many mouths”). The number of mouths frequently varied. Sometimes 走 (“run”) was included as a semantic component, and later 亡 (OC *maŋ, “die”) was added as a phonetic (and also possibly semantic) component. \ In the seal script became ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ) : semantic 哭 (“cry”) + phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ, “die”), from which the modern form derives. \ Compare 咢 and 噩, which may be derived from or originally the same character as 喪. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”). Cognate with 亡 (OC *maŋ, “to disappear”). The level-toned pronunciation has a nominal prefix *s-, lit. "circumstances associated with disappearance (death)", whereas the departing-toned pronunciation has a formally identical causative prefix *s- and an exoactive suffix *-s, lit. "to cause to disappear". ‖ Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ) : phonetic 桑 (OC *sŋaːŋ, “mulberry tree”) + semantic 㗊 (“many mouths”). The number of mouths frequently varied. Sometimes 走 (“run”) was included as a semantic component, and later 亡 (OC *maŋ, “die”) was added as a phonetic (and also possibly semantic) component. \ In the seal script became ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ) : semantic 哭 (“cry”) + phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ, “die”), from which the modern form derives. \ Compare 咢 and 噩, which may be derived from or originally the same character as 喪. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”). Cognate with 亡 (OC *maŋ, “to disappear”). The level-toned pronunciation has a nominal prefix *s-, lit. "circumstances associated with disappearance (death)", whereas the departing-toned pronunciation has a formally identical causative prefix *s- and an exoactive suffix *-s, lit. "to cause to disappear".
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Cantonese · Jyutping : song¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : song • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sng • Middle-Chinese : sang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : song³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòng • Middle-Chinese : sangH
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mourning; funeral ceremony • corpse; dead body • misfortune; misadventure • to mourn; to be in mourning • to grieve over the death of ‖ to forfeit; to lose; to be deprived of • to die; to pass away • to be defeated; to be destroyed; to perish • to escape; to flee • to forget; to fail to remember • to be discouraged; to lose heart • (Hong Kong Cantonese) wildly; extremely
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‖ 喪(も) • (mo) ‖ 喪(そう) • (sō) ^(←さう (sau)?)
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mourning • loss ‖ mourning • calamity; misfortune ‖ mourning
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喪 • (sang) · 喪 • (sang) (hangeul 상, revised sang, McCune–Reischauer sang)
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Hán-Nôm : tang • Hán-Nôm : táng • Hán-Nôm : tảng
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喪
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| 嗅
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Simplified from 齅 (鼻 → 口); in current form: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰlus, *qʰluŋs) : semantic 口 + phonetic 臭 (OC *kʰljus).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cau³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiù • Middle-Chinese : xjuwH
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to smell; to scent
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smell, sniff
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嗅 • (hu) · 嗅 • (hu) (hangeul 후)
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Hán-Nôm : khứu
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嗅
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| 嘲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔr'eːw) : semantic 口 + phonetic 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔr'eːw) : semantic 口 + phonetic 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄠˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaau¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sau • Middle-Chinese : traew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠ
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to ridicule; to deride; to scorn; to jeer at • (literary) to chant; to recite poetry with a cadence ‖ (literary) twitter (of birds)
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‖ 嘲(ちょう) • (chō) ^(←てう (teu)?)
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‖ ridicule, insult, scorn, sneer
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嘲 • (jo) · 嘲 • (jo) (hangeul 조, revised jo, McCune–Reischauer cho)
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Hán-Nôm : trào • Hán-Nôm : chào • Hán-Nôm : ràu • Hán-Nôm : nhào • Hán-Nôm : rầu • Hán-Nôm : thều • Hán-Nôm : trều
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Nôm form of chào (“hello”).
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嘲
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| 園
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷan) : semantic 囗 (“fence”) + phonetic 袁 (OC *ɢʷan).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uân • Middle-Chinese : hjwon
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garden; orchard • park; public recreational place • (Min) dry land • a surname
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‖ 園(えん) • (en) ^(←ゑん (wen)?) ‖ 園(えん) • (en) ^(←ゑん (wen)?) ‖ 園(えん) • (En) ^(←ゑん (wen)?) ‖ 園(その) • (sono) ‖ 園(その) • (Sono)
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field, plantation • garden, park • preschool (nursery, kindergarten) ‖ preschool · Short for 幼稚園 (yōchien) kindergarten • preschool · Short for 保育園 (hoikuen) nursery school ‖ garden, park ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ an orchard, plantation • a garden, park (especially one with trees) • a place, location ‖ a female given name • a surname
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園 (eumhun 동산 원 (dongsan won))
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hanja form of 원 (“garden; orchard”)
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Hán-Nôm : viên • Hán-Nôm : vườn
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園
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| 坊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paŋ, *baŋ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paŋ, *baŋ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paŋ, *baŋ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóng • Middle-Chinese : pjang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hong ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong⁴ • Middle-Chinese : bjang
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lane; alley • store • paifang • a surname ‖ workshop ‖ Alternative form of 防 · dam; embankment • Alternative form of 防 · to guard against
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a monk's residence • monk • boy, "sonny" • precinct of a city
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坊 (eum 방 (bang))
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canonical : 坊: Hán Việt readings: phường 坊: Nôm readings: phương • canonical : phường
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chữ Hán form of phường (“ward”).
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坊
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| 坐
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 留 (“to stay”) + 土 (“ground”). \ Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Tangut 𗶠 (*dzu̱², “to sit”), Japhug amdzɯ (“to sit”) (Jacques, 2014; Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsěr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsēr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǒ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǒo • Middle-Chinese : dzwaX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zo⁶ • Middle-Chinese : dzwaH
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to sit; to take a seat • to go by; to travel by; to ride • to bear fruit • (literary) because of; on the ground of • to be in charge of; to manage • to uphold; to fight until the end without giving up • to be convicted (of a crime) ‖ Alternative form of 座 (zuò)
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to sit • to assume (a position) • to hold still
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坐 (eumhun 앉을 좌 (anjeul jwa))
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hanja form of 좌 (“to sit”)
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canonical : 坐: Hán Việt readings: tọa • canonical : toạ 坐: Nôm readings: ngồi • canonical : tòa • canonical : toà • canonical : tọa • canonical : toạ
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坐
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| 坑
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In its current form, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰraːŋ) : phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs) + semantic 土 (“soil”). Early forms appear to be 阬. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄥㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khenn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khing • Middle-Chinese : khaeng ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : haang¹
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pit; hole (Classifier: 個／个 m c) • tunnel • (dialectal, including Cantonese) ditch; trench (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (dialectal, including Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, Taishanese) valley; gully; ravine • (Hakka) small stream; creek; brook (Classifier: 條／条 h) • (figurative) trap • (by extension, neologism, Internet slang) fandom; media franchise • (literary) to bury alive • to entrap; to cheat ‖ (Cantonese, in compounds) man
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‖ 坑(こう) • (kō)
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‖ pit, usually of a mine
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坑 (eumhun 구덩이 갱 (gudeong'i gaeng))
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hanja form of 갱 (“pit”)
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canonical : 坑: Hán Việt readings: khanh • canonical : khâng • canonical : khuâng 坑: Nôm readings: khanh • canonical : ganh
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坑
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| 坤
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khun • Middle-Chinese : khwon
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earth • feminine, female • eighth of the eight trigrams (bagua) used in Taoist cosmology, represented by the symbol ☷ • second hexagram of the I Ching, represented by the symbol ䷁
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‖ 坤(ひつじさる) • (hitsujisaru)
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southwest ‖ (obsolete) southwest
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坤 (eumhun 땅 곤 (ttang gon))
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hanja form of 곤 (“earth”) • (곤괘 곤, gongwae-) ☷ or the eighth of the Eight Trigrams, (☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷ or 팔괘 (八卦, palgwae)) that exactly match with the three-digit binary numbers, counting from 0 to 7. Four (0, 2, 5, 7) out of eight trigrams are placed in the four corners of the flag of South Korea. • (황후 곤, hwanghu-) queen
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Hán-Nôm : khôn • Hán-Nôm : khuôn
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坤
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| 坪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *beŋ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 平 (OC *ben, *beŋ). \ The Taiwanese measurement unit of area was borrowed from the Japanese one during Japanese colonial period.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ping⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pênn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phênn • Middle-Chinese : bjaeng
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plain (especially used in a place name); flatland; level ground; terrace • (Taiwan) a traditional unit of areal measure equal to a square six 尺 (chǐ) on each side, approximately 3.306 square meters or 35.57 square feet
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‖ 坪(つぼ) • (tsubo)
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‖ A unit of areal measure, traditionally a square six 尺 (shaku, traditional Japanese unit of length, roughly equivalent to the English foot) per side, equivalent to the area covered by two standard-sized tatami mats. In modern usage, standardized at 3.306 square metres.
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坪 (eumhun 들 평 (deul pyeong))
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hanja form of 평 (“Pyeong, a traditional unit of measurement”) • hanja form of 평 (“plain; flatland; level ground; terrace”)
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Hán-Nôm : bình
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坪
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| 型
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡeːŋ) : phonetic 刑 (OC *ɡeːŋ) + semantic 土 (“earth”) – an earthen mold, hence form, pattern.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jing⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hîng • Middle-Chinese : heng
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^⁜ mold • model; type; style; pattern • (Cantonese) stylish; cool
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‖ 型(かた) • (kata) ‖ 型(がた) • (-gata)
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mold, pattern • type, model, style ‖ a style, a type • a mold, a pattern, a template • (martial arts) kata (choreographed training exercises) • (noh, kabuki) a particular style of stage movement or choreography • a convention, a standardized form or style • screen size (of a television, computer monitor, etc.) in inches ‖ type • shape, pattern, likeness
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型 (eum 형 (hyeong))
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canonical : 型: Hán Việt readings: hình 型: Nôm readings: hình
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型
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| 執
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 㚔 (“criminal / handcuffs”) + 丮 (“hand”): to arrest. In the present form, 㚔 (niè) and 丮 (jǐ) have been replaced by 幸 (xìng) and 丸 (wán), respectively. \ Also phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjib) : phonetic 㚔 () + semantic 丮. \ Possibly related to Tibetan ཆབ (chab, “power; dominion”) or Khmer ចាប់ (cap, “to grasp; to seize”) (Schuessler 2007). Korean 집 (jip-, “to pick up; to grab”) is probably coincidental. \ ; “to go bankrupt and close down”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zap¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsip • Middle-Chinese : tsyip
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to hold in the hand • to hold (authority, etc.); to manage • to keep; to hold to; to insist • to carry out • (literary) to arrest; to capture • (Cantonese) to pick up • (Cantonese) to clean up; to tidy up • (Cantonese) to go bankrupt and close down • (Cantonese) Classifier for pinches (small amount that could be held between fingertips) of objects.
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‖ 執(まもる) • (Mamoru)
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tenacious, take hold, grasp, take to heart ‖ a male given name
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hold in hand, keep, carry out
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canonical : 執: Hán Việt readings: chấp 執: Nôm readings: chắp • canonical : giúp • canonical : chập • canonical : giập • canonical : xấp • canonical : chặp • canonical : chụp • canonical : chấp • canonical : xắp • canonical : xúp • canonical : chộp • canonical : xóp • canonical : xụp • canonical : chợp • canonical : giộp
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chữ Hán form of chấp.
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執
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| 堅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kiːn) : phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic 土. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kian • Middle-Chinese : ken ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kian • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiân
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hard • strong; firm • resolute • (Cantonese) real; genuine • (Cantonese) really; very • 72nd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "hardness" (𝍍) ‖ (Hokkien) to become dry and form a crust; to congeal
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‖ 堅(けん) • (Ken)
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hard, firm • tough • strict ‖ a male given name
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堅 (eumhun 굳을 견 (gudeul gyeon))
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hanja form of 경 (“hard, stiff”)
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Hán-Nôm : kiên
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|
堅
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| 堆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːl) : semantic 土 + phonetic 隹 (OC *tjul). \ Schuessler (2007) takes its first appearance in Chu Ci as suggestive of foreign origin. Possibly related to: \ * Proto-Tai *C̥.doːjᴬ (“mountain”) (whence Thai ดอย (dɔɔi), Saek [script needed] (rɔ:jᴬ¹), Zhuang ndoi) \ * Proto-Hmong-Mien *glaɨᴰ (“mountain”), or \ * Austroasiatic, e.g. Middle Mon [script needed] (duiw, “hill, hilltop”) \ Possibly connected with 屯 (OC *duːn).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : deoi¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeoi¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tui • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tu • Middle-Chinese : twoj
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heap; pile; mound • (computing) heap • to pile up; to stack up • Classifier for objects organised in piles: pile; lump; heap; clump; mound • mound (usually in placenames) • Alternative form of 䭔／𫗰 (duī)
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a river bank; a marine ridge, a marine bank
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堆 • (toe) · 堆 • (toe) (hangeul 퇴, revised toe, McCune–Reischauer t'oe)
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Hán-Nôm : đôi • Hán-Nôm : chui • Hán-Nôm : đồi • Hán-Nôm : doi • Hán-Nôm : nhoi • Hán-Nôm : duôi • Hán-Nôm : đòi
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堆
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| 堪
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Characters in the same phonetic series (甚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰluːm) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 甚 (OC *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums, “extreme, profound”) — originally meaning “heavy mountain/earthen protrusion”, it later came to signify the act of “enduring” that earth's weight. \ Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese ခံ (hkam, “to receive; to endure”), Jingpho khàm (“to endure”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ham¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kham • Middle-Chinese : khom
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may; can; to be capable of; to be able to • to bear; to stand; to resist; to endure • (obsolete) protrusion in the earth
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‖ 堪(かん) • (kan)
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‖ to bear; to endure • capable
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堪 (eumhun 견딜 감 (gyeondil gam))
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hanja form of 감 (“to endure; to bear”) • hanja form of 감 (“capable”)
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Hán-Nôm : kham • Hán-Nôm : khom • Hán-Nôm : khăm
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堪
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| 報
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 㚔 (“handcuffs”) + 𠬝 (“to subdue”) – to convict; to punish; to declare guilty.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pò • Middle-Chinese : pawH
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to judge • to avenge; to take revenge • to repay; to requite; to recompense • divine retribution; karma; nemesis • to announce; to inform; to report; to tell • report; information • newspaper (Classifier: 份 m; 張／张 m) • bulletin; newsletter; report • journal; periodical • Short for 電報／电报 (diànbào, “telegram”).
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‖ 報(ほう) • (hō)
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news, report • retribution ‖ news, information
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報 (eumhun 알릴 보 (allil bo)) · 報 (eumhun 갚을 보 (gapeul bo))
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hanja form of 보 (“to announce; to inform; to report; to tell”) • hanja form of 보 (“to repay; to requite; to recompense”)
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Hán-Nôm : báo
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to requite, to return • to announce, to report • newspaper
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報
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| 場
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aŋ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ). \ Etymology not certain; perhaps related to Tibetan ར་བ (ra ba, “enclosure; fence; wall; yard”) and 宁 (OC *da, *daʔ, “space between the door and the entrance screen”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aŋ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ). \ Etymology not certain; perhaps related to Tibetan ར་བ (ra ba, “enclosure; fence; wall; yard”) and 宁 (OC *da, *daʔ, “space between the door and the entrance screen”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiûnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiônn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiâng • Middle-Chinese : drjang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiûnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiônn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiâng • Middle-Chinese : drjang
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open space; field; market; large place used for a specific purpose • venue; course • stage; platform; stand • whole show or match • (physics) field (region affected by a particular force) • (Hong Kong Cantonese) Short for 商場／商场 (“mall; shopping centre”). • Classifier for scenes (of a play). • Classifier for sporting or recreational activities. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • Classifier for exams. • a surname: Chang ‖ level open space (often as a threshing floor) • (dialectal, colloquial) market • Classifier for events and happenings: spell; bout
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‖ 場(ば) • (ba) ‖ 場(ば) • (-ba) ‖ 場(じょう) • (jō) ^(←ぢやう (dyau)?) ‖ 場(じょう) • (-jō) ^(←ぢやう (dyau)?)
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‖ a place • a situation, the circumstances of a particular place and time • an act, a section of a play • (physics) a field • a trading floor, as in a market or exchange ‖ an act, a section of a play ‖ a flattened area used for festivals or ceremonies • a place where events are held ‖ place, arena, course • while, period
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場 (eumhun 마당 장 (madang jang))
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hanja form of 장 (“yard; place”)
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canonical : 場: Hán Việt readings: trường • canonical : tràng 場: Nôm readings: trường • canonical : tràng
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chữ Hán form of trường (“place; domain; area; school”).
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場
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| 塊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰuːls, *kʰruːds) : semantic 土 (“earth; dust”) + phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ) – clod of dirt. \ Unknown (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Jerry Norman reconstructs Common Min *tɔi⁵ based on the coastal Min forms; it is unclear how the Northern Min forms relate to the Coastal Min forms. Possibly from 段 (OC *doːns, “section; segment”); compare 短 (OC *toːnʔ, “short”) > Xiamen Hokkien té (Coblin, n.d.).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄞˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuài • Middle-Chinese : khwojH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tèr
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piece; chunk; lump; part • (colloquial) Classifier for money: yuan; dollar; buck • Classifier for piece of something (food, cloth, stone): piece; chunk; slab • Classifier for areas of land: plot; tract; area • (Teochew) place • (Sichuanese, obsolete) tomb; grave • (archaic) calm and indifferent • (archaic) solitary; alone ‖ (Eastern Min, Hokkien) piece; chunk; lump; part • (Northern Min, Eastern Min, Hokkien, Leizhou Min) Classifier for piece of something (food, cloth, stone): piece; chunk; slab • (Northern Min, Eastern Min, colloquial) Classifier for money: yuan; dollar; buck • (Hokkien) Classifier for songs. • (Eastern Min, Hokkien, Teochew) place • (Taiwanese Hokkien) home • (Eastern Min, Hokkien) Classifier for places.
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‖ 塊(かい) • (kai)
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‖ lump, mass, chunk, clod
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塊 (eumhun 덩어리 괴 (deong'eori goe))
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hanja form of 괴 (“piece; chunk; lump”)
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Hán-Nôm : khối • Hán-Nôm : cỏi • Hán-Nôm : khỏi • Hán-Nôm : hòn • Hán-Nôm : khói
|
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塊
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| 塑
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋaːɡs) : phonetic 朔 (OC *sŋraːɡ) + semantic 土 (“earth”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòo • Middle-Chinese : suH
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to mould; to model • plastic
|
|
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塑 • (so) · 塑 • (so) (hangeul 소, revised so, McCune–Reischauer so)
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Hán-Nôm : tố
|
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塑
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| 塗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rlaː, *l'aː) : phonetic 涂 (OC *l'aː, *l'a) + semantic 土 (“earth; dirt”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tôo • Middle-Chinese : du • Middle-Chinese : drae
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mud; shoal • to daub; to smear; to apply; to paint; to plaster • to cross out; to blot out • to scribble; to scrawl over • Alternative form of 途 (tú, “road”) • (Southern Min) earth; ground • (alt. form 嵞, 峹) Used in 塗山／涂山 (Túshān). • a surname
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‖ 塗(ぬり) • (nuri)
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paint ‖ Alternative spelling of 塗り
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塗 (eumhun 바를 도 (bareul do))
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hanja form of 도 (“smear, daub, apply, spread”) • hanja form of 도 (“paint”)
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Hán-Nôm : đồ • Hán-Nôm : đừ
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塗
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| 填
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tin⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiām • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thūn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tīng • Middle-Chinese : trin • Middle-Chinese : den • Middle-Chinese : trinH • Middle-Chinese : denH
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to fill (a space); to fill up • to fill (a gap, blank, vacancy, etc.); to fill in; to make up (a deficiency, shortcoming, etc.) • to fill in (words or numbers into a form or sheet of paper) • (archaic) sound of drum beating
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Alternative form of 塡 (“to fill in; to fill up”)
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填 • (jeon, jin) · 填 • (jeon, jin) (hangeul 전, 진, revised jeon, jin, McCune–Reischauer chŏn, chin)
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Hán-Nôm : điền • Hán-Nôm : đền • Hán-Nôm : đẩn • Hán-Nôm : thiềm
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填
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| 增
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *ʔsɯːŋs) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ) – things grow in the earth, to build from earth. \ The Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstruction of this word is *s-tˤəŋ, suggesting the word is derived from 登 (OC *tˤəŋ, “to go up”) by *s- prefixing.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Middle-Chinese : tsong • Middle-Chinese : tsongH
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to increase; to expand; to gain; to add • a surname: Zeng • 13th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "expansion; growth" (𝌒)
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increase • add to • augment
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增 (eumhun 더할 증 (deohal jeung))
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hanja form of 증 (“increase”) • hanja form of 증 (“add to”) • hanja form of 증 (“augment”)
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Hán-Nôm : tăng • Hán-Nôm : tâng
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增
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| 墳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯn, *bɯnʔ) : semantic 土 + phonetic 賁 (OC *prals, *bɯl, *pɯːn, *bɯn). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯn, *bɯnʔ) : semantic 土 + phonetic 賁 (OC *prals, *bɯl, *pɯːn, *bɯn). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯn, *bɯnʔ) : semantic 土 + phonetic 賁 (OC *prals, *bɯl, *pɯːn, *bɯn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phûn • Middle-Chinese : bjun ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan⁵ • Middle-Chinese : bjunX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣˋ
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grave; mound (Classifier: 座) • (literary) embankment; raised bank • (literary) to bulge; to swell ‖ ^† fertile ‖ ^† (of land) to bulge
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Tomb
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墳 (eumhun 무덤 분 (mudeom bun))
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hanja form of 분 (“grave, mound”) • hanja form of 분 (“bulge”)
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Hán-Nôm : phần
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Share
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墳
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| 壇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daːn) : semantic 土 + phonetic 亶 (OC *taːnʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taan⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuânn • Middle-Chinese : dan
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altar (Classifier: 座) • raised plot of land for planting flowers, etc. • forum; place for giving lectures or speeches • circles • (Cantonese) Classifier for affairs or matters.
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‖ 壇(だん) • (Dan)
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podium, stage, rostrum, terrace ‖ a surname
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壇 (eumhun 제단 단 (jedan dan))
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hanja form of 제 (“altar”)
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Hán-Nôm : đàn • Hán-Nôm : đường
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壇
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| 壤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njaŋʔ) : semantic 土 (“earth, dirt”) + phonetic 襄 (OC *snaŋ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njaŋʔ) : semantic 土 (“earth, dirt”) + phonetic 襄 (OC *snaŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiáng • Middle-Chinese : nyangX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄤˊ
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(soft) soil • land; ground • earth (as opposed to heaven) • region; area • (historical) wooden stick used in an ancient game ‖ Alternative form of 穰 (“plentiful harvest”)
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壤 (eumhun 흙 양 (heuk yang))
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hanja form of 양 (“soil”)
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Hán-Nôm : nhưỡng
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壤
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| 壬
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Characters in the same phonetic series (壬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : Possibly a carrying pole, a meaning that was later transferred to 任 (rèn).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jam⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jîm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : līm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jīm • Middle-Chinese : nyim
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the ninth of the ten heavenly stems • crafty; fawning • a surname • (Internet slang, derogatory) Eye dialect spelling of 人 (rén).
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‖ 壬(じん) • (Jin) ‖ 壬(みずのえ) • (Mizunoe) ^(←みづのえ (midunoe)?)
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ninth of the ten heavenly stems • ninth rank • ninth rank · something I ‖ the ninth of the ten heavenly stems; something I ‖ the ninth of the ten heavenly stems
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壬 • (im) · 壬 • (im) (hangeul 임, revised im, McCune–Reischauer im)
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Hán-Nôm : nhăm • Hán-Nôm : nhám • Hán-Nôm : nhằm • Hán-Nôm : nhâm • Hán-Nôm : râm • Hán-Nôm : nhẹm
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chữ Hán form of Nhâm (“ninth of the ten heavenly stems”).
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壬
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| 夢
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In the Oracle bone script, a pictogram (象形) or ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) – a person (人) lying on a bed (爿), sometimes with restless hands (compare the oracle-bone character for 丮) and sometimes with the eye (目) emphasized. \ In the Bronze inscriptions, the eye (目) has eyebrows above it (compare 眉), and the person's body is attached underneath, now written as two dots on either side. The bed is no longer present, and instead 夕 (“moon; night”) has been added. \ In the modern form 夢, the eyebrows are written 卝, the eyes are written 罒, and the person's body has become 冖, while 夕 remains on the bottom. \ According to Shuowen, it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯŋ, *mɯŋs) : phonetic 瞢 (OC *mɯːŋ, *mɯŋ, *mɯŋs) + semantic 夕. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(s/r)-ma(ŋ/k) (“dream”); compare Tibetan རྨང་ལམ (rmang lam, “dream”), Chepang माङः (“dream”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *s-makᴴ ~ *s-maŋ¹ (“dream”), Mizo mang (“dream”), Japhug tɯ-jmŋo (“dream”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Zhang, Jacques and Lai, 2019). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bōng • Middle-Chinese : mjuwngH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mung⁴ • Middle-Chinese : mjuwng
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dream (Classifier: 場／场 m c mn; 個／个 m c mn) • to dream; to have dreams • (figurative) dream; aspiration; ambition; goal • a surname ‖ ^† muddled
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‖ 夢(ゆめ) • (yume) ‖ 夢(ゆめ) • (Yume) ‖ 夢(む) • (mu)
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‖ a dream • a vision (wish for the future) • leaving reality to the state of lusciousness • a fantasy (idea from one's imagination) • an illusion or delusion • something fragile ‖ a female given name ‖ dream • illusion • vision • fantasy
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夢 (eumhun 꿈 몽 (kkum mong))
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hanja form of 몽 (“dream”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : mộng • Hán-Nôm : mọng • Hán-Nôm : mống • Hán-Nôm : mồng • Hán-Nôm : mòng • Hán-Nôm : muống
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chữ Hán form of mộng (“dream”).
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夢
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| 夷
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Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 矢 (“arrow”) + [Term?] (“rope”). \ Later forms ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 大 (“person; big”) + 弓 (“bow”). \ According to Yuè Juè Shū (越絕書), 夷 (OC *lil) is also the Yue word for "sea" (1). Therefore, Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic origin; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *d(n)liʔ (“large river, sea”) (whence Khmer ទន្លេ (tɔɔtŭənlei, “large river”) and Kuy thlèː (“sea”)). Meanwhile, Schuessler associates similar Hmong forms like Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao tl̥e (“river”) (< Proto-Hmong-Mien *gle) to *溪 (OC *kʰeː) "creek, rivulet, rill" instead. \ In contrast, Ferlus (2009) reconstructs 夷's Old Chinese pronunciation as [lɨ] and connects 夷 to Proto-Kra-Dai *k-ri: (“Kra-Dai endonym”) (whence Thai ไท (tai, “"Tai endonym"”) and Hlai Hlai (“"Hlai endonym"”)). However, Ferlus concedes that such a derivation of 夷 from *k-ri: "remains speculative, … not as firmly established as for Hlai and Tai/Thai". \ Meanwhile, Laurent Sagart (2008) instead suggested that the Yi languages were ancestral to Austronesian languages and formed a sister-group to Sino-Tibetan, probably related to Proto-Austronesian *i₃ (“personal article”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yij
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an ancient tribe in eastern China • barbarian; foreigners • to level; to raze • flat; level; smooth • to eradicate; to obliterate • someone of the same generation • happy; joyous • 23rd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "ease" (𝌜)
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‖ 夷(えびす) • (ebisu) ‖ 夷(えびす) • (Ebisu) ‖ 夷(い) • (i)
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ancient tribes in eastern China • level (flat and low) • levelled destruction ‖ (historical) Synonym of 蝦夷 (Ezo): an ancient ethnic group attested in the Nihon Shoki that once lived on what is now the Kantō, Hokuriku and Tōhoku regions, likely as far as Hokkaido, possibly related to the Ainu people; dubbed "barbarians" or "savages" by the Yamato. • a person living far away from the 都 (miyako, “capital”), loosely translated to "bumpkin" or "hick" • (regional, derogatory) a barbarian, savage, especially referring to the 東夷 (azuma-ebisu, “warrior from the eastern parts of Japan”) • (by extension, derogatory) a foreigner ‖ a surname • alternative spelling of 恵比須 (Ebisu), a Shinto god ‖ those people with differing languages and/or cultures • a barbarian, savage; uncivilized people (living to the east of ancient Imperial China; included Japan) • a neutral (position)
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夷 (eumhun 오랑캐 이 (orangkae i)) · 夷 (eumhun 평평할 이 (pyeongpyeonghal i))
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hanja form of 이 (“barbarian”) • hanja form of 이 (“flat; level; smooth”)
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Hán-Nôm : dì • Hán-Nôm : dai • Hán-Nôm : di • Hán-Nôm : gì • Hán-Nôm : rợ
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夷
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| 奪
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 衣 (“clothing”) + 雀 (“bird”) + 又 (“hand”) – a hand seizing a bird from someone. \ Ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with 脫 (OC *lˤot, “remove outer covering”) and 蛻 (OC *l̥ˤot-s, “exuviae (skin cast off during molting)”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 衣 (“clothing”) + 雀 (“bird”) + 又 (“hand”) – a hand seizing a bird from someone. \ Ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with 脫 (OC *lˤot, “remove outer covering”) and 蛻 (OC *l̥ˤot-s, “exuviae (skin cast off during molting)”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dyut⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tua̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tua̍h • Middle-Chinese : dwat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄟˋ
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^† to lose • to seize; to take by force • to compete for and obtain • to prevail over • to deprive; to cause to lose • (literary) to decide ‖ ^† name of an ancient place
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to rob; to snatch
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奪 • (tal) · 奪 • (tal) (hangeul 탈, revised tal, McCune–Reischauer t'al)
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Hán-Nôm : đoạt • Hán-Nôm : sáo • Hán-Nôm : xạo
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奪
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| 奮
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 奞 (“bird”) + 田 (“field”) – bird spreading its wings to fly. \ Related to 翂 (OC *pɯn, “appearance of birds flying slowly”) and 飛 (OC *pɯl, “to fly”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hùn • Middle-Chinese : pjunH
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(of bird) to spread and flutter the wings • to shake; to vibrate • to wield; to wave • to dash ahead; to put to good use • to strive; to exert effort • to arouse; to stimulate • a surname
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agitation • rouse
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奮 (eumhun 떨칠 분 (tteolchil bun))
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hanja form of 분 (“strive, exert effort”) • hanja form of 분 (“arouse”)
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Hán-Nôm : phấn
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chữ Hán form of phấn (“to agitate; to shake; to arouse; impetuous”).
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奮
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| 妖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qrow) : semantic 女 + phonetic 夭 (OC *qoːwʔ, *qrow, *qrowʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu² • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iau • Middle-Chinese : 'jew
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abnormal or bizarre thing or phenomenon • demon; goblin • evil and fraudulent • (literary) gorgeous; beautiful; charming • (chiefly of women) bizarrely dressed or behaving frivolously • (Cantonese, vulgar) yuck! (used in place of its near-homophone 屌 (diu2))
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‖ 妖(およずれ) • (oyozure) ^(←およづれ (oyodure)?) ‖ 妖(よう) • (yō)
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attractive • bewitching • calamity ‖ baseless rumors about a person • short form of 妖(およずれ)言(ごと) (oyozuregoto), of the same meaning ‖ attractive • bewitching
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妖 • (yo) · 妖 • (yo) (hangeul 요)
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Hán-Nôm : yêu • Hán-Nôm : èo
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妖
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| 姊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsiʔ) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 𠂔 (Middle Chinese: t͡ʃɨ^X). \ From Mon-Khmer; compare Old Mon kuṁci (“sister”) (Schuessler, 2007). Schuessler (2007) notes that connection with Proto-Tibeto-Burman *dzar (“sister (of man)”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dzər ~ tsər (Benedict, 1974) is "phonetically less direct".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsié • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsír • Middle-Chinese : tsiX
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elder sister • (Hokkien, familiar) respectful honorific used after a name for an elder sister or any female senior: Miss; Sister
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Older sister
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Hán-Nôm : tỉ • Hán-Nôm : tỷ • Hán-Nôm : chị
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honorific for a woman older than speaker ("older sister" but not necessarily blood-related)
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姊
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| 姑
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaː) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) – a type of woman (aunt, mother-in-law).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo • Middle-Chinese : ku
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father's sister • husband's sister • husband's mother • woman • nun • mole cricket • tentatively • a surname
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‖ 姑(しひとめ) • (shihitome) ‖ 姑(しゅうとめ) • (shūtome) ^(←しうとめ (siutome)?) ‖ 姑(しゅうと) • (shūto) ^(←しうと (siuto)?)
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‖ a mother-in-law ‖ a mother-in-law ‖ a mother-in-law
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姑 (eumhun 시어미 고 (sieomi go))
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hanja form of 고 (“mother-in-law”)
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canonical : 姑: Hán Việt readings: cô 姑: Nôm readings: cô • canonical : co • canonical : go • canonical : o • canonical : cua
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chữ Hán form of cô (“paternal aunt, young lady”). • Nôm form of o (“dialectal form of cô”).
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姑
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| 婆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːl) : phonetic 波 (OC *paːl) + semantic 女 (“woman”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pʷa-n ~ *bʷa-n (“grandmother”). Cognate with Burmese ဘွား (bhwa:, “grandmother”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pôo • Middle-Chinese : ba
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old woman • grandmother • mother-in-law (of a woman); husband's mother • woman in a particular profession • pejorative suffix for a woman • (ACG, neologism) Short for 老婆 (lǎopo, “waifu”)
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‖ 婆(ばば) • (baba) ‖ 婆(ばばあ) • (babā) ‖ 婆(ば) • (ba)
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‖ an elderly woman, old woman • (card games) Old Maid ‖ an elderly woman, old woman • (colloquial) a complaint, grumbling ‖ old woman, crone • Used in Sanskrit transliterations
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婆 (eumhun 할머니 파 (halmeoni pa))
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hanja form of 파 (“old woman”)
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Hán-Nôm : bà
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婆
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| 婦
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Characters in the same phonetic series (帚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Two possibilities: \ * Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯʔ) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 帚 (OC *pjuʔ), as supported by the latest Old Chinese reconstructions; or \ * Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 女 (“woman”) + 帚 (“broom”) – a woman with a broom. \ Compare Tibetan བག་མ (bag ma, “bride”) (Hill, 2019).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǔ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǔ • Middle-Chinese : bjuwX
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married woman • woman • wife
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lady • woman
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婦 (eumhun 아내 부 (anae bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“married woman; lady; wife”)
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Hán-Nôm : phụ • Hán-Nôm : vợ
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婦
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| 婿
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋeːs) : semantic 女 + phonetic 胥 (OC *sŋa, *sŋaʔ). \ Attested in Qin materials as ⿰士咠, which is of semantic 士 + phonetic 咠 (OC *ʔsib, *sʰib); the phonetic part is later conflated into 胥 (Li, 2022). \ Reminiscent of Proto-South-Bahnaric *saːj (“to marry; spouse”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ The Standard Mandarin pronunciation xù is due to rounding assimilation in the word 女婿 (nǚxu), which generalized to the character reading (Zhou, 1997).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sài • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sè • Middle-Chinese : sejH
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son-in-law • husband
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‖ 婿(むこ) • (muko) ‖ 婿(もこ) • (moko) ‖ 婿(せい) • (sei)
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‖ a husband who has entered his wife's house • a son-in-law • a groom, bridegroom (man who is about to get married) ‖ (dialectal, Tōhoku, Northern Kantō, Niigata, Nagano, Chūgoku, etc.) Nonstandard form of むこ (muko) above ‖ groom • son-in-law
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婿 • (seo) · 婿 • (seo) (hangeul 서, revised seo, McCune–Reischauer sŏ)
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Hán-Nôm : tế
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婿
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| 嫁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːs) : semantic 女 + phonetic 家 (OC *kraː). \ Exoactive of 家 (OC *kraː, “home, house”), with the addition of the denominal verbalisation suffix *-s in Old Chinese, meaning “to go to one's new home; to become married”. In the Baxter–Sagart system, an additional pronunciation is posited for the causative sense (“to make someone become married; to marry off”), formed with the prolific Old Chinese causative prefix *s-. Compare 娶.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaa³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kè • Middle-Chinese : kaeH
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(of a woman) to marry; to become married to • to give a daughter in marriage; to marry off • (figurative) to transfer; to shift (harm, charge, etc.); to put the (blame) on another person • a surname: Jia
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bride
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嫁 (eumhun 시집갈 가 (sijipgal ga))
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hanja form of 가 (“to marry; give a daughter in marriage”)
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Hán-Nôm : giá • Hán-Nôm : gả • Hán-Nôm : gá
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嫁
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| 嫉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zids, *zid) : semantic 女 + phonetic 疾 (OC *zid).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zat⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍k • Middle-Chinese : dzijH • Middle-Chinese : dzit
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to envy; to be jealous • to hate; to resent
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envy
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嫉 (eumhun 미워할 질 (miwohal jil))
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hanja form of 질 (“jealousy”)
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Hán-Nôm : tật
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嫉
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| 嫌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡeːm) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 兼 (OC *keːm, *keːms).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jim⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiâm • Middle-Chinese : hem
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to be sick of; to be tired of; to be fed up with • (Cantonese, transitive) to mind; to dislike; to be dissatisfied of • (literary, or in compounds) hatred; enmity; resentment; grudge • (literary, or in compounds) to doubt; to suspect • (literary, or in compounds) suspicion (the state of being suspected) • (literary, or in compounds) to be similar to; to be about the same as; to approximate • (literary, or in compounds) to guess; to surmise; to conjecture
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|
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嫌 (eumhun 싫어할 혐 (sireohal hyeom))
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hanja form of 혐 (“to hate”) • hanja form of 혐 (“to suspect”)
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Hán-Nôm : hiềm • Hán-Nôm : hem • Hán-Nôm : hèm
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嫌
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| 孟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraːŋs) : semantic 子 (“child; son”) + phonetic 皿 (OC *maŋʔ) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *maŋ (“big; old; elder (brother, uncle)”); cognate with Anong ʈhi³¹ mɑŋ³¹ (“old; elderly”), Drung tvmvng (“elder sibling”), Burmese မင်း (mang:, “monarch; king”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). \ Likely related to 兄 (OC *hmraŋ, “older brother”) (Sagart, 1999; STEDT). Perhaps also related to 芒 (OC *maːŋ, *maŋ, “great; extensive”) and 荒 (OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs, “vast; excessive; senile”) (Sagart, 1999; Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bīng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bíng • Middle-Chinese : maengH
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eldest brother (also used in personal names) • first month of a season • (figuratively) first in series • (figuratively) great, eminent • to strive; to endeavor • (～族) Mon people • Short for 孟子 (Mèngzǐ, “Mencius; Mencius (book)”). • Short for 孟加拉 (Mèngjiālā, “Bangladesh”). • Alternative form of 猛 (měng, “bold; powerful”) • a surname
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Used in personal names.
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孟 (eumhun 맏 맹 (mat maeng)) · 孟 (eumhun 맹랑할 망 (maengnanghal mang))
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hanja form of 맹 (“first in a series”) • hanja form of 맹 (“great, eminent”) • hanja form of 망 (“shrewd, impudent, difficult”)
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canonical : 孟: Hán Việt readings: mạnh 孟: Nôm readings: mạnh • canonical : mảnh
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Nôm form of mạnh (“strong; powerful; vigorous”).
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孟
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| 孫
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 子 (“son”) + 系 (“continue”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sju(w)-n (“grandchild”) (STEDT). Cognate with Bodo (India) sou (“grandchild”), Jingpho shu (“grandchild”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 子 (“son”) + 系 (“continue”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sju(w)-n (“grandchild”) (STEDT). Cognate with Bodo (India) sou (“grandchild”), Jingpho shu (“grandchild”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suinn • Middle-Chinese : swon ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seon³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sùn
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grandchild (Classifier: 個／个 c; 粒 c) • (literary or dialectal) grandson (Classifier: 個／个 c; 粒 c) • (chiefly Min) fraternal nephew • descendant • a surname, listed third in the Baijiaxing ‖ Alternative form of 遜／逊 (xùn)
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‖ 孫(むまご) • (mumago) ‖ 孫(うまご) • (umago) ‖ 孫(まご) • (mago) ‖ 孫(そん) • (son)
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grandchild ‖ grandchild ‖ grandchild ‖ grandchild ‖ (rare) descendant (usually of a certain generation) • (archaic) lineage; pedigree • (archaic) grandchild
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孫 (eumhun 손자 손 (sonja son))
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hanja form of 손 (“grandchild”) • hanja form of 손 (“a surname.”)
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canonical : 孫: Hán Việt readings: tôn • canonical : tốn 孫: Nôm readings: cháu • canonical : tuôn
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grandchild
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孫
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| 宛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qon, *qonʔ) : semantic 宀 + phonetic 夗 (OC *qonʔ). ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun² • Cantonese · Jyutping : wun² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uán • Middle-Chinese : 'jwonX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun¹ • Middle-Chinese : 'jwon ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄣˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄣˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄝˋ
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as if; seem • crooked; winding • a surname ‖ (～縣) (historical) Yuan (a county of ancient China, established in the Qin dynasty) ‖ Alternative form of 蘊／蕴 (“to accumulate”) ‖ Alternative form of 鬱／郁 (yù, “to be pent-up”) ‖ Alternative form of 黦 (“yellowish black”)
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‖ 宛(えん) • (en) ^(←ゑん (wen)?)
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address • just like ‖ as if; just like • crooked; winding
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宛 • (wan, won) · 宛 • (wan, won) (hangeul 완, 원, revised wan, won, McCune–Reischauer wan, wŏn)
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Hán-Nôm : uyển • Hán-Nôm : uốn
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宛
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| 宮
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 + 呂: many rooms under a roof — a mansion. \ STEDT compares it with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-jim ~ k-jum (“house”); see there for hypothesized cognates.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : king • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiong • Middle-Chinese : kjuwng
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(archaic) house; mansion; dwelling • (architecture) palace • (architecture, religion) temple; shrine • (anatomy, in compounds) Short for 子宮／子宫 (zǐgōng, “womb; uterus”). • (music) the first note of the Chinese pentatonic scale • (historical law) castration as a punishment • (obsolete) to surround; to encircle • a surname
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‖ 宮(みや) • (miya) ‖ 宮(みや) • (Miya) ‖ 宮(きゅう) • (kyū) ^(←きゆう (kyuu)?)
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a shrine; a palace ‖ (Shinto) the place where a god resides: a shrine • (Buddhism) a temple holding a Buddhist statue • the place where a ruler resides: a palace • a member of the imperial family ‖ a surname • an old name for a region in the Atsuta area of Nagoya, Aichi prefecture, where the Atsuta Shrine is located ‖ a palace • (traditional music of China and Japan) the keynote or tonic of a musical scale, such as do in the do re mi scale notation of solfège • Short for 宮刑: literally “palace punishment”, this consisted of castration for men and sequestration in the palace for women • (astronomy, astrology) a zodiac sign or house, defined as one-twelfth of the circle of the ecliptic
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宮 (eumhun 집 궁 (jip gung)) · 宮 (eumhun 대궐 궁 (daegwol gung))
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hanja form of 궁 (“house”) • hanja form of 궁 (“palace”)
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Hán-Nôm : cung
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palace
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宮
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| 宵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sew) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sew) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : siu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siau • Middle-Chinese : sjew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˋ
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(literary) night; evening • (archaic) Synonym of 小 (xiǎo, “small”) ‖ Alternative form of 肖 (“to resemble”)
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‖ 宵(よい) • (yoi) ^(←よひ (yofi)?) ‖ 宵(しょう) • (shō) ^(←せう (seu)?)
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‖ the hours after sunset until midnight, collectively: dusk, evening, and night • the eve of an event, especially of a festival ‖ night • time after sunset until midnight
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宵 (eumhun 밤 소 (bam so))
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hanja form of 소 (“night”)
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Hán-Nôm : tiêu
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宵
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| 寅
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; 3rd earthly branch \ : Association with the tiger was possibly arbitrary, just like 辰 (chén) with the dragon (see Ferlus, 2013)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : în • Middle-Chinese : yij • Middle-Chinese : yin
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(Classical) to revere, respect • third of twelve earthly branches (十二支) • tiger (虎) of Chinese zodiac
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‖ 寅(とら) • (Tora) ‖ 寅(いん) • (In)
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‖ the Tiger, the third of the twelve Earthly Branches ‖ the Tiger, the third of the twelve Earthly Branches
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寅 • (in, i) · 寅 • (in, i) (hangeul 인, 이, revised in, i, McCune–Reischauer in, i)
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Hán-Nôm : dần
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chữ Hán form of Dần (“third of the twelve earthly branches”).
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寅
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| 寧
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Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 皿 (“food or wine vessel”) + 丂 (“table (?)”) – contentment. The 心 (“heart”) component was added in bronze inscriptions to yield 寧, and the 丂 component was sometimes omitted to yield 寍. \ Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *neːŋ) : phonetic 寍 (OC *neːŋ) + semantic 丂 (“speech (?)”). \ Note that the simplified form 宁 (zhù) is also a traditional character on its own. \ Either related to Burmese ညင်း (nyang:, “soft, gentle, quiet”) or connected to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-niŋ (“heart, mind, brain”) (Schuessler, 2007) ‖ Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 皿 (“food or wine vessel”) + 丂 (“table (?)”) – contentment. The 心 (“heart”) component was added in bronze inscriptions to yield 寧, and the 丂 component was sometimes omitted to yield 寍. \ Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *neːŋ) : phonetic 寍 (OC *neːŋ) + semantic 丂 (“speech (?)”). \ Note that the simplified form 宁 (zhù) is also a traditional character on its own. \ Either related to Burmese ညင်း (nyang:, “soft, gentle, quiet”) or connected to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-niŋ (“heart, mind, brain”) (Schuessler, 2007) ‖ Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 皿 (“food or wine vessel”) + 丂 (“table (?)”) – contentment. The 心 (“heart”) component was added in bronze inscriptions to yield 寧, and the 丂 component was sometimes omitted to yield 寍. \ Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *neːŋ) : phonetic 寍 (OC *neːŋ) + semantic 丂 (“speech (?)”). \ Note that the simplified form 宁 (zhù) is also a traditional character on its own. \ Either related to Burmese ညင်း (nyang:, “soft, gentle, quiet”) or connected to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-niŋ (“heart, mind, brain”) (Schuessler, 2007) ‖ Used due to Standard Mandarin pronunciation matching that of regional language.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ning⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîng • Middle-Chinese : neng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄥˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ning⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ning⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : līng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ning⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ning⁶ ‖
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peaceful; tranquil; serene; at peace • (literary) to stabilise; to pacify • (obsolete) to mourn for one's deceased parent • (literary, especially of married women) to visit one's parents • Alternative name for 江寧／江宁 (Jiāngníng, “old name for Nanjing”). • Alternative name for 寧夏／宁夏 (Níngxià, “Ningxia”). ‖ rather; would rather • could there be • such; like this; so • unexpectedly; in spite of everything • modal particle ‖ a surname ‖ (Northern Wu, especially Shanghainese) Alternative form of 人
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rather • peaceful
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寧 (eumhun 편안할 녕 (pyeonanhal nyeong), word-initial (South Korea) 편안할 영 (pyeonanhal yeong))
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hanja form of 녕/영 (“repose, serenity peace”) • hanja form of 녕/영 (“peaceful”)
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Hán-Nôm : ninh
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寧
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| 審
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“roof”) + 釆 (“to distinguish”) + 田. There are two theories about the component 田. One is that it was originally 口 (“mouth”), then corrupted into 曰 (“say”), then further into 田. The other one is that its a remnant from a variant form ⿱宷思 with 心 omitted. The Shuowen Jiezi describes 審 as the seal script variant of 宷.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sím • Middle-Chinese : syimX
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to examine; to investigate • (law) to try; to judge • (literary, or in compounds) meticulous • (literary, or in compounds) indeed
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examine
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審 • (sim) · 審 • (sim) (hangeul 심, revised sim, McCune–Reischauer sim)
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Hán-Nôm : thẩm • Hán-Nôm : săm • Hán-Nôm : sẩm • Hán-Nôm : thắm • Hán-Nôm : thẳm • Hán-Nôm : thấm • Hán-Nôm : thủm • Hán-Nôm : thẫm
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審
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| 尉
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Possibly ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𡰥 + 寸 (“hand”) + 火 (“fire”). ‖ Possibly ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𡰥 + 寸 (“hand”) + 火 (“fire”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uìnn • Middle-Chinese : 'jw+jH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wat¹ • Middle-Chinese : 'jut
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officer • wait • Alternative form of 罻 (wèi) ‖ a surname • Used in 尉遲／尉迟 (Yùchí). • Used in 尉犁 (Yùlí).
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‖ 尉(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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military officer • jailer • old man • rank ‖ a watchman or military officer in the ancient Chinese military • A military rank.
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尉 • (wi; ul) · 尉 • (wi; ul) (hangeul 위; 울, revised wi, ul, McCune–Reischauer wi, ul)
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Hán-Nôm : úy/uý
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尉
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| 尋
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Characters in the same phonetic series (尋) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : two hands (now 彐 and 寸 ) stretched out measuring a mat (now 工) – "a unit of measurement; arm span". The component 口 (“mouth, talk”) was likely added to emphasize the act of reading the measurement out loud. Forms with it have appeared as early as oracle bone script, but forms without it have also appeared as late as the Spring and Autumn period. \ Appears as 𢒫 in the Shuowen Jiezi, which interprets the character as phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) with 彡 (OC *sroːm, *slom) as the sound component. \ ; unit of length; arm span \ ; to seek; to search ‖ See 尋日／寻日.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : cam⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄣˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siâm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîm • Middle-Chinese : zim ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : cam⁴
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to seek; to search; to look for • an ancient unit of length equivalent to eight chis; arm span • (literary) soon; before long • a surname ‖ (Cantonese) yesterday
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fathom
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尋 (eum 심 (sim))
|
|
Hán-Nôm : tầm • Hán-Nôm : tìm • Hán-Nôm : tùm • Hán-Nôm : chầm
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尋
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| 導
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *duːs) : phonetic 道 (OC *l'uːʔ, “path”) + semantic 寸 (“hand”) – to lead someone. \ Cognate with 道 (OC *l'uːʔ, “road”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo • Middle-Chinese : dawH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuā
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to direct; to guide; to lead; to conduct ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 𤆬 (chhōa, “to lead; to guide”)
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to direct, guide, lead, conduct
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導 (eumhun 인도할 도 (indohal do))
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hanja form of 도 (“to direct, guide, lead, conduct”)
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Hán-Nôm : đạo
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chữ Hán form of đạo (“to direct, guide, lead, conduct”).
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導
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| 尖
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小 (“small”) + 大 (“large”) – the width of an object gradually changing from small to large. \ Schuessler (2007) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjam (“iron”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zim¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiam • Middle-Chinese : tsjem
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sharp; having a sharp tip; pointy • acute • shrewd • point; tip • (card games) ace
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|
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尖 • (cheom) · 尖 • (cheom) (hangeul 첨, revised cheom, McCune–Reischauer ch'ŏm)
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Hán-Nôm : tiêm
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尖
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| 尚
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Characters in the same phonetic series (尚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) : semantic 八 + phonetic 向 (OC *hljaŋs, *hlaŋs). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *zrjaŋ ~ rjaŋ (“uncle, superior”) (STEDT; cf. Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“, upper part, rise, raise, top, summit”)). Cognate with 丈 (OC *daŋʔ) "gentleman, older man, husband", Tibetan ཨ་ཞང (a zhang, “maternal uncle”), Burmese အရှင် (a.hrang, “master, lord”), etc. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (尚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) : semantic 八 + phonetic 向 (OC *hljaŋs, *hlaŋs). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *zrjaŋ ~ rjaŋ (“uncle, superior”) (STEDT; cf. Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“, upper part, rise, raise, top, summit”)). Cognate with 丈 (OC *daŋʔ) "gentleman, older man, husband", Tibetan ཨ་ཞང (a zhang, “maternal uncle”), Burmese အရှင် (a.hrang, “master, lord”), etc.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : soeng⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siūnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siōnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siǔnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sióng • Middle-Chinese : dzyangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˊ • Middle-Chinese : dzyang
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still; yet • (literary, or in compounds) even • to value; to esteem; to worship • (obsolete) to assist; to administer (for the emperor) • prevailing custom • (literary, or in compounds) noble; virtuous • (obsolete) Alternative form of 上 (“to exceed”) • a surname: Shang ‖ Used in 尚羊 (chángyáng). • Variant pronunciation used in 尚書／尚书 (shàngshū, “position of the chief secretary”).
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‖ 尚(しょう) • (shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?) ‖ 尚(しょう) • (Shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?) ‖ 尚(なお) • (Nao) ^(←なほ (nafo)?) ‖ 尚(たかし) • (Takashi) ‖ 尚(ひさし) • (Hisashi)
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‖ esteem, respect • high status • long time • furthermore, still, yet ‖ a surname used by the Ryukyu royal family • a male or female given name ‖ a male or female given name ‖ a surname • a male given name ‖ a male or female given name
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尚 • (sang) · 尚 • (sang) (hangeul 상, revised sang, McCune–Reischauer sang)
|
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Hán-Nôm : chuộng • Hán-Nôm : thượng
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尚
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| 尤
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Pictogram (象形) – hand with a wart. Original form of 疣 and 肬. \ Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan ཡུས (yus, “blame, charge, accusation”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iû • Middle-Chinese : hjuw
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fault; flaw • to fault; to blame • (literary) strange; special; outstanding • (literary) especially; particularly; even more • a surname
|
|
reasonable • just • natural • superb • outstanding • plausible
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尤 • (u) · 尤 • (u) (hangeul 우, revised u, McCune–Reischauer u)
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especially, particularly
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Hán-Nôm : vưu
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(Rare) A Vietnamese surname
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尤
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| 尼
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Characters in the same phonetic series (尼) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) . The character does not appear as an independent character in the oracle bone script but appears as a component of 𢓚 and 秜. The character shows a man (尸) sitting on or leaning on another man (匕), giving the original meaning of “to stop” or “close; intimate”; the derivative 昵 refers to the latter meaning. \ Shuowen considered it as a phono-sematic compound, but this is widely discredited by later scholars. \ Clipping of 比丘尼 (bǐqiūní), from Sanskrit भिक्षुणी (bhikṣuṇī, “female beggar”) or Pali bhikkhunī (“female beggar”). Compare Sanskrit भिक्षु (bhikṣu, “beggar”). ‖ Unknown. Possibly a variant of 邇 (OC *njelʔ, “near”) (compare Mandarin 你 (nǐ) from 爾 (OC *njelʔ)), or a conflation of 邇 (OC *njelʔ, “near”) and 昵 (OC *niɡ) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖ ‖ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-njal (“to sleep; to lie down”) (Sagart, 2004) while inheriting a *-t applicative suffix (Jacques, 2016a), since Middle Chinese sources quote the fanqie 女乙切 or /*ɳit̚/ (The Jingdian Shiwen section for the quotation from Mencius; see below). The stem word can be compared with the Tibetan ཉལ་པ (nyal pa, “to lie down; to go to sleep; to dwell”), and possibly with the Tangut 𗱩 (*njwij¹, “to obstruct; to obscure; to choke up”). See also 柅 (OC *nil, *nilʔ, “stopper”) attested in the Zhou Yi. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luî • Middle-Chinese : nrij ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nei⁴ • Middle-Chinese : nrij ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nei⁴ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nei⁴ • Middle-Chinese : nrij ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nei⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nai⁶ ‖ ‖
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Buddhist nun ‖ near; close; intimate • peaceful; calm • harmonious ‖ Short for 尼泊爾／尼泊尔 (Níbó'ěr, “Nepal”). ‖ a surname ‖ (literary) to stop; to obstruct ‖ (Taishanese) a few; a little bit; some • (Taishanese) the; those • (Taishanese) more; -er ‖ (Leizhou Min) Prefix in non-face-to-face kinship terms.
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‖ 尼(あま) • (ama) ‖ 尼(あま) • (Ama)
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‖ nun • (derogatory) woman ‖ (Internet slang, dated) Amazon (Amazon.com Inc)
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尼 (eumhun 여승 니 (yeoseung ni), word-initial (South Korea) 여승 이 (yeoseung i))
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hanja form of 니/이 (“a Buddhist nun”)
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Hán-Nôm : ni • Hán-Nôm : này • Hán-Nôm : nê • Hán-Nôm : nơi • Hán-Nôm : nầy • Hán-Nôm : nì
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place
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尼
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| 尿
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Pictogram (象形) in the oracle bone script. In the seal script, it became an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 尾 (“tail”) + 水 (“water”). 尾 later simplified into 尸 (“body”). \ Related to Proto-Tai *niəwᴮ (“urine”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : giō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liǒ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niāu • Middle-Chinese : newH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syu⁴
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urine (Classifier: 泡 m; 篤／笃 c) • to urinate; to pee • (dialectal Mandarin, Jin) to pay attention to someone • (dialectal Mandarin) to yield to; to give up; to admit defeat • (Tianjin Mandarin) to fear; to be afraid of (the other party in a fight) • (Tianjin Mandarin) to lose heart; to be discouraged; to be cowardly • (Tianjin Mandarin) courage; guts • (Ürümqi Mandarin) smug; cocky; pleased with oneself ‖ (colloquial) urine • (colloquial) to urinate; to pee • (dialectal Mandarin) bad; spineless; poor; damned • (Wuhan Mandarin) to fail; to break down • (Wuhan Mandarin) ugly; plain-looking • (Wuhan Mandarin) wantonly; arbitrarily; carelessly
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‖ 尿(ゆまり) • (yumari) ‖ 尿(ゆばり) • (yubari) ‖ 尿(いばり) • (ibari) ‖ 尿(ばり) • (bari) ‖ 尿(しと) • (shito) ‖ 尿(しし) • (shishi) ‖ 尿(しい) • (shī) ‖ 尿(にょう) • (nyō) ^(←ねう (neu)?)
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urine ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) urine ‖ urine ‖ urine ‖ urine ‖ (archaic) urine ‖ (archaic, childish) urine ‖ (archaic, childish) urine ‖ urine
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尿 (eumhun 오줌 뇨 (ojum nyo), word-initial (South Korea) 오줌 요 (ojum yo))
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hanja form of 뇨/요 (“urine”)
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Hán-Nôm : niếu • Hán-Nôm : niệu
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尿
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| 層
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zɯːŋ) : semantic 尸 + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ). \ The Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstruction suggests this word is derived from 增 (OC *s-tˤəŋ, “to increase, to expand, to add”), in turn derived from 登 (OC *tˤəŋ, “to go up, to climb”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : cang⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsàn • Middle-Chinese : dzong
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to pile up; to overlap • thing made of layers • layer; storey; floor; stratum • Classifier for things arranged in layers, storeys or levels. • (Southern Min) Classifier for events.
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layer, level
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層 (eum 층 (cheung))
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canonical : 層: Hán Việt readings: tằng 層: Nôm readings: tàng • canonical : tầng • canonical : từng
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Nôm form of tầng (“layer; storey; floor”).
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層
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| 岩
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 山 (“hill”) + 石 (“rock”). \ Originally written as 巖 – phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋraːm) : semantic 山 (“hill”) + phonetic 嚴 (OC *ŋam). The variant form 岩 first appeared in the clerical script in the Han dynasty era. \ Cognate with 嚴 (OC *ŋam, “majestic; stern; grave”) and 儼 (OC *ŋamʔ, “dignified; majestic”). See 嚴 for more. \ 癌 (ái, “cancer”) is a derivative of 岩.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaam⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gâm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : giâm • Middle-Chinese : ngaem
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cliff • rock; stone; -ite • mountain peak • cave • tall; steep
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‖ 岩(いわ) • (iwa) ^(←いは (ifa)?) ‖ 岩(がん) • (gan)
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‖ rock ‖ rock
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岩 (eum 암 (am))
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Hán-Nôm : nham • Hán-Nôm : nhàm • Hán-Nôm : nhem
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岩
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| 島
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːwʔ) : phonetic 鳥 (OC *tɯːwʔ) + semantic 山 (“mountain”). \ Reminiscent of Mon လ္ကံ (from Proto-Mon-Khmer *tkɔɔʔ), but probably not related (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóo • Middle-Chinese : tawX
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island (Classifier: 座 m; 個／个 m c) • a surname: Dao
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‖ 島(しま) • (shima) ‖ 島(しま) • (Shima) ‖ 島(とう) • (tō) ^(←たう (tau)?)
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‖ an island (land surrounded by water) • one's domain, territory, turf ‖ a surname ‖ island
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島 (eumhun 섬 도 (seom do))
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hanja form of 도 (“island”)
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canonical : 島: Hán Việt readings: đảo 島: Nôm readings: đảo • canonical : láo
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chữ Hán form of đảo (“island”).
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島
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| 崎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰral, *ɡɯl) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 奇 (OC *kral, *ɡral). ‖ Homophonous with 徛 (“to stand”) in most surveyed varieties of Hakka. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kei⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiâ • Middle-Chinese : khje • Middle-Chinese : gj+j ‖ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiǎ
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Used in 崎嶇／崎岖 (qíqū, “rugged”). • (literary) tilted; slanted • (literary) curved shore ‖ (Hakka) steep; precipitous ‖ (Min) steep • (Southern Min, Taiwanese Hakka) slope
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‖ 崎(さき) • (saki)
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peninsula; promontory; cape; spit ‖ (geography) small peninsula • (geography) cape
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崎 • (gi) · 崎 • (gi) (hangeul 기, revised gi, McCune–Reischauer ki)
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Hán-Nôm : khi • Hán-Nôm : kì
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崎
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| 崖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋreː, *ŋre) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 厓 (OC *ŋreː, “cliff”). \ Alternatively analyzed as Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋreː, *ŋre) : semantic 屵 (“cliff”) + phonetic 圭 (OC *kʷeː). \ Same word as 睚 (OC *ŋreːs, “rim of the eye”) and 涯 (OC *ŋreː, *ŋre, “shore, bank”) (Schuessler, 2007). See the latter for etymology.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gâ • Middle-Chinese : ngje • Middle-Chinese : ngea
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cliff; precipice (Classifier: 個／个 m) • (literary) limit; boundary; margin
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‖ 崖(がい) • (gai) ‖ 崖(がけ) • (gake) ‖ 崖(まま) • (mama) ‖ 崖(ほき) • (hoki) ‖ 崖(きし) • (Kishi)
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‖ cliff ‖ steep bank, cliff ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) steep slope or incline; collapsed part of a levee or embankment ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) a steep area on a mountainside, a cliff ‖ a surname
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崖 (eumhun 벼랑 애 (byeorang ae))
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hanja form of 애 (“cliff; precipice; precipitous”)
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Hán-Nôm : nhai • Hán-Nôm : day
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崖
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| 已
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Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007). The “already” sense is lexicalized from the verb “to finish; to complete”, and gradually became more common than 既 (OC *kɯds), the older word for “already”, in the mid- to late first millennium BCE (Pulleyblank, 1995). ‖ Possibly a fusion of 也 (OC *laːlʔ) and 矣 (OC *ɢlɯʔ), explaining why the latter is never found after the former (Pulleyblank, 1995).
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‖
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to stop; to finish • already; have done something ‖ (Classical) Used after predicates, especially noun predicates, to express a new realization by the speaker. Compare 矣 (yǐ), which is used similarly but only after verbs. Sometimes expanded to 也已 or 也已矣, which are synonymous.
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‖ 已(い) • (i)
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‖ already • Alternative form of 以 (i)
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已 • (i) · 已 • (i) (hangeul 이, revised i, McCune–Reischauer i)
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Hán-Nôm : dĩ • Hán-Nôm : dãi
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已
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| 巳
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Two different theories: \ * Pictogram (象形) of a snake (therefore, it should be similar to 巴). This theory is found in the Shuowen Jiezi; \ * Pictogram (象形) of a fetus (it can be seen in 包, 胞. In 包, the radical should represent the placenta. 胞 today means "cell"). \ The character is similar to 已, which cannot be found in the Shuowen Jiezi. \ 巳 (OC s-ləʔ) displaced 子 (OC tsəʔ), the original sixth earthly branch which denoted the moon's "coming forth" stage (i.e. early waning-gibbous phase) "due to phonological closeness (combined with the semantic opacity of the Branch terms at later eras)" (Smith, 2011). \ Association with the snake was possibly arbitrary, analogous to how 辰, the fifth earthly branch, was arbitrarily associated with the dragon (Ferlus, 2013).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsī • Middle-Chinese : ziX
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sixth of twelve earthly branches (十二支) • snake (蛇) of Chinese zodiac
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‖ 巳(み) • (Mi) ‖ 巳(し) • (Shi)
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sign of the snake ‖ the Snake, the sixth of the twelve Earthly Branches (by extension): · a year corresponding to the year of the Snake • the Snake, the sixth of the twelve Earthly Branches (by extension): · south-southeast: a direction pointed thirty degrees from south to east • the Snake, the sixth of the twelve Earthly Branches (by extension): · 10 am • the Snake, the sixth of the twelve Earthly Branches (by extension): · April • the Snake, the sixth of the twelve Earthly Branches (by extension): ‖ the Snake, the sixth of the twelve Earthly Branches
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巳 • (sa) · 巳 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa, Yale sa)
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the hours from 9 to 11 • 6th terrestrial branch
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Hán-Nôm : tị
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chữ Hán form of Tị (“sixth of the twelve earthly branches”).
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巳
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| 巷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡroːŋs) : phonetic 共 (OC *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs) + semantic 己 (“oneself”) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwaŋ (“village; crossroads”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan གྲོང (grong, “house; village; town”). Old Khmer កុរុង (kuruṅ, “to rule; ruler; king”) (whence Khmer ក្រុង (krong) and Thai กรุง (grung)) is probably unrelated (Schuessler, 2007). \ Wu 弄 (lon, “alley”) and Jin 黑浪 (heh4 lon2, “hutong”) are dialectal variants which support the Old Chinese *gr- initial cluster of 巷 (OC *ɡroːŋs) (Schuessler, 2007). Compare also 衚衕／胡同 (hútòng, “hutong”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hong⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hong⁶⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hāng • Middle-Chinese : haewngH
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alley; lane; tunnel
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street, lane; crossroads, fork in the road • town, neighborhood; public
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巷 (eum 항 (hang))
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Hán-Nôm : hạng • Hán-Nôm : lộng
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巷
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| 巾
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Pictogram (象形) – hanging piece of cloth.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gan¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kirn • Middle-Chinese : kin
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a square item of cloth; towel; kerchief • (historical) piece of clothing worn on the head in China
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cloth • turban • (abbreviation of 幅): width
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巾 (eumhun 수건 건 (sugeon geon))
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hanja form of 건 (“towel”) • hanja form of 건 (“piece of cloth; fabric”) • hanja form of 건 (“headscarf”)
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Hán-Nôm : cân • Hán-Nôm : khăn • Hán-Nôm : khân
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巾
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| 帆
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Characters in the same phonetic series (凡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bom, *boms) : semantic 巾 (“cloth”) + phonetic 凡 (OC *bom). \ Related to 篷 (OC *boːŋ) (same word in the colloquial layer of Min), and probably related to 風 (OC *plum, “wind”) (Karlgren, 1957); if so, it may be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *buŋ (“wind”) (STEDT). ‖ Exoactive of etymology 1, increasing its transitivity.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huân • Middle-Chinese : bjom ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan⁶ • Middle-Chinese : bjomH
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sail • sailboat ‖ to sail; to drive a boat with a sail
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‖ 帆(ほ) • (ho)
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sail ‖ (nautical) sail
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帆 • (beom) · 帆 • (beom) (hangeul 범, revised beom, McCune–Reischauer pŏm)
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Hán-Nôm : buồm • Hán-Nôm : buồng • Hán-Nôm : phàm
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帆
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| 帥
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 寻 (“two hands”) + 巾 (“scarf”) - to wear a scarf. Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sruds, *srud) : phonetic 𠂤 (*C.tˤuj) + semantic 巾. \ Also written as 率 (OC *sruds, *rud, *srud, “to lead”); both represent the s-causative of 律 (OC *rud, “to follow”). Cognate with Tibetan སྲིད (srid, “commander, leader”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suè • Middle-Chinese : srwijH • Middle-Chinese : srwit
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(military) to command; to lead (and give orders to); to designate • to lead; to guide • (to be a) role model; example • to follow; to adhere to • rapid; sharp; sudden • commander-in-chief; marshal • officialdom; senior officials • (of a person or a thing) leader; guider; leading factor • (xiangqi) marshal; the chief piece (on the red side) • (colloquial, of men) handsome; good-looking; hot • (colloquial) elegant; beautiful; splendid; impressive • a surname: Shuai
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commander
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帥 (eumhun 장수 수 (jangsu su))
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hanja form of 수 (“commander”)
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Hán-Nôm : suất • Hán-Nôm : súy • Hán-Nôm : suý • Hán-Nôm : soái
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帥
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| 師
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𠂤 (“mound, hill”) + 帀 – ancient troops were usually stationed at a hill. \ Each of the two components can be used as 師 on their own in preclassical scripts. The significance of 帀 is debated. \ Starostin derives this word from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rij (“many”), cognate with 皆 (OC *kriːj, “all”), 偕 (OC *kriːj, “together with”), as well as Tibetan ཁྲི (khri, “ten thousand”) and Burmese ရဲ (rai:, “police”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sai • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sir • Middle-Chinese : srij
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(historical, military) division of 2500 soldiers • (military) division; a large body of troops composing part of an army • army; troops; armed force • to dispatch troops; to send troops • the masses; populace; general public • (historical) A former level of administrative division notionally covering 36,000 households or 1/12 of a province. • capital city; metropolis • strategist; military adviser • leader; chief; commander; head; captain • teacher; instructor • master; expert; specialist • (Eastern Min) to be an expert in; adept at; capable • (Eastern Min) Respectful term of address for an expert in a trade or profession. • (religion) Respectful title for monks, nuns and Taoist priests. • (historical) musician • model; example; fine example • to follow; to imitate; to follow the example of • “Army” (䷆): the seventh hexagram of the I Ching • a surname
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‖ 師(し) • (shi) ‖ 師(もろ) • (Moro)
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teacher, master, one's mentor • religious leader ‖ teacher, Reverend ‖ a surname
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師 (eumhun 스승 사 (seuseung sa))
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hanja form of 사 (“teacher; master; one's mentor”) • hanja form of 사 (“(military) division; army”)
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Hán-Nôm : sư
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teacher, master • respectful title for Buddhist monks and Buddhist nuns
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師
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| 帳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taŋs) : semantic 巾 + phonetic 長 (OC *taŋʔ, *daŋ, *daŋs). \ Exopassive of 張 (OC *taŋ) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoeng³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiàng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiùnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiònn • Middle-Chinese : trjangH
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tent; curtain • screen; mosquito net
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‖ 帳(とばり) • (tobari)
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curtain; drape • notebook; ledger ‖ curtain
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帳 • (jang) · 帳 • (jang) (hangeul 장, revised jang, McCune–Reischauer chang, Yale cang)
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Hán-Nôm : trướng • Hán-Nôm : trương
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帳
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| 帽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *muːɡs) : semantic 巾 (“cloth”) + phonetic 冒 (OC *muːɡs, *mɯːɡ). \ Wanderwort of Southeastern and Eastern Asia, thus its origin is disputed. \ Possibly from Sino-Tibetan. It has been compared to Tibetan རྨོག (rmog, “helmet”) (Starostin; Sagart, 2017) and Rgyalrongic forms for “mushroom” (cf. Breton tog-touseg, literally “frog hat”), such as Japhug tɤjmɤɣ (Zhang, Jacques and Lai, 2019). \ Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) suggests an Austroasiatic derivation since this is a relatively late word and Shuowen defines 冃 (an ancient form of 帽) as “head cover” of the Southern indigenous people, which may allude to a southern origin. Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *muuk ~ muək (“hat”), whence Mon ဒမှော် (həmok, “wide hat”) and Khmer មួក (muək), which he also connects to 鍪 (OC *mu, “metal cap; helmet”). Also compare Thai หมวก (mùuak), which Schuessler (2007) derives from the Khmer word. However, Alves (2018) considers it likely for the Proto-Mon-Khmer word to be a loan from Chinese, and Alves (2020) also suggests that the Tai forms spread from Chinese. \ Often considered to be related to 冒 (OC *muːɡs, “to cover”) (Wang, 1982; Starostin), though Schuessler (2007) thinks that it may be reinterpreted as such based on parallel development of 被 (OC *bralʔ, *brals, “to cover; bedding”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄠˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mōo • Middle-Chinese : mawH
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hat; cap (Classifier: 頂／顶 c) • cap (protective cover) • (Hong Kong Cantonese, neologism, slang) Short for 戴綠帽／戴绿帽 (“to cuckold”).
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cap
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帽 • (mo) · 帽 • (mo) (hangeul 모)
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Hán-Nôm : mạo • Hán-Nôm : mão • Hán-Nôm : mũ
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帽
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| 幣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *beds) : phonetic 敝 (OC *beds, *bed) + semantic 巾 (“towel”). \ Wang (1982) relates this to 帛 (OC *braːɡ, “silk”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pī • Middle-Chinese : bjiejH
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money; coin; currency • silk (as a sacrificial offering or gift) • wealth; belongings • to give as a gift; to present
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‖ 幣(ぬさ) • (nusa) ‖ 幣(へい) • (hei) ‖ 幣(みてぐら) • (mitegura) ‖ 幣(まい) • (mai) ^(←まひ (mafi)?)
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currency ‖ (Shinto) paper or cloth offered on skewers before a shrine (see also 幣(へい) (hei)) • (historical) a farewell gift ‖ (Shinto) a staff with cut paper streamers, offered to the gods • things offered to the Emperor • a crest pattern of a stylised hei ‖ (Shinto, historical) material, non-comestible offerings to the gods, often textiles ‖ (archaic) something offered as a reward, either to a god or a person
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幣 • (pye) · 幣 • (pye) (hangeul 폐, McCune–Reischauer p'ye)
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Hán-Nôm : tệ • Hán-Nôm : giẻ
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幣
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| 幹
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːns) : semantic 倝 + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn). \ The vulgar sense entered Mandarin from Hokkien 姦／奸 (kàn), as 姦 shares the same pronunciation with 幹 in Hokkien. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gon³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàn • Middle-Chinese : kanH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄢ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˊ
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main part of something; body; trunk • (colloquial) to do • to work • (vulgar) to fuck; to engage in sexual intercourse • (vulgar) to kill • (vulgar, chiefly Taiwan) to steal • (vulgar, chiefly Taiwan) to blame; to condemn • (Taiwan, vulgar, colloquial) Expressing dismay or discontent. • (dialectal Mandarin) to sort someone out ‖ just • calm • Alternative form of 干 (“heavenly stem”) • dead ‖ Alternative form of 韓／韩 (hán, “fence around a well”)
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‖ 幹(みき) • (miki) ‖ 幹(かん) • (kan)
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‖ the trunk or core of something: · a tree trunk • the trunk or core of something: · a plant stalk ‖ tree trunk; stem • main part; core • talent; capability
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幹 • (gan) · 幹 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan)
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canonical : 幹: Hán Việt readings: can • canonical : cán • canonical : hàn 幹: Nôm readings: cán
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幹
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| 幻
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Inversion of 予.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huàn • Middle-Chinese : hweanH
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mystical; mysterious • illusion; fantasy; mirage
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‖ 幻(まぼろし) • (maboroshi)
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fantasy, phantom ‖ an illusion, a phantom, a dream, a vision
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幻 • (hwan) · 幻 • (hwan) (hangeul 환, revised hwan, McCune–Reischauer hwan)
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Hán-Nôm : huyễn • Hán-Nôm : hoẻn • Hán-Nôm : ảo
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幻
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| 幾
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𢆶 (“silk threads; little things”) + 戍 (“to guard against”) – watching over the fine details. \ Note that the simplified form 几 (OC *krilʔ, “small table”) is also a traditional character on its own. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𢆶 (“silk threads; little things”) + 戍 (“to guard against”) – watching over the fine details. \ Note that the simplified form 几 (OC *krilʔ, “small table”) is also a traditional character on its own. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𢆶 (“silk threads; little things”) + 戍 (“to guard against”) – watching over the fine details. \ Note that the simplified form 几 (OC *krilʔ, “small table”) is also a traditional character on its own. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𢆶 (“silk threads; little things”) + 戍 (“to guard against”) – watching over the fine details. \ Note that the simplified form 几 (OC *krilʔ, “small table”) is also a traditional character on its own.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gei² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kí • Middle-Chinese : kj+jX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kí • Middle-Chinese : kj+j ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei¹ • Middle-Chinese : gj+j ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ
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how much; how many • (of number, time, date) what; which • a few; some; several • (of numeral amounts) some; something; odd • (dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Pinghua) how; how much • (dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Pinghua, Xiang) how; so; such • (Cantonese) quite; rather; really; very; pretty ‖ (obsolete) fine; slight; minute • (obsolete) dangerous • (obsolete) Alternative form of 機／机 (jī, “governmental affairs”) • (obsolete) symptom of a trend; omen • almost; nearly ‖ (obsolete) to be near; to reach; to attain; to achieve ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 冀 (jì, “to hope; to look forward to”) • (obsolete) Alternative form of 紀／纪 (“age; year”)
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‖ 幾(いく) • (iku) ‖ 幾(いく) • (iku-)
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‖ some, several ‖ how many, how much • some, several, having an indefinite number or quantity • some, many, having a considerable number
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幾 (eumhun 기미 기 (gimi gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“how many, how much”) • hanja form of 기 (“a few, some”)
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Hán-Nôm : cơ • Hán-Nôm : kỉ • Hán-Nôm : ki
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幾
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| 床
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Originally an unorthodox variant of 牀. Now made up of 广 (“house”) + 木 (“tree”), an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) representing a wooden furniture item (a bed) in a house. \ Schuessler (2007) suggests that it may be related to Khmer រង (rɔɔng, “to support from below”), Old Mon [script needed] (joṅ, “couch; bedstead”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshông • Middle-Chinese : dzrjang
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bed; couch (Classifier: 張／张 m c) • framework; chassis • (Teochew, Leizhou Min, Hainanese, Puxian Min, Zhongshan Min) table • (obsolete) rails of the well • bottom; bed • Classifier for beddings.
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‖ 床(ゆか) • (yuka) ‖ 床(とこ) • (toko) ‖ 床(しょう) • (shō) ‖ 床(しょう) • (-shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?)
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‖ the floor (the bottom surface of a room) • a bed • (theater) a raised area of a stage where a presenter or musician sits • a raised platform erected along the Kamo River in Kyōto in summer, used as an outdoor tea shop or restaurant ‖ a raised platform roughly 30cm tall used in dirt-floored rooms as a seat • a raised area on which to sleep: a bed • a sickbed • the floor • tatami mats • the seat of an oxcart • short for 床間 / 床の間 (toko no ma): an alcove with a raised floor along one wall of a traditional Japanese living room • an alcove with a raised floor used as a study: see 付書院 (tsuke shoin) • a box seat, such as at a parade, theater, or stadium • short for 床店 (tokomise): a stall with a raised floor used as a store • short for 床屋 (tokoya): a barbershop, from how such shops were historically often tokomise • short for 床船梁 (toko funabari), 舵床 (kajidoko): the large wooden beam at the very aft of a traditional wood-hulled Japanese ship, upon which the rudder is seated • the heel of a plough; the part of the bottom of a plough that touches the ground and guides the ploughshare • short for 苗床 (naedoko): a seedbed • short for 鉄床, 金床 (kanatoko): an anvil ‖ sickbed ‖ beds
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床 (eumhun 평상 상 (pyeongsang sang))
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hanja form of 상 (“bed, couch; framework, chassis”)
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Hán-Nôm : sàng • Hán-Nôm : giàn • Hán-Nôm : giường • Hán-Nôm : sường • Hán-Nôm : giàng • Hán-Nôm : rương
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床
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| 庚
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Pictogram (象形) – a flail and a threshing device.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gang¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kenn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : keng • Middle-Chinese : kaeng
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age • the seventh of the ten heavenly stems • a surname
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‖ 庚(こう) • (Kō) ‖ 庚(かのえ) • (Kanoe)
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‖ the seventh of the ten heavenly stems ‖ the seventh of the ten heavenly stems
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庚 (eumhun 별 경 (byeol gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“star”)
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Hán-Nôm : canh
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chữ Hán form of Canh (“seventh of the ten heavenly stems”).
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庚
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| 庫
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːs) : semantic 广 (“building”) + phonetic 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla, “carriage”) – a carriage in a building. \ According to Karlgren (1956), cognate with 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla, “carriage”) (< "storehouse for carriages").
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khòo • Middle-Chinese : khuH
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warehouse; storehouse; armory • (physics) Short for 庫侖／库仑 (kùlún, “coulomb (unit of electrical charge)”). • (programming) library • a surname: Ku
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warehouse
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庫 (eumhun 곳집 고 (gotjip go))
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hanja form of 고 (“warehouse, storehouse”) • hanja form of 고 (“armory”)
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Hán-Nôm : khố • Hán-Nôm : kho • Hán-Nôm : khó
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庫
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| 弔
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dik¹ • Middle-Chinese : tek
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to reach; to arrive • good
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condolences
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弔 • (jo, jeok) · 弔 • (jo, jeok) (hangeul 조, 적, revised jo, jeok, McCune–Reischauer cho, chŏk, Yale co, cek)
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to condole, to mourn, to pity • to hang
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Hán-Nôm : điếu
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to condole; to mourn • (obsolete) to hang
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弔
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| 弘
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷɯːŋ) : phonetic 弓 (OC *kʷɯŋ, “bow”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – the sound of a bow > a loud sound. \ The 口 later corrupts into 厶 (the ancient form of 肱 (OC *kʷɯːŋ)), which Shuowen interprets to be the phonetic component of the character.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wang⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hîng • Middle-Chinese : hwong
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to spread; to enlarge; to expand • great; grand; magnificent; broad • a surname
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‖ 弘(ひろし) • (Hiroshi) · 弘(ひろむ) • (Hiromu)
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to spread • wide ‖ a male given name • a male given name
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弘 (eumhun 클 홍 (keul hong))
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hanja form of 홍 (“big”)
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Hán-Nôm : hoằng • Hán-Nôm : ngoằng
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弘
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| 弦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡeːn) : semantic 弓 (“bow”) + phonetic 玄 (OC *ɡʷeːn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jin⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiân • Middle-Chinese : hen
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string; bowstring • crescent • spring of a clock • (music) string on a musical instrument • (music) stringed instruments or music played by stringed instruments • (mathematics) chord • (geometry) hypotenuse • (figurative) wife • a surname
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‖ 弦(げん) • (gen) ‖ 弦(つる) • (tsuru)
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bowstring • (geometry) chord ‖ (music) string of a stringed instrument ‖ a bowstring • (music) the string of an instrument • the bow-shaped handle of a pot or teapot
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弦 • (hyeon) · 弦 • (hyeon) (hangeul 현, revised hyeon, McCune–Reischauer hyŏn, Yale hyen)
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bowstring
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Hán-Nôm : huyền
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弦
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| 弧
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ôo • Middle-Chinese : hu
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wooden bow • arc, crescent
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‖ 弧(こ) • (ko)
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arc ‖ arc
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弧 • (ho) · 弧 • (ho) (hangeul 호, McCune–Reischauer ho, Yale ho)
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Hán-Nôm : hồ
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弧
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| 張
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taŋ, *taŋs) : semantic 弓 (“bow”) + phonetic 長 (OC *taŋʔ, *daŋ, *daŋs). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/m/b-raŋ (“strong; firm; tense”) or Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(d/t)aŋ (“tense; tight”); compare Tibetan ཐང་པོ (thang po, “tense; tight; firm”), Burmese တင်း (tang:, “to tighten; to be tight”). \ Pronunciation 2 is the exopassive of pronunciation 1, literally “to be stretched” (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taŋ, *taŋs) : semantic 弓 (“bow”) + phonetic 長 (OC *taŋʔ, *daŋ, *daŋs). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/m/b-raŋ (“strong; firm; tense”) or Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(d/t)aŋ (“tense; tight”); compare Tibetan ཐང་པོ (thang po, “tense; tight; firm”), Burmese တင်း (tang:, “to tighten; to be tight”). \ Pronunciation 2 is the exopassive of pronunciation 1, literally “to be stretched” (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taŋ, *taŋs) : semantic 弓 (“bow”) + phonetic 長 (OC *taŋʔ, *daŋ, *daŋs). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/m/b-raŋ (“strong; firm; tense”) or Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(d/t)aŋ (“tense; tight”); compare Tibetan ཐང་པོ (thang po, “tense; tight; firm”), Burmese တင်း (tang:, “to tighten; to be tight”). \ Pronunciation 2 is the exopassive of pronunciation 1, literally “to be stretched” (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tionn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiaunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiang • Middle-Chinese : trjang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoeng³ • Middle-Chinese : trjangH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tng
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to string a bow; to pull a bowstring taut • to stretch; to open up; to spread • to expand; to spread • to set out; to display • to look • (of a new business) to start; to open for business • Classifier for objects that can be expanded. • Classifier for objects with a flat surface: sheet • Classifier for votes. • (Cantonese, Hakka, Zhongshan Min) Classifier for knives. • (Cantonese) Classifier for age of a person, approximating in multiples of tens. (only for thirty years old or above) • (Chinese astronomy) Extended Net (one of Twenty-Eight Mansions) • a surname. Zhang, listed #24 of the Baijiaxing ‖ to boast; to exaggerate (now merged into Pronunciation 1) • Original form of 脹／胀 (zhàng). • Original form of 帳／帐 (zhàng). ‖ (Hokkien) to catch an animal by drawing a net, setting a trap, etc. • (Hokkien, by extension) to wait for; to stalk; to watch out (in order to catch or get something) • (Hokkien) implement for catching animals; trap
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to stretch; to spread
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張 (eum 장 (jang))
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give, throw, have (a party etc.). • grant (a favor), bestow, confer.
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Hán-Nôm : trương • Hán-Nôm : trang • Hán-Nôm : chanh • Hán-Nôm : choang • Hán-Nôm : chương • Hán-Nôm : giương • Hán-Nôm : chăng • Hán-Nôm : chướng • Hán-Nôm : dăng
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Chữ Hán form of Trương (“a surname from Chinese.”).
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張
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| 強
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Zhengzhang (2003): Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”). \ Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic 弘 (OC *ɡʷɯːŋ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”). \ The character 強 likely originally referred to the rice weevil, an insect that attacks rice and several other crops, before being phonetically borrowed to represent the sense of "strong; powerful", which was previously represented by the character 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ). \ (egg): Typo of 蛋; they have the same keystrokes in Simplified Cangjie. ‖ Zhengzhang (2003): Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”). \ Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic 弘 (OC *ɡʷɯːŋ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”). \ The character 強 likely originally referred to the rice weevil, an insect that attacks rice and several other crops, before being phonetically borrowed to represent the sense of "strong; powerful", which was previously represented by the character 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ). \ (egg): Typo of 蛋; they have the same keystrokes in Simplified Cangjie. ‖ Zhengzhang (2003): Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”). \ Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic 弘 (OC *ɡʷɯːŋ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”). \ The character 強 likely originally referred to the rice weevil, an insect that attacks rice and several other crops, before being phonetically borrowed to represent the sense of "strong; powerful", which was previously represented by the character 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ). \ (egg): Typo of 蛋; they have the same keystrokes in Simplified Cangjie.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiûnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiâng • Middle-Chinese : gjang ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : koeng⁵ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiáng • Middle-Chinese : gjangX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : goeng⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiāng • Middle-Chinese : gjangX
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strong; powerful; energetic • to strengthen • staunch; strong-willed • brutal; forceful • capable; of a high level • superior; better • slightly more than; plus • final contestants in a competition; finalist • (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, sometimes deliberate) Misspelling of 蛋 (dàn). ‖ to force; to compel; to coerce • to strive ‖ hard; stiff • stubborn; obstinate • a surname
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‖ 強(きょう) • (kyō) ‖ 強(きょう) • (-kyō) ‖ 強(つよし) • (Tsuyoshi)
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strong • strength • powerful • potent ‖ strength ‖ (lengths of time) slightly more than ‖ a male given name
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強 (eumhun 강할 강 (ganghal gang)) ‖ 強 (eumhun 힘쓸 강 (himsseul gang))
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hanja form of 강 (“strong; strength”) ‖ hanja form of 강 (“to force; to coerce”) • hanja form of 강 (“stubborn; obstinate”)
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canonical : 強: Hán Việt readings: cường • canonical : cưỡng 強: Nôm readings: càng • canonical : cượng • canonical : cướng • canonical : gắng • canonical : cường • canonical : gàn • canonical : ngượng • canonical : cưỡng • canonical : gương • canonical : gượng • canonical : gàng ‖ romanization : càng
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‖ Nôm form of càng (“With a comparative or verb phrase, establishes a parallel with one or more other such comparatives.; all the more, all the less”).
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強
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| 彰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kjaŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 章 (OC *kjaŋ, “emblem”) + 彡 (“colorful patterns”) – conspicuous.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoeng¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiang • Middle-Chinese : tsyang
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clear; obvious; conspicuous • to make manifest; to display; to express; to reveal • to commend; to praise; to distinguish • (literary) beautiful; brilliant; gorgeous • a surname
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‖ 彰(あきら) • (Akira)
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obvious, clear ‖ a male given name
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彰 • (chang) · 彰 • (chang) (hangeul 창, revised chang, McCune–Reischauer ch'ang, Yale chang)
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Hán-Nôm : chương
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彰
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| 後
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In oracle bone script, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 幺 (“thread”) + 夊 (“foot”) – a foot bound by a rope, thus lagging behind. The component 彳 was added afterwards to emphasize this action. \ Note that the simplified form 后 is also a traditional character on its own, with a different meaning. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hwak (“below”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan འོག ('og, “below”), Burmese အောက် (auk, “under; below”), Burmese နောက် (nauk, “behind”) (from Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔok (“lower side; below”)).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : āu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ǎu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǎu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiǒ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiō • Middle-Chinese : huwX • Middle-Chinese : huwH
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behind; rear; back • later; after; afterwards • last • descendants; offsprings • post- • (literary) anus • a surname
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‖ 後(あと) • (ato) ‖ 後(あと) • (ato) ‖ 後(あと) • (ato) ‖ ‖ ‖ 後(しりえ) • (shirie) ‖ 後(のち) • (nochi) ‖ 後(ゆり) • (yuri) ‖ 後(ご) • (go) ‖ 後(ご) • (-go) ‖ 後(こう) • (kō-)
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behind, after ‖ (spatially) the back, the rear, behind • (temporally) later time, afterwards, some time after the present • (temporally) later time, afterwards, some time after the present · time after death • (in order) the next person or thing · instead, in place of • (in order) the next person or thing · successor • (in order) the next person or thing · descendants, offspring • (in order) the next person or thing · wife of remarriage • (in order) the next person or thing • the rest; certain part, space or thing left • the rest; certain part, space or thing left · memory of the deceased; one's virtue that remains after death ‖ later, after, from now on ‖ afterwards, then ‖ ‖ ‖ the rear, back, or backside of something • the rearward or backward direction • the portion of a palace where a queen or other female imperial consort lives ‖ later, afterwards, some time after the present ‖ (obsolete) later, afterwards, some time after the present ‖ later, afterwards, some time after the present ‖ after ‖ prefixing element in kanji compounds, adding a meaning of later, after, following, rearward
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後 (eumhun 뒤 후 (dwi hu))
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hanja form of 후 (“after”) • hanja form of 후 (“behind”)
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Hán-Nôm : hậu
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後
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| 復
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *buɡs, *buɡ) : semantic 彳 (“walk”) + phonetic 复 (OC *buɡ, “repeat”). \ Walk back and forth. \ Compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m-p(j)up, whence Tibetan འབུབ་པ ('bub pa, “turned over or upside down”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *pup (“to turn over; to search for”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007). \ Within Chinese, cognate with 複 (OC *puɡ, “lined (garment); double”), 覆 (OC *pʰuɡs, “to cover”), 覆 (OC *pʰuɡ, “to turn over”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *buɡs, *buɡ) : semantic 彳 (“walk”) + phonetic 复 (OC *buɡ, “repeat”). \ Walk back and forth. \ Compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m-p(j)up, whence Tibetan འབུབ་པ ('bub pa, “turned over or upside down”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *pup (“to turn over; to search for”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007). \ Within Chinese, cognate with 複 (OC *puɡ, “lined (garment); double”), 覆 (OC *pʰuɡs, “to cover”), 覆 (OC *pʰuɡ, “to turn over”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fuk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ho̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hok • Middle-Chinese : bjuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fuk⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiū • Middle-Chinese : bjuwH
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to return • to recover; to resume • to revenge; to avenge • to reply • 24th hexagram of the I Ching ‖ (literary or Eastern Min) again
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‖
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restore • return to • revert • resume ‖
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復 (eumhun 돌아올 복 (doraol bok)) ‖ 復 (eumhun 다시 부 (dasi bu))
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hanja form of 복 (“return”) ‖ hanja form of 부 (“again”)
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Hán-Nôm : phục • Hán-Nôm : phức • Hán-Nôm : Phục
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復
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| 德
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tɯːɡ) : semantic 彳 (“road”) + phonetic 惪 (OC *tɯːɡ, “virtue”). 惪 is corrupted into 𢛳. \ ; “virtue; morality; favour” \ ; “Germany”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : terk • Middle-Chinese : tok
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virtue; morality; ethics • favor; benevolence; kindness • mind; faith; character • Short for 德意志 (Déyìzhì, “Germany”).
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Kyūjitai form of 徳.
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德 (eumhun 덕 덕 (deok deok))
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hanja form of 덕 (“benevolence; virtue”)
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Hán-Nôm : đức ‖ ‖
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‖ chữ Hán form of đức (“virtue; righteousness”). ‖ chữ Hán form of Đức (“Germany”).
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德
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| 徹
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 彳 + 育 (“pot”) + 攵 (“hand”) – originally a hand breaking a pot. \ Pot figure similar to earlier forms of 鬲, replaced/simplified in large seal script to 育 (earlier 㐬) – a child with head down, and hair/lines going down. \ The r-causative of 逝 (OC *ɦljeds) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Cognate with 撤 (OC *tʰed, *ded, “to take away”), 滯 (OC *dads, “to discard; to leave over; to accumulate”) and perhaps 適 (OC *tjeɡ, “to go”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cit³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : theh • Middle-Chinese : drjet • Middle-Chinese : trhjet
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to penetrate; to pierce; to pervade • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 徹 (MC trhjet) • Alternative form of 澈 (chè, “clear”) • Alternative form of 撤 (chè, “to remove”)
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‖ ‖ 徹(あきら) or 徹(とおる) • (Akira or Tōru)
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penetrate ‖ to penetrate • to dedicate oneself ‖ a male given name
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徹 (eum 철 (cheol))
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Hán-Nôm : triệt • Hán-Nôm : trẹt • Hán-Nôm : trê • Hán-Nôm : trệt • Hán-Nôm : trịt • Hán-Nôm : trít • Hán-Nôm : xẹt
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徹
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| 忽
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Historically and academically considered a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hmɯːd) : phonetic 勿 (OC *mɯd) + semantic 心 (“heart”). Incorrectly colloquially explained as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 勿 (“not”) + 心 (“heart”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hut • Middle-Chinese : xwot ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : fat¹
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suddenly; abruptly • to neglect; to ignore • a surname ‖ place • part
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in a moment • instantly • all of a sudden • neglect • disregard
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忽 • (hol) · 忽 • (hol) (hangeul 홀)
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Hán-Nôm : hốt
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忽
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| 怖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pòo • Middle-Chinese : phuH • Middle-Chinese : phjot
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to fear; to be afraid • to scare; to frighten; to terrify
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dreadful; frightening
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怖 • (po) · 怖 • (po) (hangeul 포, revised po, McCune–Reischauer p'o, Yale pho)
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Hán-Nôm : bố
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怖
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| 恕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hnjas) : phonetic 如 (OC *nja, *njas) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sì • Middle-Chinese : syoH
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to show consideration for others; to put oneself in someone's shoes • to forgive; to pardon; to show mercy • excuse me
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|
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恕 • (seo) · 恕 • (seo) (hangeul 서, revised seo, McCune–Reischauer sŏ, Yale se)
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canonical : 恕: Hán Việt readings: thứ 恕: Nôm readings: thứ
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恕
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| 恣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslis) : phonetic 次 (OC *sn̥ʰis) + semantic 心.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi³ • Middle-Chinese : tsijH
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to indulge oneself; to be profligate; to throw off restraint • to allow someone to do as they please • wantonly; to one’s heart's content • to change • (dialectal) comfortable; cosy
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selfish
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恣 (eum 자 (ja))
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Hán-Nôm : thư • Hán-Nôm : tứ
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恣
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| 恥
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *n̥ʰɯʔ) : phonetic 耳 (OC *njɯʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ni (“red”) (STEDT). Cognate with Burmese နီ (ni, “red”), 怩 (OC *nil, “ashamed”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thí • Middle-Chinese : trhiX
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(literary) to humiliate; to put to shame • shame; disgrace; humiliation • ashamed
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‖ 恥(はじ) • (haji) ^(←はぢ (fadi)?)
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shame • embarrassment ‖ shame
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恥 • (chi) · 恥 • (chi) (hangeul 치, revised chi, McCune–Reischauer ch'i, Yale chi)
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Hán-Nôm : xỉ • Hán-Nôm : sỉ
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恥
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| 悼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deːwɢs) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 卓 (OC *rteːwɢ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tō • Middle-Chinese : dawH
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to mourn; to lament • grieve
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lament
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悼 • (do) · 悼 • (do) (hangeul 도, revised do, McCune–Reischauer to, Yale to)
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Hán-Nôm : điệu • Hán-Nôm : xịu • Hán-Nôm : trạo
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悼
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| 惟
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai⁴ • Middle-Chinese : ywij
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but; however; nevertheless • only • to think; to contemplate • Alternative form of 唯 (“to be”) • (alt. form 維／维, 唯) meaningless sentence-initial particle
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‖
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consider • reflect • think ‖
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惟 • (yu) · 惟 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)
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Hán-Nôm : duy
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惟
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| 惠
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷiːds) : phonetic 叀 () + semantic 心 (“heart”). Originally also written 叀. \ Related to 唯 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”). Its usual meaning "kind, compliant" could be semantically extended from "should be" > "to consider / treat as it should / ought to be, as expected" as copulas tend to expand into full verb (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷiːds) : phonetic 叀 () + semantic 心 (“heart”). Originally also written 叀. \ Related to 唯 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”). Its usual meaning "kind, compliant" could be semantically extended from "should be" > "to consider / treat as it should / ought to be, as expected" as copulas tend to expand into full verb (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huē • Middle-Chinese : hwejH ‖
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benefit; favor; advantage • to benefit; to grant a favor; favor; to advantage • (obsolete) to love • benevolent; kindhearted • mild; gentle; kind • (polite) used as a form of compliment • a surname: Hui ‖ (Shaanxi dialect) a surname: Xi
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|
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惠 (eumhun 은혜 혜 (eunhye hye))
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grace, benefit, love • good, gentle, nice • wise, intelligent • beautiful, fine
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Hán-Nôm : huệ
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惠
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| 惰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'oːlʔ, *l'oːls) : semantic 心 (“heart; mind”) + abbreviated phonetic 隋 (OC *l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *ljol).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : do⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǒ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuǎnn • Middle-Chinese : dwaX • Middle-Chinese : dwaH
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lazy; indolent • (obsolete) irreverent; careless
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lazy
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惰 (eum 타 (ta))
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Hán-Nôm : đọa • Hán-Nôm : đoạ • Hán-Nôm : nọa • Hán-Nôm : noạ
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惰
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| 愈
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ú • Middle-Chinese : yuX
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more and more; even more • (formal) to excel; to surpass; to outdo • a surname: Yu
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‖
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healing ‖
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愈 • (yu) · 愈 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)
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Hán-Nôm : rủ
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愈
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| 愉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lo) : semantic 心 + phonetic 俞 (OC *l̥ʰus, *lo).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : û • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jû • Middle-Chinese : yu
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happy; pleased; delightful
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pleasure
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愉 (eum 유 (yu))
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Hán-Nôm : du
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愉
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| 愛
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Originally 㤅 (xì), a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯːds) : phonetic 旡 (OC *kɯds) + semantic 心 (“heart”). \ As early as the Qin dynasty, a meaningless component 夊 (suī, “foot”) was added to the bottom of the character, as with some other characters depicting people. Compare 憂／忧 (yōu) (from 㥑). \ Further corruption turned the original phonetic 旡 (jì) into ⿱爫冖. \ Based on Baxter's (1992) Old Chinese reconstruction /*ʔɨts/, STEDT suggests that it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋ-(w)aːj (“to copulate; to love; to be gentle”). Compare Proto-Karen *ʔai (“to love”), whence Pa'o Karen [script needed] (ʔái, “to love”), S'gaw Karen အဲၣ် (ʼeh̀, “to love”); Southern Bai e⁴⁴ (“love”); Mizo hma-ngaih (“to love, to like”); Jingpho nwai (“to respect, to love”), ngwi (“to be gentle”); Burmese ငွေ့ (ngwe., “to be gentle, moderate”). The Chinese word is related to a Tibeto-Burman allofam without initial *ŋ-. STEDT states that an Old Chinese reconstruction of /*ʔɨjs/ for 愛 is also possible because Old Chinese rhyming does not provide direct evidence of contacts with *-t. \ However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/, which ends in *-p-s instead. The Old Chinese contrast between *-p-s and *-t-s was lost at a late stage of Old Chinese. The final *-p is not reflected in the Tibeto-Burman comparandum provided by STEDT, making the likelihood that the Chinese form is related to the rest very low (Sagart, 2019). Behr (2016) suggests a derivation from a verbal root meaning "to draw in; to inhale; to suck in", relating it to 吸 (OC *qʰ(r)əp, “to inhale”), 欱 (OC *qʰˁ[ə]p, “o sip”), 愾 (OC *qʰəp-s, “to sigh with regret”), 僾 (OC *qˁəp-s, “to pant”), 氣 (OC *C.qʰəp-s, “vapour; breath”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ài • Middle-Chinese : 'ojH
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to love • to treasure; to value • to like; to be fond of; to be keen on • to begrudge; to be reluctant • to be prone; to be easy to • love; affection • love; benevolence • something one loves; someone whom one loves • Honorific for someone else's daughter; variant of 嬡／嫒 (ài). • beloved • (Cantonese, Hakka, Wu, Teochew) to want (an object) • (Hakka, Min) to want (to do) • (Hakka, Min) to need to; must • (archaic) Alternative form of 薆／𫉁 (ài, “ài”) • a surname
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‖ 愛(あい) • (ai) ‖ 愛(あい) • (Ai) ‖ 愛(あい) • (ai) ‖ 愛(まな) • (mana-) ‖ 愛(まな) • (mana) ‖ 愛(まな) • (Mana) ‖ 愛(あづみ) or 愛(ああい) or 愛(あゝい) or 愛(あいか) or 愛(あいす) or 愛(あき) or 愛(あこ) or 愛(あみか) or 愛(あおい) or 愛(ありさ) or 愛(あや) or 愛(あゆ) or 愛(ちぎり) or 愛(ちか) or 愛(ちかし) or 愛(えりな) or 愛(はあと) or 愛(ひかり) or 愛(いと) or 愛(いとし) or 愛(いつみ) or 愛(いずみ) or 愛(かな) or 愛(かなえ) or 愛(かなさ) or 愛(きずな) or 愛(こころ) or 愛(こゝろ) or 愛(このむ) or 愛(まどか) or 愛(まなぶ) or 愛(まなみ) or 愛(めづる) or 愛(めご) or 愛(めぐ) or 愛(めぐみ) or 愛(めぐむ) or 愛(めい) or 愛(なる) or 愛(なるこ) or 愛(のぞみ) or 愛(らぶ) or 愛(るい) or 愛(さら) or 愛(さらん) or 愛(つぐみ) or 愛(つくみ) or 愛(うい) or 愛(よし) or 愛(よしき) or 愛(よしみ) • (Azumi or Āi or Aika or Aisu or Aki or Ako or Amika or Aoi or Arisa or Aya or Ayu or Chigiri or Chika or Chikashi or Erina or Hāto or Hikari or Ito or Itoshi or Itsumi or Izumi or Kana or Kanae or Kanasa or Kizuna or Kokoro or Konomu or Madoka or Manabu or Manami or Mezuru or Mego or Megu or Megumi or Megumu or Mei or Naru or Naruko or Nozomi or Rabu or Rui or Sara or Saran or Tsugumi or Tsukumi or Ui or Yoshi or Yoshiki or Yoshimi)
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‖ love • affection • tenderness • fondness, liking • (Buddhism) · (Christianity) agape ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ love • (US) Short for 愛州 (“Idaho (a state of the United States)”). ‖ before a common noun, expresses a sense of admiration or value: good, genuine; compare English the real deal • before a noun describing a person, expresses praise or fondness: dear, beloved ‖ (archaic, derived from prefix sense) something dear or loved ‖ a female given name ‖ a female given name
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愛 (eumhun 사랑 애 (sarang ae))
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hanja form of 애 (“love”)
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canonical : 愛: Hán Việt readings: ái • canonical : áy 愛: Nôm readings: ái • canonical : áy • canonical : ải
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chữ Hán form of ái (“love”). • Nôm form of áy (“troubled; anxious”).
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愛
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| 愧
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Originally written 媿. In the modern form, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kruls) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ). \ Shuowen interprets the character as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : abbreviated 恥 (“shame”) + 鬼 (“spirit”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwai³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwai⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuì • Middle-Chinese : kwijH
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ashamed; guilty; conscience-stricken; mortified • to make (someone) feel guilty; to shame; to blame
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feel ashamed • shy
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愧 (eumhun 부끄러워할 괴 (bukkeureowohal goe))
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hanja form of 괴 (“ashamed, conscience-stricken”)
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Hán-Nôm : quý
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愧
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| 態
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *n̥ʰɯːs) : phonetic 能 (OC *nɯː, *nɯːs, *nɯːŋ, *nɯːŋʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”) – one’s heart-felt attitude.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thài • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thāi • Middle-Chinese : thojH
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condition; state • form; shape • manner; bearing; attitude • situation; posture • (grammar) voice; diathesis
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‖ 態(たい) • (tai) ‖ 態(たい) • (-tai)
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‖ (grammar) voice - a particular mode of inflecting or conjugating verbs, or a particular form of a verb, by means of which is indicated the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses. ‖ (grammar) voice, diathesis
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態 • (tae) · 態 • (tae) (hangeul 태, revised tae, McCune–Reischauer t'ae, Yale thay)
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manner, bearing, attitude
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Hán-Nôm : thái • Hán-Nôm : thói
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態
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| 慌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 荒 (OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 荒 (OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fong¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄏㄨㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hong ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong² • Middle-Chinese : xwangX
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to flee • to fear; to dread; to be afraid • to feel nervous; to get flustered; to get flurried • flustered; nervous; panicky; frantic • (colloquial) Used as an adjectival complement after 得 (de), to emphasise the unbearability or extent of the adjectival state. ‖ dim; indistinct • to sleep talk
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disconcerted
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慌 (eum 황 (hwang))
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Hán-Nôm : hoảng • Hán-Nôm : hoang
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慌
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| 慎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djins) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 真 (OC *ʔljin) – a behavior trait (heart), care, caution. Note that 真 means “truth, genuine, sincerity”, hence connotations of “acting sincerely, with care”.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : san⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sīn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sīm • Middle-Chinese : dzyinH
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prudent; cautious; careful
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‖ 慎(しん) • (Shin)
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humility • be careful • discreet • prudent ‖ a male given name
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Hán-Nôm : thận
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慎
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| 慣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːns) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 貫 (OC *koːn, *koːns) – habit is what one does by heart.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwaan³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuàinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuìnn • Middle-Chinese : kwaenH
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to be accustomed to; to be used to • to spoil; to overindulge • (literary, or in compounds) habit; custom • (literary, or in compounds) habitually; usually
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‖ 慣(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?)
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‖ used to; accustomed; custom; habit
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慣 (eumhun 버릇 관 (beoreut gwan))
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hanja form of 관 (“custom; habit”)
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Hán-Nôm : quen • Hán-Nôm : quán
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慣
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| 慧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷeːds) : phonetic 彗 (OC *sɢʷeds, *ɢʷeds, *sɢʷids) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huē • Middle-Chinese : hwejH
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bright; intelligent • intelligence
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‖ 慧(けい) or 慧(さとし) • (Kei or Satoshi)
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wise ‖ a male given name
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慧 (eumhun 슬기로울 혜 (seulgiroul hye))
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wise, intelligent, bright, wisdom • cunning, craft, wile • ability
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Hán-Nôm : huệ • Hán-Nôm : tuệ
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(wisdom, intelligence)
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慧
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| 慮
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : līr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lī • Middle-Chinese : ljoH
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be concerned, worry about
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prudence, deliberation
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慮 (eumhun 생각할 려 (saenggakhal ryeo), word-initial (South Korea) 생각할 여 (saenggakhal yeo))
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hanja form of 려/여 (“be concerned, worry about”)
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Hán-Nôm : lự • Hán-Nôm : lo • Hán-Nôm : lợ
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慮
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| 慶
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In oracle bone inscriptions Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 廌 (“Xiezhi”) + 心. The component 心 represented the beautiful markings of the mythical beast, signifying goodness, blessings and auspiciousness. \ In bronze inscriptions 心 is often also written as 文. During the Warring states period, the tail of 廌 corrupted into 个, then further into 夂 during the Qin dynasty. Based on the overlap between the many ancient variants of the character Ji, Xusheng (2004) suggests that 麕, 廌, 麐, 鹿 all refer to kinds of deer – beautiful and therefore worth celebrating when obtained. He also concludes that there is enough evidence that 慶 and 麐 were once the same character. Since 麐 was the most precious among deer, its character was used to express celebration. \ Uncertain. Schuessler (2007) sees possible cognacy to Tibetan གཡང (g.yang, “happiness, blessing, prosperity”), which Bodman (1980) relates instead to 祥 (OC *ljaŋ). ‖ From Hokkien 勥 (khiàng) or Teochew 勥 (kiang³).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiànn • Middle-Chinese : khjaengH ‖
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to celebrate; to congratulate • celebration • fortuitous; auspicious • (literary) good fortune • (obsolete) virtue; benevolence • a surname ‖ (Hakka) competent; capable; impressive
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jubilation
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慶 (eumhun 경사 경 (gyeongsa gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“celebration”)
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Hán-Nôm : khánh • Hán-Nôm : khương
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慶
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| 憂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qu) : phonetic 㥑 () + semantic 夊.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iu • Middle-Chinese : 'juw
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sad; grieved • grief; melancholy
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‖ 憂(う) • (u)
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anxiety, worry • mourning ‖ grief, pain, sorrow
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憂 • (u) · 憂 • (u) (hangeul 우, revised u, McCune–Reischauer u, Yale wu)
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Hán-Nôm : ưu • Hán-Nôm : âu
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憂
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| 憤
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hùn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǔn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hūn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hún • Middle-Chinese : bjunX
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to be indignant; to get angry
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indignation, resentment
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憤 (eumhun 분할 분 (bunhal bun))
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hanja form of 분 (“resent, hate”) • hanja form of 분 (“indignant”)
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Hán-Nôm : phẫn
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憤
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| 憲
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiàn • Middle-Chinese : xjonH
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(literary) law; statute • Short for 憲法／宪法 (xiànfǎ, “constitution”). • (archaic) example; model • (archaic) to promulgate; to publish • (archaic) to follow an example; to emulate
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constitution; basic law
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憲 (eumhun 법 헌 (beop heon))
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hanja form of 법 (“law”)
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Hán-Nôm : hiến
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憲
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| 憶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯɡ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 意 (OC *qɯɡs, “thought”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : it • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iak • Middle-Chinese : 'ik
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to recall; to recollect; to think back; to remember • to bear in mind; to memorize; to remember • memory
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‖ 憶(おく) • (oku)
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to think, to consider, to believe ‖ to recall; to remember • to guess; to conjecture
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憶 • (eok) · 憶 • (eok) (hangeul 억, revised eok, McCune–Reischauer ŏk, Yale ek)
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remember • reflect upon • memory
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Hán-Nôm : ức
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憶
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| 憾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯːms) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 感 (OC *kɯːmʔ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ham⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hām • Middle-Chinese : homH
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to hate; to resent • to regret
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‖ 憾(かん) • (kan)
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remorse ‖ remorse; regret
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憾 (eum 감 (gam))
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Hán-Nôm : hám • Hán-Nôm : hóm • Hán-Nôm : gớm
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憾
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| 懇
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : han² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khún • Middle-Chinese : khonX
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sincere; earnest; cordial • to beg; to request
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earnest, sincere
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懇 • (gan) · 懇 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan, Yale kan)
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Hán-Nôm : khấn
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懇
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| 懲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dɯŋ) : phonetic 徵 (OC *tɯʔ, *tɯŋ) + semantic 心.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cing⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tîng • Middle-Chinese : dring
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(literary, or in compounds) to warn; to give a warning • (literary, or in compounds) to punish; to reprimand
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penal • chastise • punish • discipline
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懲 (eum 징 (jing))
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Hán-Nôm : trừng
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懲
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| 懸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷeːn) : phonetic 縣 (OC *ɡʷeːn, *ɡʷeːns) + semantic 心 (“heart”) – to be concerned (in one’s heart). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷeːn) : phonetic 縣 (OC *ɡʷeːn, *ɡʷeːns) + semantic 心 (“heart”) – to be concerned (in one’s heart).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suân • Middle-Chinese : hwen ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuâinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuân
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to hang; to suspend • to raise • to feel anxious • (literary, or in compounds) to announce • (literary, or in compounds) to imagine; to suppose • to be unsettled; to be unresolved • (colloquial) dangerous • far apart • a surname ‖ (Min) tall; high • (Southern Min) of high level; above average
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suspend
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懸 (eumhun 매달 현 (maedal hyeon))
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Hán-Nôm : huyền
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懸
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| 戊
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Pictogram (象形) : A halberd.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bōo • Middle-Chinese : muwH
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the fifth of the ten heavenly stems
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‖ 戊(ぼ) • (Bo) ‖ 戊(つちのえ) • (Tsuchinoe)
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‖ the fifth of the ten heavenly stems ‖ the fifth of the ten heavenly stems
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戊 (eumhun 다섯째 천간 무 (daseotjjae cheon'gan mu))
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hanja form of 무 (“fifth heavenly stem”)
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Hán-Nôm : mậu • Hán-Nôm : mồ
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chữ Hán form of Mậu (“fifth of the ten heavenly stems”).
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戊
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| 戌
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Pictogram (象形) . \ Smith (2011) proposes that 戌 (OC *smid), graphically depicting an ax or halberd, is a nominal derivative of the verb 滅 (OC *med) "to annihilate" "by the multivalent prefix *s- (‘annihilate’ > ‘annihilator’ and thus ‘axe’)", and it was used to name the late, broad waxing crescent moon. \ Association with the dog was possibly arbitrary; just as how 辰 was associated arbitarily with the dragon (see Ferlus, 2013). ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : seot¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sut • Middle-Chinese : swit ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄑㄩ
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eleventh of twelve earthly branches (十二支) • Dog (狗) of Chinese zodiac ‖ Only used in 屈戌 (“metal fastening”).
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‖ 戌(いぬ) • (Inu) ‖ 戌(いぬ) • (inu) ‖ 戌(じゅつ) • (Jutsu)
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‖ the Dog, the eleventh of the twelve Earthly Branches ‖ the hour of the dog; a historical dual-hour equivalent to 7PM - 9PM ‖ the Dog, the eleventh of the twelve Earthly Branches
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戌 (eum 술 (sul))
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11th terrestrial branch
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Hán-Nôm : tuất
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chữ Hán form of Tuất (“eleventh of the twelve earthly branches”).
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戌
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| 或
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Characters in the same phonetic series (或) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 戈 (“dagger-axe (used to defend the territory)”) + 囗 (“city wall”) + 一, “territory”. \ Borrowed for abstract meanings. The derivative 國 (OC *kʷɯːɡ) and 域 (OC *ɢʷrɯɡ) refer to the original word. \ 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “someone; some”) is the result of the distributive suffix *-k being added to 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “there is”). \ Cognate with 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (或) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 戈 (“dagger-axe (used to defend the territory)”) + 囗 (“city wall”) + 一, “territory”. \ Borrowed for abstract meanings. The derivative 國 (OC *kʷɯːɡ) and 域 (OC *ɢʷrɯɡ) refer to the original word. \ 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “someone; some”) is the result of the distributive suffix *-k being added to 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “there is”). \ Cognate with 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hi̍k • Middle-Chinese : hwok ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wik⁶
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or; either ... or ... (used to list alternatives) • (chiefly in news headlines) perhaps; maybe • occasionally; sometimes • if; assuming; should ... • (logic, computing) OR; inclusive or • particle used in negative sentences to reinforce the negative tone • some; someone; something • doubt ‖ Original form of 域 (yù, “range; territory”). • Original form of 國／国 (guó, “country”).
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a certain ...; some ...
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或 • (hok) · 或 • (hok) (hangeul 혹, revised hok, McCune–Reischauer hok, Yale hok)
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Hán-Nôm : hoặc • Hán-Nôm : hoắc
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或
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| 戴
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In the oracle bone script, a pictogram (象形) of a person holding something on their head with both hands. Possibly originally the same character as 異 (“person wearing a mask” or “person carrying something on their head”), see there for more. \ Later, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) , with 異 (OC *lɯɡs) serving as the semantic (and also possibly phonetic) component, and either 弋 (OC *lɯɡ), 𢦏 (OC *ʔslɯː), or 之 (OC *tjɯ) acting as a phonetic component.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tèr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tài • Middle-Chinese : tojH
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to wear something on the head; to carry on the head • to put on; to wear (a hat, scarf, jewelry, wristwatch, glasses, flower or other object that is “attached” to the body) • to support; to bear • to respect; to esteem • a surname
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be crowned with
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戴 (eumhun 일 대 (il dae))
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hanja form of 대 (“to esteem”)
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Hán-Nôm : dải • Hán-Nôm : đái • Hán-Nôm : trải
|
|
戴
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| 扇
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 戶 (“door”) + 羽 (“feather”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 戶 (“door”) + 羽 (“feather”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sin³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siàn • Middle-Chinese : syenH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sin³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siàn • Middle-Chinese : syen
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leaf of door • fan (Classifier: 把 c) • Classifier for doors, windows and folding screens. ‖ to fan • to incite; to instigate; to provoke • to slap (somebody on the face)
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‖ 扇(おうぎ) • (ōgi) ^(←あふぎ (afugi)?)
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‖ fan (folding fan)
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扇 (eumhun 부채 선 (buchae seon))
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hanja form of 선 (“fan”)
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Hán-Nôm : phiến • Hán-Nôm : thiên
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扇
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| 托
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Characters in the same phonetic series (乇) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːɡ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 乇 (OC *ʔr'aːɡ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tok³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuh
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to hold in the hand; to support with one's palm • to serve as foil; to set off; to contrast • support; base; saucer • torr (unit of pressure) • (Cantonese, euphemistic) Short for 托柒. • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to prop on; to lean on (a pole, stick, or anything elongated as a fulcrum)
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to entrust with; to request
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托 (eum 탁 (tak))
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|
Hán-Nôm : thác • Hán-Nôm : thách • Hán-Nôm : thốc • Hán-Nôm : thước • Hán-Nôm : thướt
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托
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| 披
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰral, *pʰralʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰral, *pʰralʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phua • Middle-Chinese : phje • Middle-Chinese : phjeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ
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to drape over one's shoulders; to wrap around • to put on; to wear • to open; to unfurl; to unroll • to split; to crack • to scatter; to disperse ‖ (historical) silk ribbon on both sides of a hearse
|
|
|
披 • (pi) · 披 • (pi) (hangeul 피, revised pi, McCune–Reischauer p'i, Yale phi)
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Hán-Nôm : phơ • Hán-Nôm : bờ • Hán-Nôm : pha • Hán-Nôm : phê • Hán-Nôm : phi • Hán-Nôm : phơi
|
|
披
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| 抹
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːd) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 末 (OC *maːd). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːd) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 末 (OC *maːd). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːd) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 末 (OC *maːd).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mut³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mut⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bua̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bua̍h • Middle-Chinese : mat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mut³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mut⁶ • Middle-Chinese : mat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maat³
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to smear, to apply • to wipe • to erase; to remove • (literary) to play (dominos) • (literary) to cut • (literary) to twirl • (literary) to look; to aim; to glance • Classifier for rays of sunlight, rosy clouds, etc.. ‖ to smear (using cement or lime) • to keep close to and turn around • (literary) to touch • (literary) to bend; to lower ‖ (colloquial) to wipe • (colloquial) to press (something) and move one's hand downwards • (colloquial) to dismiss (someone from their position)
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|
grind • rub • crush • erase
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抹 • (mal) · 抹 • (mal) (hangeul 말, revised mal, McCune–Reischauer mal, Yale mal)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : mạt • Hán-Nôm : mõi
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抹
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| 拂
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰɯd) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 弗 (OC *pɯd).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hut • Middle-Chinese : phjut
|
to stroke; to touch lightly • to flick; to whisk; to brush off • to sweep • duster • (literary) to go against; to run counter to; to defy
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|
To pay • To clear out
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拂 (eumhun 떨칠 불 (tteolchil bul)) ‖ 拂 (eumhun 도울 필 (doul pil))
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hanja form of 불 (“shake off, brush away, dust”) ‖ hanja form of 필 (“help, aid, assist”)
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Hán-Nôm : phất • Hán-Nôm : phắt • Hán-Nôm : phớt • Hán-Nôm : phứt • Hán-Nôm : phựt
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拂
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| 拉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ruːb) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 立 (OC *rɯb). ‖ ‖ ‖ Monosyllabicization of 垃垃. ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍p • Middle-Chinese : lop ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄚˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄚˇ ‖ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄚˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄌㄚ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : lah
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to destroy; to break; to snap • to insult • to strike; to hit; to beat • to pull; to drag; to tug • to transport by vehicle; to haul; to carry on a vehicle • to play (a bowed instrument, an accordion, etc.) • to drag out; to draw out • (Mainland China) to owe; to be in arrears • to lead (a group to a place); to move (a group to a place) • to help; to lend (a hand) • to invite; to recruit • to drag in; to implicate • to draw in; to canvass; to solicit; to attract • to organize (a group); to form (a group) • (Cantonese) to arrest • (dialectal) to bring up; to raise • (Mainland China, colloquial) to chat • (onomatopoeia) The sound of wind. • to excrete • (Hong Kong, Internet slang) to cause a thread to sink to the bottom of list of threads; to "pull" • (dated Shanghainese) Used to mark the perfective aspect. • a surname ‖ (Mainland China) to cut; to slit; to slash ‖ (Mainland China, colloquial) section; part ‖ to be at; to be in • at; in • used to indicate the continuative aspect • used to indicate the perfective aspect ‖ Alternative form of 落 (là) • Used in 拉拉蛄, alternative form of 蝲蝲蛄 (làlàgǔ) ‖ A verbal suffix. ‖ (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to release; to untie; to loosen; to get untied; to come loose
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to drag • to pull • to draw • to carry off • to crush • Used in phonetic transcription of foreign words.
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拉 (eumhun 끌 랍 (kkeul rap), word-initial (South Korea) 끌 납 (kkeul nap))
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hanja form of 랍/납 (“to pull”)
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canonical : 拉: Hán Việt readings: lạp 拉: Nôm readings: sắp • canonical : dập • canonical : lớp • canonical : rập • canonical : rắp • canonical : lấp • canonical : lợp • canonical : sụp • canonical : lắp • canonical : giập • canonical : ráp • canonical : loạt • canonical : rợp • canonical : sập • canonical : láp • canonical : lọp • canonical : đập • canonical : xập • canonical : xệp • canonical : lạp • canonical : rấp
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拉
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| 拐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷroːlʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 冎 (OC *kroːlʔ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gwaai² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄞˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuái • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuāinn • Middle-Chinese : geaX
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to turn • to kidnap; to abduct • to misappropriate • walking stick; cane • the numeral seven (used in radio communications in aviation and by the military) • (Sichuanese) wrong; incorrect
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‖ 拐(かい) • (kai)
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‖ kidnap; abduct; falsify
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拐 (eumhun 속일 괴 (sogil goe))
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hanja form of 괴 (“kidnap; abduct; falsify”)
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Hán-Nôm : quảy • Hán-Nôm : quải • Hán-Nôm : quái • Hán-Nôm : quẩy • Hán-Nôm : quay • Hán-Nôm : quày • Hán-Nôm : quầy
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拐
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| 拔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bruːd, *boːd, *bod) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 犮 (OC *boːd) – a hand pulls. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bruːd, *boːd, *bod) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 犮 (OC *boːd) – a hand pulls.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pui̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pue̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pe̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pua̍t • Middle-Chinese : bjot • Middle-Chinese : bat • Middle-Chinese : beat ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : phua̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pua̍h
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to pull up; to pull out • to suck out; to draw • to select; to pick; to choose • to lift; to raise • to surpass; to stand out among • to capture; to seize • (dialectal) to cool in water • (Min) to pull; to tug • (Hokkien) to snatch forcefully • (Quanzhou, Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to suck away someone else's chi (said as done by some people) • a surname ‖ (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) Classifier for draws of water, especially each time one pulls the rope on a well.
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extract, pull out, pilfer
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拔 (eumhun 뽑을 발 (ppobeul bal)) · 拔 (eumhun 무성할 패 (museonghal pae))
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hanja form of 발 (“pull, pick, pluck, uproot”) • hanja form of 패 (“thick, overgrown”)
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canonical : 拔: Hán Việt readings: bạt • canonical : bội 拔: Nôm readings: bạt • canonical : gạt • canonical : bặt • canonical : vạt
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chữ Hán form of bạt (“pull, extract”). • Nôm form of gạt (“brush off”).
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拔
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| 拜
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Originally 𢱭. Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 扌 (“hand”) + 𠦪 (“herbs”), a hand holding herbs as a gift. 𣬓 and 𢫶 are variant forms showing the hands at the bottom. \ ; "to bow" \ ; "byte" \ ; "bye" \ ; "day of the week"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baai³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baai¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pài • Middle-Chinese : peajH
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to do obeisance; to bow; to kowtow • to pray to; to worship • to establish a relationship • (polite) Used before a verb to show respect. • (computing, informal) byte • (informal) bye; goodbye • (Malaysia, Singapore, Hakka, Min) day of the week (when used with a number)
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worship • adore • pray to
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拜 (eumhun 절 배 (jeol bae))
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hanja form of 배 (“do obeisance; bow; kowtow”) • hanja form of 배 (“worship”) • hanja form of 배 (“yours truly, yours faithfully (respectful term placed after one's own name at the end of a letter)”)
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Hán-Nôm : bái • Hán-Nôm : vái • Hán-Nôm : bay • Hán-Nôm : bây • Hán-Nôm : phai • Hán-Nôm : phải
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拜
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| 括
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːd) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 𠯑 (OC *ɡroːd).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄛˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kut³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwaat³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuah • Middle-Chinese : kwat
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to tie; to tie up; to tie together • to seek; to search for • to embrace; to enclose • to include; to encompass • to enclose in brackets • a surname • (Hokkien) Classifier for groups of people.
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fasten, tie up, arrest, constrict
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括 (eumhun 묶을 괄 (mukkeul gwal))
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hanja form of 괄 (“inclusion; encompass”)
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Hán-Nôm : quát • Hán-Nôm : khoát • Hán-Nôm : quất • Hán-Nôm : quét
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括
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| 拭
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshit • Middle-Chinese : syik
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to wipe • (Hokkien) utensil for rubbing, wiping, or scrubbing (e.g., eraser, shoe polish)
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to wipe
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拭 (eumhun 씻을 식 (ssiseul sik))
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hanja form of 식 (“to wipe”)
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Hán-Nôm : rị
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拭
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| 拷
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‖ ‖
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‖ ‖
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to interrogate, chiefly by torture; to extract confession • to beat up; to flog; to torture ‖ Clipping of 拷貝／拷贝 (kǎobèi, “to copy”). ‖ (Wu) to scoop up (liquids) into a container or utensil • (Wu) to buy (liquid products) • (Wu) to scoop out; to throw out (liquids) • (Wu) to lockstitch a border
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torture • to beat and torture, often for a confession • to take, to rob
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拷 • (go) · 拷 • (go) (hangeul 고, revised go, McCune–Reischauer ko, Yale ko)
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Hán-Nôm : khỉu • Hán-Nôm : khảo
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拷
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| 挨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qlɯːʔ, *qrɯː, *qrɯːʔ) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 矣 (OC *ɢlɯʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qlɯːʔ, *qrɯː, *qrɯːʔ) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 矣 (OC *ɢlɯʔ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : aai¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : oi² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : e • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ere • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ai • Middle-Chinese : 'eajX • Middle-Chinese : 'ojX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaai⁴
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to hit from behind; to hit the back • to get close to; to be next to • to depend on; to rely on • to crowd; to push and squeeze • to follow in sequence; to be someone's turn; to go one by one • (dialectal Mandarin) at • (Cantonese) to lean on • (Hokkien, Teochew) to grind • (Hokkien, Hakka) to play (a stringed instrument) • (Fuqing Eastern Eastern Min) to push ‖ to suffer; to endure; to put up with • to drag out; to delay; to stall • to struggle to pull through; to wait (for a long time) • to drag on; to scrabble for a living
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push open
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挨 • (ae) · 挨 • (ae) (hangeul 애, McCune–Reischauer ae, Yale ay)
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Hán-Nôm : ai • Hán-Nôm : ẩy
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挨
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| 挫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsoːls) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 坐 (OC *zoːlʔ, *zoːls).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄛˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : co³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshò • Middle-Chinese : tswaH
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to break (something); to crush; to smash; to push down • to bend; to flex • to dampen; to strike; to attack; to defeat; to frustrate; to deflate; to obstruct; to oppress • setback; frustration; obstruction
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crush, break, sprain, discourage
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挫 (eumhun 꺾을 좌 (kkeokkeul jwa))
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hanja form of 좌 (“to bend; to flex”)
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Hán-Nôm : dọa • Hán-Nôm : doạ • Hán-Nôm : dóa • Hán-Nôm : doá • Hán-Nôm : tỏa • Hán-Nôm : toả • Hán-Nôm : thọa • Hán-Nôm : thoạ • Hán-Nôm : thúa • Hán-Nôm : thòa • Hán-Nôm : thoà • Hán-Nôm : thụa • Hán-Nôm : sọa • Hán-Nôm : soạ • Hán-Nôm : sùa
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挫
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| 捨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljaːʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 舍 (OC *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs) – to discard with the hand. \ ;to give up \ :舍 (OC *hljaːs) is perhaps its exoactive derivative with suffix *-s/*-h (ibid.) \ :Schuessler also notes this word-family's parallel to 釋 (OC *hljaɡ) (whose derivative 赦 (OC *hljaɡs) is related by Wang (1982) to 捨 (OC *hljaːʔ) > 舍 (OC *hljaːs)), even though the different phonetics imply different Old Chinese pronuncations; the roots *lhaʔ ~ *lhak ~ *lhaiʔ (> 弛 (OC *l̥ajʔ) (B-S)) are probably variants with parallel morphological and semantic developments.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siá • Middle-Chinese : syaeX
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to give up; to abandon • to give alms • to leave; to part
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to discard
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捨 • (sa) · 捨 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa, Yale sa)
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Hán-Nôm : xả
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捨
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| 捻
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‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nim² • Cantonese · Jyutping : nim⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liàm ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nan² ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nim¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nin² ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄝ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nip⁶
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(alt. form 拈, 撚) to pinch or twist into a string-like form with the fingers • (Central Plains Mandarin, synecdochically) a gang or group of people • (Quanzhou Hokkien, vulgar) stingy; miserly ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ Alternative form of 捏 (niē)
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to twist
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捻 • (nyeom>yeom, nyeop>yeop) · 捻 • (nyeom>yeom, nyeop>yeop) (hangeul 념>염, 녑>엽, revised nyeom>yeom, nyeop>yeop, McCune–Reischauer nyŏm>yŏm, nyŏp>yŏp, Yale nyem>yem, nyep>yep)
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Hán-Nôm : nạm • Hán-Nôm : nắm • Hán-Nôm : ném • Hán-Nôm : niết • Hán-Nôm : niệm • Hán-Nôm : niệp • Hán-Nôm : niêm • Hán-Nôm : núm
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捻
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| 掃
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) – a 手 (“hand”) with a 帚 (“broomstick”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) – a 手 (“hand”) with a 帚 (“broomstick”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòo • Middle-Chinese : sawX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sou³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sou² • Middle-Chinese : sawH
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to clean with a broom; to sweep clean • to clear away; to exterminate; to eliminate • (historical) to go on a punitive expedition; to stabilise (a political situation); to conquer • (of eyes) to sweep over; to sweep away; to dart a look at • (computing) to scan (a code) • to offer sacrifices and pay respect to a dead person at the tomb • to paint; to write • (literary, or in compounds) total; all; entire • (Hakka) to beat up somebody ‖ broom; broomstick • brush (noun)
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To sweep
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掃 (eumhun 쓸 소 (sseul so))
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hanja form of 소 (“sweep”)
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Hán-Nôm : tảo • Hán-Nôm : sẩu • Hán-Nôm : tuể • Hán-Nôm : xuể
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掃
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| 掘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡlod, *ɡlud) : semantic 扌 (“hand; action”) + phonetic 屈 (OC *klud, *kʰlud). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-(k/g)wa-t (“to dig out; to scoop out”), cognate to Tibetan རྐོད་པ (rkod pa), རྐོ་བ (rko ba, “to dig; to hoe”) (STEDT). Possibly related to 決 (OC *kʷeːd, “to dig an outlet for water; to burst out”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ku̍t • Middle-Chinese : gjut • Middle-Chinese : gjwot
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to dig; to excavate • (Hakka) to scratch (with nails, claws) • (Mainland China Hokkien) to beat; to hit; to strike (with a mallet, etc.)
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to dig
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掘 • (gul, gwol) · 掘 • (gul, gwol) (hangeul 굴, 궐, revised gul, gwol, McCune–Reischauer kul, kwŏl, Yale kwul, kwel)
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Hán-Nôm : quật • Hán-Nôm : oặt • Hán-Nôm : quặt • Hán-Nôm : quất • Hán-Nôm : quịt • Hán-Nôm : quát • Hán-Nôm : quạt
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掘
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| 掛
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gwaa³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwaa³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuà • Middle-Chinese : kweaH
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to hang; to suspend • to wear • to hang up; to terminate a phone call • to worry; to be concerned • to register; to enroll • (colloquial) to fail an exam; to have a non-passing grade in a course • (humorous, colloquial) to die • (video games) cheating plug-in or software
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to hang • to suspend • to depend • to arrive at • tax • to pour
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掛 (eumhun 걸 괘 (geol gwae))
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hanja form of 괘 (“to hang; to suspend; to divide”)
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canonical : 掛: Hán Việt readings: quải 掛: Nôm readings: quảy • canonical : quấy • canonical : quẩy • canonical : quậy • canonical : quải • canonical : khoải • canonical : gỏi • canonical : quẻ • canonical : quai • canonical : quẫy
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掛
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| 掠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raɡ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 京 (OC *kraŋ). \ See 略 (lüè, “to plunder, to pillage”) ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩㄝˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩㄝˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : loek⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍h • Middle-Chinese : ljangH • Middle-Chinese : ljak ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : loek¹
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to rob; to loot • to sweep through • (Southern Min) to catch; to capture; to arrest • (Hokkien) to massage by kneading • (Hokkien) to estimate; to evaluate; to assess; to suppose • (Hokkien) to control; to manipulate; to work out (to bring about or maintain a certain result) • (Hokkien) Classifier for lengths in spans, or the width of an open hand from the end of the thumb to the end of the middle finger: span • (Hokkien) used to introduce the target of a following verb phrase • (Mainland China Hokkien) to mend (especially by knitting) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to identify the problem area • (Classical Chinese) to flog; to beat ‖ (Cantonese) to obtain (money) forcefully
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‖ 掠(りゃく) • (ryaku)
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‖ the sixth of the Eight Principles of Yong
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掠 (eumhun 노략질할 략 (noryakjilhal ryak), word-initial (South Korea) 노략질할 약 (noryakjilhal yak)) · 掠 (eumhun 볼기칠 량 (bolgichil ryang), word-initial (South Korea) 볼기칠 양 (bolgichil yang))
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hanja form of 략/약 (“rob, ransack, plunder”) • hanja form of 략/약 (“pass by”) • hanja form of 량/양 (“flog, beat”)
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Hán-Nôm : lướt • Hán-Nôm : lược • Hán-Nôm : lựng
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掠
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| 採
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰɯːʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 采 (OC *sʰɯːʔ, “to pick”). Originally written 采. \ See 采 (OC *sʰɯːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄞˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : coi² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshái • Middle-Chinese : tshojX
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to pick; to pluck • to select; to choose; to pick • to gather; to collect • to mine; to dig • to pull; to drag • Alternative form of 睬 (cǎi, “to pay attention to”)
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to gather, to collect, to take
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採 • (chae) · 採 • (chae) (hangeul 채, revised chae, McCune–Reischauer ch'ae, Yale chay)
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Hán-Nôm : thái • Hán-Nôm : thám • Hán-Nôm : thăm • Hán-Nôm : thớm • Hán-Nôm : xăm • Hán-Nôm : xom • Hán-Nôm : xái • Hán-Nôm : thải • Hán-Nôm : thảy • Hán-Nôm : trảy • Hán-Nôm : trẩy • Hán-Nôm : tảy
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採
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| 控
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* (-phile): From Japanese コン (kon), short for コンプレックス (konpurekkusu, “complex”), from English complex. ‖ * (-phile): From Japanese コン (kon), short for コンプレックス (konpurekkusu, “complex”), from English complex. ‖ * (-phile): From Japanese コン (kon), short for コンプレックス (konpurekkusu, “complex”), from English complex.
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‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄥ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄤ • Middle-Chinese : khaewng
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to control; to take charge of • to accuse; to charge • to hang upside down • to turn upside down to empty • (of parts of the body) to fail to be sufficiently supported • (Internet slang, originally chiefly ACG) -phile • (Internet slang) strong liking • (Internet slang) to strongly like • to open a bow; to draw the bowstring • to impede • to throw • to bend • to halt • (Southern Min) to dig out with one's finger • (Southern Min) to use various means to acquire someone's money or property • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to climb ‖ ^† to remove ‖ ^† to beat
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控 • (gong, gang) · 控 • (gong, gang) (hangeul 공, 강, revised gong, gang, McCune–Reischauer kong, kang, Yale kong, kang)
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Hán-Nôm : khống
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控
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| 措
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰaːɡs) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshò • Middle-Chinese : tshuH
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to place; to put in order; to arrange • to employ; to administer • to collect; to measure • to make plans • to move; to act; to conduct • wording
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to put, to place • to act, to conduct
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措 • (jo, chaek) · 措 • (jo, chaek) (hangeul 조, 책, revised jo, chaek, McCune–Reischauer cho, ch'aek, Yale co, chayk)
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Hán-Nôm : thố • Hán-Nôm : số • Hán-Nôm : thá • Hán-Nôm : thó • Hán-Nôm : láp • Hán-Nôm : thò
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措
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| 描
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mreːw, *mrew) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 苗 (OC *mrew).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : miu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biô • Middle-Chinese : mjew • Middle-Chinese : maew
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to copy; to trace; to sketch • to depict; to describe
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picture, sketch, drawing, painting
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描 (eumhun 그릴 묘 (geuril myo))
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hanja form of 묘 (“copy”)
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Hán-Nôm : miêu • Hán-Nôm : miều
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描
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| 揚
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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *laŋ (“to lift; to raise”) (Schuessler (2007), STEDT), whence Tibetan ལང (lang, “to rise”), Burmese လင့်စင် (lang.cang, “elevated watchtower or lifted platform”). ‖
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‖
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to lift; to raise; to hoist • to flutter (in the air) • to throw up and scatter (to winnow) • to spread; to make known • (Cantonese) to publicize; to make widely known • (Cantonese) tending to become known by others; tending to be publicized; obtrusive • Yangzhou • a surname: Yang ‖ A transliteration of the English surname Young
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‖ 揚(よう) • (yō) ^(←やう (yau)?)
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raise, elevate, hoist • praise, extol • fry in deep fat ‖ to raise; to lift • to make well-known; to spread
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揚 (eumhun 오를 양 (oreul yang)) · 揚 (eumhun 날릴 양 (nallil yang))
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Hán-Nôm : dương • Hán-Nôm : dang • Hán-Nôm : dàng • Hán-Nôm : giàng • Hán-Nôm : dâng • Hán-Nôm : duồng • Hán-Nôm : nhàng
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揚
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| 換
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaːns) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 奐 (OC *qʰʷaːns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huàn • Middle-Chinese : hwanH
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to exchange • to change; to swap; to switch; to substitute
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‖ 換(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?)
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to interchange ‖ to exchange
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換 • (hwan) · 換 • (hwan) (hangeul 환)
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change, exchange • substitute
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Hán-Nôm : hoán
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換
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| 握
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qroːɡ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 屋 (OC *qoːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ok • Middle-Chinese : 'aewk
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to hold in the hand; to grip; to grasp • to control • Classifier for a handful of something. • Used in 握齪／握龊 (wòchuò).
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‖ 握(あく) • (aku)
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grip ‖ grip; hold
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hanja form of 악 (“to grasp; to hold fast; to take by hand”)
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canonical : 握: Hán Việt readings: ác • canonical : ốc 握: Nôm readings: ác • canonical : át • canonical : ấc • canonical : ốt
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握
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| 揮
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Characters in the same phonetic series (軍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰul) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 軍 (OC *kun). ‖ Borrowed from English fight.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fai¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hui • Middle-Chinese : xjw+j ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : fai¹
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to wield; to wave; to brandish • to direct; to command • to wipe away • to disperse; to scatter • to squander • ^† Alternative form of 徽 (huī, “emblem”) ‖ to fight • (by extension) to compare; to compete
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Brandish
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揮 • (hwi) · 揮 • (hwi) (hangeul 휘, revised hwi, McCune–Reischauer hwi, Yale hwi)
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Hán-Nôm : huy • Hán-Nôm : huơi • Hán-Nôm : hoay • Hán-Nôm : hươi • Hán-Nôm : loay
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揮
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| 損
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sqʰuːnʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 員 (OC *ɢon, *ɢun)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syun² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sún • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suínn • Middle-Chinese : swonX
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to reduce; to decrease; to cut; to diminish • to harm; to cause destruction to; to damage • to lose; to forfeit • loss; decrease; reduction • (colloquial) to make sarcastic remarks; to act meanly; to mock • (colloquial, chiefly of remarks) acrimonious; caustic; biting; mean (especially Min Nan) • (Cantonese) to be injured, in the form of an abrasion
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‖ 損(そん) • (son) ^(←そん (son)?) ‖ 損(そん) • (son)
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harm ‖ loss (opposite of gain) ‖
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損 (eum 손 (son))
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diminish • impair • injure
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Hán-Nôm : tốn • Hán-Nôm : tổn • Hán-Nôm : tủn • Hán-Nôm : vin • Hán-Nôm : tỏn
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損
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| 搜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sru) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 叟 (OC *suːʔ). \ 叟 is the original character, also meaning “to search”, and depicting a hand holding a torch indoors. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : so • Hokkien · Tai-lo : soo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiâu ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiâu
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(obsolete) to collect • to seek; to look for • to interrogate and check or examine; to search • Alternative form of 獀 (sōu, “spring hunt”) ‖ (Taiwanese Hokkien) to stir; to churn; to whip; to mix
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Kyūjitai form of 捜
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搜 • (su) · 搜 • (su) (hangeul 수)
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Hán-Nôm : sưu • Hán-Nôm : xâu
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搜
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| 搬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paːn) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 般 (OC *praːn, *paːn, *baːn).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bun¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pan
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to move; to shift the position of; to transport (something large) • to move (house) • to apply mechanically; to use indiscriminately • (slang) to rake in money
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a carrier or transporter of things • to transport • to convey
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搬 • (ban) · 搬 • (ban) (hangeul 반, McCune–Reischauer pan, Yale pan)
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canonical : 搬: Hán Việt readings: ban • canonical : bàn 搬: Nôm readings: bưng
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Nôm form of bưng (“to carry, to pick up”).
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搬
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| 搭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːb, *tʰoːb) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 荅 (OC *tkuːb). ‖ ‖ From 𡍲. ‖ Glottalisation of 代 (MC dojH) (Dai, 2004). Compare 勒 (“to be in, to be at”), 個 (“possessive particle”). Cognate with Zhujinese 得, Quzhounese 等, Taipingnese 帶. ‖ Compare Wu 搭/𡍲 (⁷taq).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daap³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tap ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄚˋ • Middle-Chinese : thap ‖ ‖ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiah
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to lay; to pile up • to join together; to attach to • to add to • to take (a ship, plane, train, etc.); to travel or go by • (Hakka, usually in negative) to pay attention to; to care about • (Hakka) to temporarily deposit something; to leave something with • (Hakka) to unload; to trust something to someone; consign • (Southern Min) to pat; to slap • (Southern Min) to put up; to build; to erect (something simple and crude) • (Southern Min) to buy with a ladle (of oil, alcoholic beverage, etc.) • (Mainland China Hokkien) to support; to prop up; to bear • (Mainland China Hokkien) to press up against; to stick close to • (Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to scoop; to ladle ‖ (alt. form 搨／拓) ‖ (Northern Wu) a certain place ‖ and; with • to; for (indirect or benefactive preposition, indicates recipient; equivalent to Mandarin 給／给 (gěi)) ‖ (Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) place • (Hokkien) Classifier for places.
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to board, to get on
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搭 • (tap) · 搭 • (tap) (hangeul 탑)
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Hán-Nôm : đắp • Hán-Nôm : đáp • Hán-Nôm : ráp • Hán-Nôm : tháp • Hán-Nôm : thắp
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搭
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| 摩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːl, *maːls) : phonetic 麻 (OC *mraːl) + semantic 手 (“hand”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mo¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mo⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : môo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mōo • Middle-Chinese : ma • Middle-Chinese : maH
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to rub; to scour; to grind • to stroke; to brush • to approach; to touch; to draw near • to study; to investigate; to research • (chemistry) Short for 摩爾／摩尔 (mó'ěr, “mole”).
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rub; chafe
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摩 (eumhun 갈 마 (gal ma))
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hanja form of 마 (“rub; chafe”)
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Hán-Nôm : ma
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摩
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| 撤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰed, *ded) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + abbreviated phonetic 徹 (OC *tʰed) – to remove by hand. \ Cognate with 徹 (OC *tʰed, “to remove”). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cit³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thet • Middle-Chinese : drjet • Middle-Chinese : trhjet
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to take away; to remove; to clear away • to withdraw; to retreat • to lighten; to ease; to alleviate; to lessen; to relieve
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withdraw
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撤 (eumhun 거둘 철 (geodul cheol))
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hanja form of 철 (“to withdraw”)
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Hán-Nôm : triệt • Hán-Nôm : trẹt • Hán-Nôm : trê • Hán-Nôm : trệt • Hán-Nôm : trịt
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撤
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| 播
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paːls) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 番 (OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paːls) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 番 (OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pò • Middle-Chinese : paH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˇ
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to sow; to seed • to broadcast; to spread • (literary) to move about; to remove; to migrate; to go into exile • to scatter ‖ Alternative form of 簸 (“toss up and down”)
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scatter, spread, disseminate
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播 (eumhun 뿌릴 파 (ppuril pa))
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to spray, spread, scatter, sow
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Hán-Nôm : vá • Hán-Nôm : bá • Hán-Nôm : bạ • Hán-Nôm : phăng • Hán-Nôm : vả • Hán-Nôm : vớ • Hán-Nôm : bợ
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播
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| 撮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsoːd, *sʰoːd) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 最 (OC *zloːds). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsoːd, *sʰoːd) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 最 (OC *zloːds).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄛ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyut³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsheh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsherh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshueh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuat • Middle-Chinese : tswat • Middle-Chinese : tshwat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄛˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyut³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄛˇㄦ
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to pick up (powders) using one's fingertips • to gather up; to collect together; to assemble • to bring together (e.g. a couple) • to extract; to summarise • to scoop up (dirt using a dustpan) • (dialectal, colloquial) to eat (as a group at a restaurant) • (Hakka) to cheat; to deceive; to hoax • Classifier for small amounts of something (that can be picked up using one's fingertips, or figuratively): pinch; handful • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to pass on; to transfer • (Teochew) Classifier for an indefinite amount: bunch; group ‖ Classifier for tufts of hair.
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‖ 撮(さつ) • (satsu)
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snapshot • to take a photo; to record a video ‖ A unit of volume, equal to one-tenth of a 勺(しゃく) (shaku), or equivalently around 1.8039 millilitres.
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撮 (eumhun 모을 촬 (mo'eul chwal))
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hanja form of 촬 (“to take a photo; to record a video”)
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canonical : 撮: Hán Việt readings: toát 撮: Nôm readings: toát • canonical : tòi • canonical : duỗi
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撮
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| 擁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoŋ, *qoŋʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 雍 (OC *qoŋ, *qoŋs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoŋ, *qoŋʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 雍 (OC *qoŋ, *qoŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jung² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iòng • Middle-Chinese : 'jowngX ‖
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to embrace; to hug someone • to wrap around; to squeeze • to gather around; to crowd • to provide support; to protect • to have something; to possess; to hold • crowd of people • (dialectal Mandarin) to push • Alternative form of 壅 (“to obstruct”) ‖ (Cantonese) to push
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‖ 擁(よう) • (yō)
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to hold • to embrace • to protect ‖ to embrace; to protect
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擁 (eumhun 낄 옹 (kkil ong))
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Hán-Nôm : ủng
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擁
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| 擦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰlaːd) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 察 (OC *sʰreːd) – wipe, scrub by hand.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : caat³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshak
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to rub • to be close to; to be near • to wipe; to scour; to scrub; to erase • to spread (paste etc.); to apply • to shred (melons and fruits) • (slang, euphemistic) Alternative form of 肏 (“to fuck”) • utensil for rubbing, wiping, or scrubbing (e.g., eraser, shoe polish) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) hanging scroll; wall hanging (a scroll that unrolls vertically for hanging on a wall)
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擦 • (chal) · 擦 • (chal) (hangeul 찰, revised chal, McCune–Reischauer ch'al, Yale chal)
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Hán-Nôm : sát • Hán-Nôm : xát • Hán-Nôm : xớt
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擦
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| 收
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰljɯw, *qʰljɯws) : semantic 攴 + phonetic 丩 (OC *kɯw, *krɯw) – to arrest.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : sau¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siu • Middle-Chinese : syuw • Middle-Chinese : syuwH
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to arrest; to detain • to receive; to be given • to accept; to take in; to admit into • to accept • to put something away • to collect; to gather • Short for 收購／收购 (shōugòu); to buy; to purchase • to harvest; to reap • to stop; to put an end to • to restrain; to control • to withdraw; to take back • (colloquial) to finish (someone); to make (someone) a possession of oneself • (Cantonese, of shops) to close • (Cantonese) Short for 收皮. • (Cantonese) to punish
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income
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收 (eumhun 거둘 수 (geodul su))
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hanja form of 수 (“collect”)
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Hán-Nôm : thu • Hán-Nôm : thâu • Hán-Nôm : tho • Hán-Nôm : thò • Hán-Nôm : dũ • Hán-Nôm : thua
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收
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| 效
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡreːws) : phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw) + semantic 攵 (“to strike; action”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hāu • Middle-Chinese : haewH
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to devote • result; effect • effectiveness
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|
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效 (eumhun 본받을 효 (bonbadeul hyo))
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hanja form of 효 (“effect”)
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Hán-Nôm : hiệu
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效
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| 敗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːds, *braːds) : phonetic 貝 (OC *paːds) + semantic 攵 (“strike”). \ Possibly Sino-Tibetan. According to Zhang, Shuya, Jacques, Guillaume, Lai, Yunfan (2019), the modern meaning of the word originated from a semantic narrowing of its original sense "to break", thus making it cognate with Situ ka-prāt (“to break”) and also Japhug prɤt (“to break”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pāi • Middle-Chinese : baejH • Middle-Chinese : paejH
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to lose (a game); to be defeated • to fail • (transitive) to defeat • to tarnish; to ruin; to destroy • to wither and fall • dilapidated; worn-out; (of clothing) tattered • to rot; rotten • to remove; to get rid of
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‖ 敗(はい) • (-hai)
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‖ losses
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敗 (eumhun 질 패 (jil pae))
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hanja form of 패 (“defeat; loss”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : bại • Hán-Nôm : bậy
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敗
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| 教
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːw, *kraːws) : phonetic 爻 (OC *ɢraːw, “divination”) + semantic 子 (“child”) + semantic 攵 (“teaching cane”) – teaching a child counting or divination. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːw, *kraːws) : phonetic 爻 (OC *ɢraːw, “divination”) + semantic 子 (“child”) + semantic 攵 (“teaching cane”) – teaching a child counting or divination.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàu • Middle-Chinese : kaew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàu • Middle-Chinese : kaewH
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to teach; to instruct ‖ to provide guidance; to instruct • (obsolete or Southern Min) to tell (someone to do something); to let; to instruct • etiquette; rules; customs • religion; faith; religious teachings • to cause; to make • a surname
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‖ 教(きょう) • (kyō) ^(←けう (keu)?) ‖ 教(きょう) • (-kyō) ^(←けう (keu)?) ‖ 教(さとし) • (Satoshi)
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to teach; teachings, doctrine ‖ teaching • doctrine ‖ -ism (religion) ‖ a male given name
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教 (eumhun 가르칠 교 (gareuchil gyo))
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Alternative form of 敎 (“hanja form of 교 (“to teach; class”)”)
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canonical : 教: Hán Việt readings: giao • canonical : giáo 教: Nôm readings: dáo • canonical : giáo • canonical : ráu • canonical : tráo
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chữ Hán form of giáo (“of teaching or educating; religion”).
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教
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| 敦
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Originally written 𦎫 in oracle bone script and bronze script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 亯 (“ancestral shrine”) + 羊 (“sheep”). Original meaning uncertain. \ Later used to mean “to force; to compel” and came to be written with 攴, making the modern form an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns) : phonetic 𦎫 () + semantic 攴 (“hand”). \ ; “thick; earnest; plentiful; large” ‖ ‖ ‖ See 團 (OC *doːn). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deon¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tun • Middle-Chinese : twon ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deoi³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deoi⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deoi¹ • Middle-Chinese : twoj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tyun⁴ • Middle-Chinese : dwan ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄣˋ • Middle-Chinese : twonH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deon⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄣ
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angry • to urge • to advise and encourage • diligent • earnest; honest; generous • intimate • thick • plentiful; rich • large • to attach importance to; to esteem; to revere • to put something down with great force • A river in Shanxi • a surname ‖ (historical) ancient vessel used to hold grains ‖ to administer; to manage • solitary • to throw • to force upon ‖ clustered • Alternative form of 團／团 (tuán, “round”) ‖ to erect • Alternative form of 墩 (dūn, “mound”) ‖ Only used in 混敦 and 敦然. ‖ Only used in 敦恨.
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‖ 敦(たい) • (tai) ‖ 敦(あつし) or 敦(つとむ) • (Atsushi or Tsutomu)
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kindness, affinity ‖ dui (vessel) ‖ a male given name
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敦 (eumhun 쪼을 퇴 (jjo'eul toe)) · 敦 (eumhun 모을 퇴 (mo'eul toe)) · 敦 (eumhun 다스릴 퇴 (daseuril toe)) · 敦 (eumhun 끊을 퇴 (kkeuneul toe)) · 敦 (eumhun 곱송거릴 퇴 (gopsonggeoril toe)) · 敦 (eumhun 성낼 퇴 (seongnael toe)) · 敦 (eumhun 도타울 돈 (dotaul don))
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hanja form of 퇴 (“peck”) • hanja form of 퇴 (“collect, gather”) • hanja form of 퇴 (“manage, govern, administer”) • hanja form of 퇴 (“sever, cut off, put down”) • hanja form of 퇴 (“angry, furious”) • hanja form of 돈 (“esteem”) • hanja form of 돈 (“honest, candid, sincere”)
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canonical : 敦: Hán Việt readings: đôn • canonical : dun 敦: Nôm readings: đon • canonical : run • canonical : xôn • canonical : xun • canonical : đôn • canonical : giun • canonical : dun • canonical : don • canonical : dồn • canonical : ton • canonical : rủn • canonical : gion • canonical : chon • canonical : trôn • canonical : đun • canonical : dôn • canonical : giôn • canonical : đùn • canonical : đũn • canonical : dún
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Nôm form of run (“to tremble; to shiver”).
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敦
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| 敵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deːɡ) : phonetic 啻 (OC *hljeɡs) + semantic 攴 (“to tap; to hit”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-taːj (“to retaliate; to grudge”). Cognate with Jingpho tai (tai³¹, “to avenge; to retaliate”) and Mizo tǎi (“to be at enmity with one another (intense); to have a grudge against”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dik⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍k • Middle-Chinese : dek
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enemy; foe; rival • hostile; antagonistic • to resist; to oppose • to match; to rival
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‖ 敵(かたき) • (kataki) ‖ 敵(てき) • (teki) ‖ 敵(てき) • (teki)
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‖ an enemy • revenge, vengeance • opponent (of the game or conflict) • (archaic, obsolete) marriage partner ‖ an enemy • an opponent, a competitor • (historical) the other party in a lawsuit • 的: (historical) in the red-light district, a term of reference used between prostitutes and customers ‖ 的: (historical) (by extension from the red-light district usage) term of third-person reference: that guy, that one • 的: (historical, mildly derogatory) (by extension from the red-light district usage) term of second-person reference: you
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敵 (eumhun 원수 적 (wonsu jeok))
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hanja form of 적 (“enemy”)
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Hán-Nôm : địch
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chữ Hán form of địch (“enemy”).
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敵
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| 敷
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Variant form of 𢾭. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰa) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 尃 (OC *pʰa, “distribute”) + 攵 (“hand with whip; action”). The bottom left 寸 has been replaced with 方.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phoo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hu • Middle-Chinese : phju
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to spread; to diffuse • to apply; to paint • (literary) to elaborate; to state • to be sufficient • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 敷 (MC phju)
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spread • pave • sit • promulgate
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敷 • (bu) · 敷 • (bu) (hangeul 부, revised bu, McCune–Reischauer pu, Yale pu)
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Hán-Nôm : phô • Hán-Nôm : phu
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敷
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| 斑
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 玨 (“jade”) + 文 (“stripe”). \ Either the same etymon as 班 (OC *praːn) or related to 駁 (OC *praːwɢ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : baan¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pan • Middle-Chinese : paen
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spot; stripe • spotted; striped; mottled • (literary, of hair) grey • (obsolete) to cut; to split • (Cantonese) grouper (Classifier: 條／条 c) • a surname: Ban
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spot • blemish • speck • patches
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斑 • (ban) · 斑 • (ban) (hangeul 반, revised ban, McCune–Reischauer pan, Yale pan)
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Hán-Nôm : ban
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斑
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| 斯
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Cognate with 此 (OC *sʰeʔ, “this”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ STEDT compares 此 (OC *sʰeʔ) and 斯 (OC *se) to Proto-Tani *si (“this”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si • Middle-Chinese : sje ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙ • Middle-Chinese : sje
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(Classical) this; these; here • (Classical) then; thus • emphatic particle • a surname • Used in transcription. • (Mainland China) Short for 斯大林 (Sīdàlín, “Stalin”). ‖ Original form of 撕 (sī, “to lop off”).
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this, here • thus • like this, in this manner • used phonetically
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斯 • (sa) · 斯 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa, Yale sa)
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canonical : 斯: Hán Việt readings: tư 斯: Nôm readings: tư
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chữ Hán form of Tư (“a surname”). • chữ Hán form of tư (“this (compounds), also a syllable used for the Sino-Vietnamese readings of foreign names (mainly the /s/ phoneme) transcripted into Chinese characters”).
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斯
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| 既
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 皀 (“bowl of rice”) + 旡 (“kneeling figure”) – person kneeling at bowl of rice – sitting down to eat (rice already finished cooking), turning away (already finished eating) or abstaining from eating or consuming. \ Note the stroke order in the right component 旡, which may not be clear in the compressed form of this character: the left vertical and second horizontal are one stroke with a corner, while the upper right vertical continues in a diagonal stroke to lower left. \ Maybe Sino-Tibetan (Schuessler, 2007). Exopassive (perfective) of 訖／讫 (qì, “to finish”); possibly cognate to 暨 (jì, “to reach”), yet see there. \ Löffler (1966) compares this to Mru ki (“complete”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kì • Middle-Chinese : kj+jH
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already • (obsolete) to have a total solar eclipse or lunar eclipse • (literary) to be finished; to end • (obsolete) all • since; as; now that • both . . . (and...); as well as
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previously • already • long ago
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既 • (gi) · 既 • (gi) (hangeul 기, revised gi, McCune–Reischauer ki, Yale ki)
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Alternative form of 旣
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Hán-Nôm : dĩ • Hán-Nôm : kí • Hán-Nôm : ký
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既
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| 旨
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Characters in the same phonetic series (旨) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kjiʔ) : phonetic 匕 (OC *pilʔ) + semantic 甘 (“delicious”) – according to the Shuowen. \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) interpretations: 匕, a man tasting, or a spoon (匙).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí • Middle-Chinese : tsyijX
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delicious • fine • delicious food • intention; purpose; aim • decree; imperial decree
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‖ 旨(むね) • (mune) ^(←むね (mune)?)
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delicious • appetizing • clever ‖ principle; aim; purpose • gist; meaning
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旨 (eumhun 맛있을 지 (masisseul ji)) ‖ 旨 (eumhun 뜻 지 (tteut ji))
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hanja form of 지 (“delicious; tasty”) ‖ hanja form of 지 (“meaning; definition”)
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Hán-Nôm : chỉ
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royal order, decree
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旨
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| 旱
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From the same Proto-Sino-Tibetan root as 乾 (OC *kaːn, *ɡran, “dry”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hon⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uǎnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hān • Middle-Chinese : hanX
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drought; dry spell; aridness • drought-stricken • (attributive) unrelated to water • on land or not in a paddy field • land route
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‖ 旱(ひでり) • (hideri) ‖ 旱(かん) • (kan)
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‖ a sunny day • a lack of water due to continuous sunny weather; a drought ‖ drought; dry weather
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旱 (eumhun 가물 한 (gamul han))
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hanja form of 한 (“drought”)
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Hán-Nôm : hạn • Hán-Nôm : khan
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旱
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| 旺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaŋs) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 㞷 (). Compare 往. \ Now phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaŋs) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaŋs) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 㞷 (). Compare 往. \ Now phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaŋs) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wong⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ōng • Middle-Chinese : hjwangH ‖
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prosperous; flourishing • (Cantonese, Pinghua, dialectal Hakka) bustling; filled with activity ‖ (Hakka, Gan) bustling; filled with activity
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‖ 旺(おう) • (ō) ^(←わう (wau)?)
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prosper • prosperous, thriving condition • increase • full of vigor, energetic • excellent • simplified form of 曜 ‖ prosperous; vigorous
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旺 • (wang) · 旺 • (wang) (hangeul 왕, revised wang, McCune–Reischauer wang, Yale wang)
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Hán-Nôm : Vượng
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Short for thịnh vượng (“prosperous; vigorous”).
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旺
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| 昆
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Pictogram (象形) – the body and legs of an insect. \ ; “elder brother” \ : Alternatively, it may be related to Middle Mon ကော (kao, “elder brother”), with nominal suffix -n added (Schuessler, 2007). \ ; “descendants; later” \ ; “many; numerous” \ ; “quetta-” \ 昆 is pronounced with aspirated initial /kʰ/ instead of the expected /k/ in the majority of modern varieties of Chinese. The /k/ sound in 昆 (MC kwon) was changed to /kʰ/ during its historical development to avoid homophony with 褌 (MC kwon, “underclothing”), a word that was historically in vernacular use (Hirayama, 2005). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwan¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khun • Middle-Chinese : kwon ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄣˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wan⁶ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : kwan¹
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(obsolete) together • (literary) elder brother • (literary) descendants • (obsolete) later • (obsolete) many; numerous • (obsolete) Alternative form of 焜 (kūn) • Short for 昆明 (Kūnmíng). • a surname • (Mainland China) quetta- (SI unit prefix) ‖ Only used in 昆侖／昆仑 (húnlún), alternative form of 渾淪／浑沦 ‖ Alternative form of 混 (“to unite”) • 54th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "unity" (𝌻) ‖ (Cantonese) to deceive; to fool
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A swarm of or an organism that swarms (e.g. bugs), an organism that forms in large groups (e.g. kombu) • elder brother • descendants, great-great-great-great grandchild
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昆 (eumhun 맏형 곤 (macheong gon))
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hanja form of 곤 (“swarm”) • hanja form of 곤 (“the eldest brother”)
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canonical : 昆: Hán Việt readings: côn 昆: Hán Nôm readings: con • canonical : gon ‖ romanization : con
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‖ Nôm form of con (“child”).
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昆
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| 昌
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”). During the Warring States Period, 口 developed into 曰. \ 昌 (OC khlaŋ ~ thaŋ) is possibly related to 陽 (OC *laŋ), in which case it'd go back to *khlaŋ, supported by Proto-Vietic *hlaŋᴮ; note the phonetic parallelism with 唱 (OC k-hlaŋh) (Schuessler, 2007). \ See 陽／阳 (yáng) for further etymology. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiang • Middle-Chinese : tsyhang ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshionn ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˋ
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(literary, or in compounds) prosperous; flourishing • (～州) (historical) Chang Prefecture • a surname • sunlight • good; proper; right • beautiful; lovely ‖ (Southern Min, in compounds) facial expression ‖ Alternative form of 倡 (“to initiate; to propose”) • Alternative form of 唱 (chàng, “to chant; to recite”)
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good • prosper
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昌 (eumhun 창성할 창 (changseonghal chang))
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prosperity, flourishing, thriving
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Hán-Nôm : xương
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昌
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| 昏
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 氏 + 日 (“sun”), or abbreviated 氐 + 日 (“sun”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mun (“dark”). Cognate with 悶 (OC *mɯːns, “bored; depressed”), Tibetan མུན་པ (mun pa, “darkness”), Burmese မှုန် (hmun, “dim; gloomy”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fan¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huinn • Middle-Chinese : xwon
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dusk; nightfall; twilight; dark • confused; dizzy; dazed; muddled • to faint; to lose consciousness • Alternative form of 婚 (hūn, “to marry”)
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dark • evening, dusk
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昏 (eumhun 어두울 혼 (eoduul hon))
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hanja form of 혼 (“dark; dusk”)
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Hán-Nôm : hôn • Hán-Nôm : hon
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昏
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| 昧
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‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mui⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : māi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bī • Middle-Chinese : mwojH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ
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ignorant; stupid; foolish • to hide away; to conceal • (literary) dark; gloomy • (literary) to venture; to risk • to violate • to covet; to be greedy for • An ancient type of music in eastern tribes in ancient China. • A star. ‖ to cut; to sever ‖ Used in person's names.
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dark • foolish
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昧 • (mae) · 昧 • (mae) (hangeul 매, revised mae, McCune–Reischauer mae, Yale may)
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Hán-Nôm : muội • Hán-Nôm : mội
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昧
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| 時
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djɯ) : semantic 日 (“sun; day”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs). \ In ancient scripts, it had the form 旹, with 之 (OC *tjɯ) as the phonetic instead. \ From 之 (OC *tjɯ, “to go; to proceed”) + endopassive voicing + endoactive tone B (OC *-ʔ > expected MC 上聲), literally “that which is proceeding” (Schuessler, 2007). The glottal stop was however lost, probably due to confusion with the pronoun sense. \ ; "this"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sî • Middle-Chinese : dzyi
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season • time (a duration) • time (the passing of time) • times; years; era • time; fixed time • double-hour • hour; o’clock (mainly in formal writing) • opportunity; chance • current; contemporary • that time • occasionally; from time to time • (literary) timely • (obsolete) beautiful; good • (obsolete) this • (grammar) tense • a surname
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‖ 時(とき) • (toki) ‖ 時(どき) • (-doki) ‖ 時(とき) • (Toki) ‖ 時(じ) • (-ji) ‖ 時(じ) • (-ji) ‖ 時(じ) • (ji) ‖ 時(さだ) • (sada)
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‖ time · an event, case, occasion, moment; a specific period in time • time · a time of something • time · (literary) the time during which a narrative takes place • time • a season • a tense ‖ time of..., time for... ‖ a female given name ‖ hour, o’clock ‖ at the time of... ‖ time, moment • at that time, chance, occasion • hour, hourly ‖ (obsolete) Only used in 時過ぐ (sada sugu): to pass through the prime of life, grow old
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時 (eumhun 때 시 (ttae si))
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Hanja form of 시 (“time; hour; season”). • Hanja form of 시 (“era; age; period”). • Hanja form of 시 (“opportunity; chance”). • Hanja form of 시 (“correct, right, excellent, great, good, nice, beautiful, fine, well”).
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canonical : 時: Hán Việt readings: thì • canonical : thời 時: Nôm readings: thì • canonical : thời ‖ romanization : thì ‖ romanization : thời
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‖ chữ Hán form of thì (“time”). ‖ chữ Hán form of thời (“now; presently; nowadays; at that time; at that moment”).
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時
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| 晨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djɯn, *ɦljɯn) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 辰 (OC *djɯn, “time”). Originally written as 辰 alone; 辰 now refers primarily to one of the twelve earthly branches. \ Endopassive of 震 (OC *tjɯn, “to shake”) and 振 (OC *tjɯn, *tjɯns, “to excite”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dar ~ d(u/i)r (“to tremble; to shiver”), literally "to stir oneself" > "when life begins to stir" > "early morning" (Schuessler, 2007). Smith (2011) relates 晨 (chén, “early morning”) to 辰 (chén) < *dən, the original form of 蜃 (shèn, “mollusc, clam”) < *dəns, as the rising sun looks ovoid due to atmospheric refraction.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîn • Middle-Chinese : dzyin • Middle-Chinese : zyin
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dawn; morning; daybreak • (of cock) to herald the break of day
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morning; early
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晨 (eumhun 새벽 신 (saebyeok sin))
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hanja form of 신 (“dawn”)
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Hán-Nôm : thần
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晨
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| 晶
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : Triplication of 日 (“sun”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsenn • Middle-Chinese : tsjeng
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brilliant; glittering • crystal; quartz • sun
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‖ 晶(あきら) • (Akira)
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clear • crystal • diamond ‖ a unisex given name
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晶 • (jeong) · 晶 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng, Yale ceng)
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Hán-Nôm : tinh
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晶
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| 智
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Originally the same character as 知, used interchangeably. In oracle bone inscriptions, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 大 (“adult”) + 口 (“mouth”) + 子 (“child”) – to transmit knowledge. In western Zhou bronze inscriptions, 甘 started being added. As time went by, 子 corrupted into 于, 大 into 矢 (OC *hliʔ), and 甘 into 白, giving rise to the form seen in the Shuowen Jiezi (𥏼). The component 于 was dropped around the Western Han, arriving at the modern form. \ Now a Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔl'es) : phonetic 知 (OC *ʔl'e) + semantic 日. \ Exopassive of 知 (OC *ʔl'e, “to know”), literally “what is known > knowledge”.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tì • Middle-Chinese : trjeH
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wisdom; knowledge; intelligence • wise; informed; intelligent; astute • a surname
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‖ 智(さとし) • (Satoshi)
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intellect • knowledge • wisdom ‖ a male given name
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智 • (ji) · 智 • (ji) (hangeul 지, revised ji, McCune–Reischauer chi, Yale ci)
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wisdom • knowledge • intelligence
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Hán-Nôm : trí
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智
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| 暫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zaːms) : phonetic 斬 (OC *ʔsreːmʔ) + semantic 日.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zaam⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsām • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiām • Middle-Chinese : dzamH
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brief; momentary • temporarily; tentatively; for the time being • (literary) just; just now • (literary) suddenly
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temporary, transient
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暫 (eumhun 잠깐 잠 (jamkkan jam))
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hanja form of 잠 (“temporary”)
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Hán-Nôm : tạm
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暫
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| 曰
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Characters in the same phonetic series (曰) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) : a mouth (口) with word or breath (一) coming out. Compare 今 and 言, where a small stroke is also used to represent words. \ Cognate with 話 (OC *ɡroːds) according to Sagart (1999); if so, it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwas (“to speak; word”), whence Tibetan གྲོས་སྡུར་བྱེད་པ (gros sdur byed pa, “to consult; to discuss”) (STEDT).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jyut⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joek⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄝ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ua̍t • Middle-Chinese : hjwot
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(literary or Shuangfeng Xiang) to say; to speak • (literary) to be called (the name of)
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say
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曰 (eumhun 가로 왈 (garo wal))
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hanja form of 왈 (“...said (denoting the creator of a quote)”) [adverb]
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canonical : 曰: Hán Việt readings: viết 曰: Nôm readings: viết • canonical : vít • canonical : vết • canonical : vịt • canonical : vệt • canonical : vắt • canonical : vất
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Nôm form of viết (“to write”). • Nôm form of vít (“wound; scar”).
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曰
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| 書
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hlja) : semantic 聿 (“writing brush”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ). \ Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si • Middle-Chinese : syo
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book; codex (Classifier: 本; 冊／册; 部) • letter; document • form of a written or printed Chinese character; style of calligraphy; script; font • (literary) Chinese character; writing; script • (literary) the art of calligraphy • (historical) ancient government post in charge of secretarial duties • (historical) imperial edict • storytelling • to write • (Cantonese, education) teaching materials (Classifier: 課／课 c; 堂 c) • Short for 書經／书经 (Shūjīng, “the Classic of History”). • a surname
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‖ 書(しょ) • (sho) ‖ 書(ふみ) • (fumi)
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‖ document ‖ letter
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書 (eumhun 글 서 (geul seo))
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Hanja form of 서 (“document”).
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Hán-Nôm : thư
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a letter, a book
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書
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| 曹
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Originally 㯥 (cáo), an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : two bundles 東 – same kind; peer. Later 囗 was added as a distinguishing mark, which corrupted into 甘 in bronze inscriptions, 曰 in seal script, and finally 日 in standard script. The top two 東 have merged and now resemble 曲 with an extra stroke.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄠˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsôo • Middle-Chinese : dzaw
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plaintiff and defendant • division department of the central government in ancient times • official • group • (literary) people of the same kind • (historical) Cao, a vassal state in China during the Zhou Dynasty (1046–221 BCE), covering roughly the area of modern-day Dingtao County in Heze, southwestern Shandong province • a surname
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cadet • friend
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曹 (eum 조 (jo))
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Hán-Nôm : Tào
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曹
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| 曾
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Pictogram (象形) – a cooker for steaming food. The derivative 甑 (OC *ʔsɯŋs) refers to the original word. ‖ Pictogram (象形) – a cooker for steaming food. The derivative 甑 (OC *ʔsɯŋs) refers to the original word.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsan • Middle-Chinese : dzong ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsng • Middle-Chinese : tsong
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already; ever; once (in the past); previously • Alternative form of 層／层 (céng) ‖ (prefix) great- • (literary) unexpectedly • (literary) Alternative form of 增 (zēng, “to increase”) • a surname: Zeng
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great-
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曾 • (jeung) · 曾 • (jeung) (hangeul 증, revised jeung, McCune–Reischauer chŭng, Yale cung)
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canonical : 曾: Hán Việt readings: tằng • canonical : tăng 曾: Nôm readings: tâng • canonical : tơn • canonical : tưng • canonical : từng
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(archaic) chữ Hán form of tằng (“great-”). • Nôm form of từng (“once, ever, already, formerly”).
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曾
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| 朋
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Pictogram (象形) . \ The oracle bone script form consisted of two strings of five cowries. Some forms of the oracle bone script contained an additional 人 which later evolved into 勹 (OC *pruː), which served as a phonetic component. The glyph was eventually corrupted to a duplication of 月 (“moon”). \ Shuowen erroneously suggests 朋 (OC *bɯːŋ) was the ancient form of 鳳 (OC *bums).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pn̂g • Middle-Chinese : bong
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^† unit of shell money; various theories exist about the exact amount • friend • (literary) to gang up; to band together • (literary) to be similar; to equal • a surname
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‖ 朋(とも) • (Tomo)
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friend • faction ‖ a female given name
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朋 (eumhun 벗 붕 (beot bung))
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hanja form of 붕 (“friend”)
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Hán-Nôm : bằng • Hán-Nôm : bẵng
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朋
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| 朗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːŋʔ) : phonetic 良 (OC *raŋ) + semantic 月 (“moon”) \ Areal etymon. Compare Khmer រង (rɔɔng, “be light, bright, become clear, clarify”), Old Mon to glitter (ˀaråṅ), Burmese ရောင် (raung, “brightness”), အရောင် (a.raung, “appearance, colour, luster”). Possibly related to 亮 (OC raŋh). (Schuessler, 2007)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : long⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lóng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : láng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lang • Middle-Chinese : langX
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clear; bright • loud and clear • (literary) understanding; enlightened
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(visually) bright, clear • (auditorily) sonorant, clear • (psychologically) merry, cheerful • Used in personal names.
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朗 (eumhun 밝을 랑 (balgeul rang), word-initial (South Korea) 밝을 낭 (balgeul nang))
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hanja form of 랑/낭 (“clear; bright”)
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canonical : 朗: Hán Việt readings: lãng 朗: Nôm readings: lẳng • canonical : lặng • canonical : rạng • canonical : lảng • canonical : lững • canonical : lãng • canonical : lửng • canonical : láng • canonical : lắng • canonical : sang • canonical : sáng • canonical : lựng • canonical : lẵng • canonical : trắng • canonical : rang • canonical : lăng • canonical : lứng
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Nôm form of lặng (“calm; silent; quiet”).
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朗
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| 朽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰluʔ) : semantic 木 + phonetic 丂 (OC *kʰluːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau² • Cantonese · Jyutping : nau² • Cantonese · Jyutping : nau⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiú • Middle-Chinese : xjuwX
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decayed; rotten; decrepit • to rot; to decay
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decay
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朽 (eum 후 (hu))
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Hán-Nôm : hủ
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朽
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| 杉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sreːm) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 彡 (OC *sroːm, *slom).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caam³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saam¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sam • Middle-Chinese : sream
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fir (various species of conifers) • Used in transliterations.
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‖ 杉(すぎ) or 杉(スギ) • (sugi) ‖ 杉(すぎ) • (Sugi) ‖ 杉(すぎ) • (-sugi)
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‖ Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) ‖ a surname ‖ (Internet slang, dated) Alternative spelling of 過ぎ (“excessively, form of 過ぎる (sugiru)”)
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杉 • (sam) · 杉 • (sam) (hangeul 삼, revised sam, McCune–Reischauer sam, Yale sam)
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(삼나무): Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)
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Hán-Nôm : sam • Hán-Nôm : trinh
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杉
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| 李
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Oracle bone script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯʔ) : phonetic 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “wheat”) + semantic 子. The phonetic part 來 became gradually corrupted to yield 木 (“tree”). \ Shuowen erroneously remarks that this is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯʔ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lí • Middle-Chinese : liX
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plum (tree and fruit) • Alternative form of 理 (lǐ, “judge; justice”) • a surname, listed fourth in the Baijiaxing
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‖ 李(すもも) or 李(スモモ) • (sumomo) ‖ 李(り) • (ri) ‖ 李(リ) or 李(り) • (Ri) · 李(リー) or 李(りい) • (Rī) · 李(イ) or 李(い) • (I)
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‖ plum (Prunus salicina) ‖ plum ‖ Japanese reading of the Chinese or Korean surname • Japanese reading of the Chinese surname • Japanese reading of the South Korean surname
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李 (eumhun 오얏나무 리 (oyannamu ri), word-initial (South Korea) 오얏나무 이 (oyannamu i))
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hanja form of 리/이 (“Lee, the second most common Korean surname.”) • (literary) hanja form of 리/이 (“plum tree”)
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Hán-Nôm : lí • Hán-Nôm : lý
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Chữ Hán form of Lý (“a surname from Chinese.”). • a unisex given name
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李
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| 東
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Jiajie (假借) and Ideogram (指事) : 束 (OC *hljoɡ) or 橐 (OC *tʰaːɡ) borrowed for sound 東 (OC *toːŋ), and a distinguishing mark. \ Interpreted in the Shuowen Jiezi as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : the sun (日) rising behind a tree (木). According to Allan (1991) p. 47-50, the character represents the Fu Sang tree. \ Alternatively, it is also thought to be a pictogram (象形) of either a bundle of faggots tied together or a bag tied at both ends (like a cellophane-wrapped candy with the ends twisted). \ Cognate with Burmese ထွန်း (htwan:, “be bright”), Chepang थोङ्सा (thoŋ‑, “lighten; be bright”) and Chepang थोङ्ह (thoŋh, “awake time (as opposed to dream time)”) (Schuessler, 2007). Perhaps related to or influenced by 暾 (OC *tʰuːn, “rising sun”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tong • Middle-Chinese : tuwng
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east • host • landlord; owner • (Teochew) side • (Korean Classical Chinese) Korea • (～日) (telegraphy) the first day of a month
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‖ 東(ひがし) • (higashi) ‖ 東(ひがし) • (Higashi) ‖ 東(ひんがし) • (hingashi) ‖ 東(あずま) • (azuma) ^(←あづま (aduma)?) ‖ 東(あずま) • (Azuma) ^(←あづま (aduma)?) ‖ 東(とう) • (Tō) ‖ 東(とう) • (tō) ‖ 東(とう) • (tō) ‖ 東(トン) • (ton) ‖ 東(とん) • (Ton) ‖ 東(あきら) • (Akira) ‖ 東(のぼる) • (Noboru) ‖ 東(はじめ) • (Hajime)
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‖ the east (compass point) • the Orient • an easterly (wind blowing from the east) • (sumo) higher-ranked wrestlers listed on the right of a banzuke • an Eastern Bloc country • (regional, historical) Kamakura and/or Edo, as opposed to Kyoto and Osaka ‖ (theater) · a historical red-light district in Edo located east of Edo Castle, today in Fukagawa, Kōtō, Tokyo prefecture • (Buddhism) Short for 東本願寺 (Higashi Hongan-ji): a Buddhist temple in Shimogyō, Kyoto, Japan • Higashi (multiple places throughout Japan, especially referring to a ward in Okayama, Kumamoto, Sakai, Sapporo, Nagoya, Niigata, Hamamatsu, Hiroshima and Fukuoka) • A former ward of Osaka, Japan • a surname ‖ (obsolete) the east ‖ (archaic) the east • (archaic) the lands east of the 都 (miyako, “imperial capital”) • (regional, historical) during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the Kamakura region or its titular 幕府 (bakufu, “shogunate”), as opposed to the imperial capital of Kyoto • (regional, historical) during the Edo period, the region around Edo • Short for 東つ (azumatsu): • Short for 東琴 (azumagoto): a six-stringed Japanese zither • Short for 東下駄 (azumageta): ‖ a placename • a female given name • a surname ‖ Short for 関東 (Kantō):: the Kantō region of Japan • Short for 東国 (Tōgoku): a historical administrative division of Japan, corresponding to the modern Kantō and Tōkai regions • Short for 東京 (Tōkyō): Tokyo • a surname ‖ (music) ‖ east ‖ (mahjong) east wind (mahjong tile) • (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of east wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”) ‖ a surname ‖ a surname • a male given name ‖ a male given name ‖ a surname • a male given name
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東 (eumhun 동녘 동 (dongnyeok dong))
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hanja form of 동 (“east; eastern”)
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canonical : 東: Hán Việt readings: đông 東: Nôm readings: đông • canonical : đang
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chữ Hán form of đông (“east, eastern”).
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東
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| 柄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praŋʔ, *praŋs) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 丙 (OC *pqraŋʔ) – a wooden handle.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : beng³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bing³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pìnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pènn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pìng • Middle-Chinese : pjaengH
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handle (of an axe, implement, etc.) • stem (of a flower, leaf, fruit, etc.) • (literary, or in compounds) mistake which can be used against someone • (literary, or in compounds) power; authority • (literary, or in compounds) to wield; to be in control of • (Cantonese, transitive) Alternative form of 偋 (bìng, “to hide”) • (dialectal) Classifier for something with a handle.
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‖ 柄(え) • (e) ‖ 柄(かび) • (kabi) ‖ 柄(かい) • (kai) ^(←かひ (kafi)?) ‖ 柄(から) • (-kara) ‖ 柄(から) • (kara) ‖ 柄(から) • (-kara) ‖ 柄(から) • (kara) ‖ 柄(から) • (kara-) ‖ 柄(がら) • (-gara) ‖ 柄(がら) • (gara) ‖ 柄(つか) • (tsuka) ‖ 柄(つく) • (tsuku) ‖ 柄(ほぞ) • (hozo)
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a handle, lever, knob • a design or pattern • one's build or character ‖ a handle, a grip, a shaft, a haft ‖ (archaic) a sprout • (archaic) an ear of grain, particularly of rice • (archaic) the handle or grip of a tool, or hilt of a blade (by extension from the idea of “a smaller portion sticking out from the main body” like a sprout) ‖ (archaic) see kabi above ‖ of the same lineage • the inherent qualities or characteristics of a thing ‖ (archaic) (by extension from the qualities sense) an origin or source, a reason for something ‖ used to count items with shafts ‖ the trunk or stem of a plant • the shaft of an arrow • the shaft, haft, or handle of a tool ‖ describes something with a stem, shaft, or handle ‖ the inherent qualities or characteristics of a thing • a shape, pattern, or design ‖ one's physical shape or build • one's character, personality, or temperament • a pattern or design, such as on cloth ‖ the hilt of a sword or knife, or the grip of a bow or staff • the portion of a brush pen held in the hand • a penis ‖ the nock on either end of a bow where the bowstring rests • a bent nail or other kind of spike attached to or driven through an iron staff or a truncheon to make the weapon more dangerous • the areas on either end of a yoke or other carrying pole where cordage or rope is attached, from which the load is carried • the grip of a tiller, boathook, or other pole • (as a pun on the verb sense of stick to, attach) a female entertainer's or prostitute's secret lover ‖ a tenon, as in a mortise and tenon carpentry join • (slang) a penis
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柄 • (byeong) · 柄 • (byeong) (hangeul 병, revised byeong, McCune–Reischauer pyŏng, Yale pyeng)
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Hán-Nôm : bính
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柄
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| 柿
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Originally written as 柹: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zrɯʔ) : semantic 木 + phonetic 𠂔 (). \ The current form is phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zrɯʔ) : semantic 木 + phonetic 市 (OC *djɯʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khǐ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǐ • Middle-Chinese : dzriX
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persimmon (Classifier: 個／个 c)
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‖ 柿(かき) or 柿(カキ) • (kaki) ‖ 柿(かき) • (Kaki)
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persimmon ‖ a persimmon, especially the Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki) • Short for 柿色 (kakiiro). a yellowish-red color, like the fruit of the Japanese persimmon • a 布子 (nunoko, “cotton-paded clothing”) dyed in kakiiro ‖ a surname
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柿 • (si) · 柿 • (si) (hangeul 시, revised si, McCune–Reischauer si, Yale si)
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a persimmon
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Hán-Nôm : thị
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柿
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| 栓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sroːn, *sron) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 全 (OC *zlon) – a wooden peg.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuan • Middle-Chinese : srjwen
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wooden peg, post or stick
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‖ 栓(せん) • (sen)
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‖ stopper; cork; bung; plug
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栓 • (jeon) · 栓 • (jeon) (hangeul 전, revised jeon, McCune–Reischauer chŏn, Yale cen)
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Hán-Nôm : thoen • Hán-Nôm : thuyên • Hán-Nôm : xuyên • Hán-Nôm : thoan
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栓
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| 栗
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Pictogram (象形) – chestnuts growing on a tree. \ Possibly related to T'en [script needed] (lik³¹, “chestnut”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leot⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lik • Middle-Chinese : lit
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chestnut tree; chestnut • a surname
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‖ 栗(くり) or 栗(クリ) • (kuri) ‖ 栗(くり) • (Kuri)
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chestnut • shake, tremble ‖ Japanese chestnut, Castanea crenata • Short for 栗色 (kuri-iro): chestnut brown ‖ a female given name • a surname
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栗 (eumhun 밤 률 (bam ryul), word-initial (South Korea) 밤 율 (bam yul))
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hanja form of 률/율 (“chestnut”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : lật
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栗
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| 桂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷeːs) : semantic 木 + phonetic 圭 (OC *kʷeː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuì • Middle-Chinese : kwejH
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osmanthus; sweet osmanthus • cassia; Chinese cinnamon • true cinnamon; Saigon cinnamon; Indonesian cinnamon • laurel; bay laurel • of or relating to Guilin, Guangxi, or the region of the Gui River • a surname
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‖ 桂(かつら) • (katsura) ‖ 桂(かつら) • (Katsura) ‖ 桂(めかつら) • (mekatsura) ‖ 桂(けい) • (kei) ‖ 桂(けい) • (kei) ‖ 桂(けい) • (kei)
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the katsura, the Japanese Judas tree • the cinnamon or cassia tree • the sweet osmanthus tree ‖ the katsura tree, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, also called the Japanese Judas tree • less commonly, the smaller Cercidiphyllum magnificum tree, more specifically called the 広葉桂 or ヒロハカツラ (hiroha katsura, “broadleaf katsura”). • a tree on the moon, from a Chinese legend that the phases of the moon were caused by Lauraceae trees budding, blossoming, then dropping their flowers and leaves again as if in accelerated seasons • julienned raw daikon, used as a garnish for sashimi • alternative word for 肉桂 (nikkei, “the cinnamon or cassia tree”) or 桂皮 (keihi, “cinnamon or cassia bark”) ‖ a male given name • a surname • the west bank of the Katsura River in Kyōto ‖ the cinnamon tree, or other closely related trees in genus Cinnamomum ‖ the cinnamon or cassia tree • common name for various other trees in family Lauraceae • in China, the 木犀 (mokusei) or sweet osmanthus tree ‖ (euphemistic) the moon ‖ the knight in 将棋 (shōgi, “Japanese chess”)
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桂 (eumhun 계수나무 계 (gyesunamu gye))
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hanja form of 계 (“cinnamon”)
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Hán-Nôm : quế
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cinnamon
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桂
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| 梁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raŋ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 刅 (OC *sʰraŋ) + semantic 木 (“wood”) — a bridge.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâng • Middle-Chinese : ljang
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Alternative form of 樑 (liáng, “bridge; roof beam; ridge”); also the simplified form. • (historical) state of Liang · An ancient Chinese state during the Spring and Autumn period • (historical) state of Liang · The State of Wei during the Warring States period, after moving its capital to Daliang • (historical) state of Liang · A kingdom during the Han dynasty • (historical) state of Liang · One of two ancient Chinese states during the end of the Sui dynasty • (historical) Liang dynasty · Liang, one of the Southern Dynasties • (historical) Liang dynasty · Later Liang of the Five Dynasties • a surname
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‖ 梁(うつばり) • (utsubari) ‖ 梁(はり) • (hari) ‖ 梁(やな) • (yana) ‖ 梁(りょう) • (Ryō)
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‖ a beam • (figuratively) the central figure or person, a pillar ‖ beam, joist ‖ fish trap, fish weir ‖ (historical) Liang
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梁 (eumhun 들보 량 (deulbo ryang), word-initial (South Korea) 들보 양 (deulbo yang))
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hanja form of 량/양 (“beam; bridge”)
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Hán-Nôm : lương
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Chữ Hán form of Lương (“a surname from Chinese.”).
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梁
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| 梗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːŋʔ) : semantic 木 + phonetic 更 (OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs) – a type of plant.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄥˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄥˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kíng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kīng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kínn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kénn • Middle-Chinese : kaengX
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Alternative name for 刺榆 (“Hemiptelea davidii”). • (of plants) to prick • spiny plant • stem; stalk • broad outline; general idea; gist • (alt. form 哏) punchline; (humorous) reference; meme • to block; to obstruct; to hinder • to resist; to defy • to straighten up; to stiffen • upright; straightforward; upstanding • (Cantonese) stiff; tight • (Cantonese) fixed; immovable • (Cantonese) certainly; definitely; of course • (Ningbonese) Classifier for long, slender objects, including ropes, fish, feathers, sticks. • strong; violent • illness; disaster • a surname
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梗 (eumhun 줄기 경 (julgi gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“stem; stalk”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngành • Hán-Nôm : cánh • Hán-Nôm : cạnh • Hán-Nôm : cành • Hán-Nôm : chành • Hán-Nôm : ngạnh • Hán-Nôm : gánh • Hán-Nôm : ngáng • Hán-Nôm : ngánh • Hán-Nôm : nhành • Hán-Nôm : nhánh • Hán-Nôm : gảnh
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梗
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| 棄
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 子 (“child”) + 𠀠 (“basket”) + 廾 (“two hands”) - throwing out a child in a basket. 子 was often inverted as 𠫓. \ In the oracle bone script form, 子 may appear with dots on either side of its head and body, perhaps representing amniotic fluid or dust.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hei³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khì • Middle-Chinese : khjijH
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to abandon; to discard; to reject • a surname
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discard, throw out, throw away
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棄 (eumhun 버릴 기 (beoril gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“reject, abandon, discard”)
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Hán-Nôm : khí
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棄
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| 棋
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Characters in the same phonetic series (其) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯ) : semantic 木 (“wooden”) + phonetic 其 (OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (其) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯ) : semantic 木 (“wooden”) + phonetic 其 (OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kî • Middle-Chinese : gi ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki
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board game, usually excluding those played with cards (牌 (pái)) · an instance of playing such games (Classifier: 局; 盤／盘) • board game, usually excluding those played with cards (牌 (pái)) · piece; counter used in such games (Classifier: 枚 m; 隻／只 c) • board game, usually excluding those played with cards (牌 (pái)) • (figurative) strategy; plan • (Cantonese, figurative) pawn; puppet (someone who is controlled by outside force) (Classifier: 隻／只 c) ‖ ^† root, basis, alternative form of 基 (jī)
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token
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棋 • (gi) · 棋 • (gi) (hangeul 기, revised gi, McCune–Reischauer ki, Yale ki)
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Hán-Nôm : cời • Hán-Nôm : cờ • Hán-Nôm : cơi • Hán-Nôm : kè • Hán-Nôm : kỳ • Hán-Nôm : kì
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棋
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| 棒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *broːŋʔ) : semantic 木 (“tree, wood”) + phonetic 奉 (OC *boŋʔ) – a wooden club. \ ; “terrific; smart; handsome; excellent; skillful” \ : The semantics may have developed as “stick” > “hard” > “excellent”; compare dialectal Mandarin 槓／杠 (gàng) (Yang, 2012).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǎng • Middle-Chinese : baewngX
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stick; club; truncheon • to hit with a stick • (figurative) baton; responsibility; succession • (Mandarin, colloquial) hefty; strong • (Mandarin, colloquial) terrific; smart; handsome; excellent; skillful
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‖ 棒(ぼう) • (bō) ^(←ばう (bau)?)
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bar, staff, stick, pole, walking stick, cane, stave, strove, rod, wand, (shepherd's) crook. • straight line. ‖ a staff, measuring 6 shaku (about 1.8 meters), used in martial arts such as 棒術 (bōjutsu) • (by extension) stick-like or long, cylindrical item: pointer, pole, rod, etc. • (by extension) a straight line; bar • (by extension) state of being in a "straight line"; continuous • taut leg muscles due to fatigue • (Buddhism) staff used by practitioners of Zen Buddhism
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棒 (eumhun 몽둥이 봉 (mongdung'i bong))
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Hán-Nôm : vổng • Hán-Nôm : bọng • Hán-Nôm : bộng • Hán-Nôm : bổng • Hán-Nôm : búng
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棒
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| 棚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯːŋ, *brɯːŋ, *brɯːŋ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 朋 (OC *bɯːŋ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paang⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pênn • Middle-Chinese : baeng • Middle-Chinese : beang • Middle-Chinese : bong
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tent; awning (Classifier: 座 m) • booth • shed • (Hong Kong Cantonese) scaffolding • (Cantonese) Classifier for teeth or bones, indicating a set. • (Cantonese) Classifier for groups of people.
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‖ 棚(たな) • (tana)
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shelf ‖ shelf, ledge, rack, trellis
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棚 • (bung) · 棚 • (bung) (hangeul 붕)
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Hán-Nôm : bằng
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棚
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| 森
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : Triplication of 木 (“tree”), to suggest a large number (compare 三) of trees such as one would find in a forest. Compare 林 (*ɡ·rɯm). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ram (“jungle; forest; country; field”) (STEDT). Schuessler (2007) suggests that it may be an intensive derivation of 林 (*ɡ·rɯm, “forest”), perhaps influenced by parallels in Austroasiatic, such as Old Khmer sarāma, sarāṃ (“a tract of stunted vegetation”), derived from rām (“inundated forest along a watercourse”). Alternatively, Mei (2012) suggests that the prefix *s- has a denominative function.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄣ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sim • Hokkien · Tai-lo : serm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sem • Hokkien · Tai-lo : som • Middle-Chinese : srim
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full of trees; densely forested • in profusion; multitudinous; dense • dark; gloomy; cold • orderly • strict; rigid; rigorous • An orthographic borrowing of the Japanese surname 森, Mori • (～町): · Mori (a town in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan) • (～町): · Mori (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan) • (Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 森美蘭／森美兰 (Sēnměilán, “Negeri Sembilan”).
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‖ 森(もり) • (mori) ‖ 森(もり) • (Mori)
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forest, woods • objects lined up • silent ‖ a forest (dense collection of trees) • a shrine grove ‖ a surname • 森町: · Mori (a town in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan) • 森町: · Mori (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)
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森 (eumhun 숲 삼 (sup sam))
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forest
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canonical : 森: Hán Việt readings: sâm • canonical : sum 森: Nôm readings: chùm • canonical : dâm • canonical : dúm • canonical : râm • canonical : sâm • canonical : sum • canonical : xum
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森
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| 棺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːn, *koːns) : semantic 木 + phonetic 官 (OC *koːn). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kwaŋ (“trough; boat; box; tray”) (STEDT's provisional reconstruction). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːn, *koːns) : semantic 木 + phonetic 官 (OC *koːn). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kwaŋ (“trough; boat; box; tray”) (STEDT's provisional reconstruction).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuan • Middle-Chinese : kwan ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢˋ • Middle-Chinese : kwanH
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(now Southern Min or in compounds) coffin; inner coffin ‖ (obsolete) to lay a body in a coffin
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‖ 棺(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?)
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coffin ‖ coffin; casket
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棺 (eumhun 널 관 (neol gwan))
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hanja form of 관 (“coffin”)
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Hán-Nôm : quan
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棺
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| 椅
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'jeH, “to lean”) (Luo et al., 1986; Baxter and Sagart, 2014). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : í • Middle-Chinese : 'jeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : í • Middle-Chinese : 'je
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chair (Classifier: 張／张 c) ‖ Idesia polycarpa, a kind of tree
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‖ 椅(い) • (i)
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chair ‖ Only used in 椅子 (isu, ishi, “chair”)
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椅 (eumhun 의자(椅子) 의)
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hanja form of 의 (“chair”)
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Hán-Nôm : ghế • Hán-Nôm : ỷ • Hán-Nôm : kỉ • Hán-Nôm : y
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椅
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| 椎
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‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeoi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsui ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeoi¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄟˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi⁴ • Middle-Chinese : drwij
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vertebra ‖ chinquapin (Castanopsis) ‖ hammer; mallet • to pound; to beat • (archaic) simple-minded; slow-witted
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‖ 椎(しい) or 椎(シイ) • (shī) ^(←しひ (sifi)?)
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‖ any tree of the genus Castanopsis
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椎 (eumhun 몽치 추 (mongchi chu))
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hanja form of 추 (“mallet”) • hanja form of 추 (“(anatomy) spine”)
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Hán-Nôm : chòi • Hán-Nôm : choi • Hán-Nôm : chùy • Hán-Nôm : chuỳ • Hán-Nôm : dùi • Hán-Nôm : truy • Hán-Nôm : chuy
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椎
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| 業
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Various explanations exist: \ * Pictogram (象形) – wooden frame from which bells hang, with horizontal and vertical beams and a sawtooth-shaped board on top \ * Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 丵 + 大 \ * Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 丵 + 木 \ * Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋab) : semantic 丵 + abbreviated phonetic 盍 (OC *ɡaːb) \ In the bronze inscriptions, the character sometimes contained two 業 and one 去 (OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) (the original form of 盍 (OC *ɡaːb)). These forms may have been phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋab) : semantic 業 (“wooden bell frame”) + abbreviated phonetic 盍 (OC *ɡaːb). \ ; work; achievement \ ; large; terrific
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gia̍p • Middle-Chinese : ngjaep
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profession; business; trade • merits and achievements; work • course of study • property; estate • lofty; large • (literary) already • (Buddhism) karma • to perform some type of job or work • (historical) ornamental wooden board, carved into a sawtooth shape, on top of the horizontal beam of the frame on which bells, drums, and other instruments hang
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‖ 業(ぎょう) • (gyō) ^(←げふ (gefu)?) ‖ 業(ごう) • (gō) ^(←ごふ (gofu)?) ‖ 業(ごう) • (Gō) ‖ 業(なり) • (nari) ‖ 業(わざ) • (waza)
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work, business, task, profession • vocation • arts • performance ‖ work, task, business: the job at hand • profession, business, trade: what one does to earn a living • studies, scholarship (the act of being a scholar), the arts ‖ (Buddhism) karma • sin, misdeed • abbreviation of 業腹 (gōhara): resentment, resentful ‖ a male given name ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) a living, a job, what one does to earn a living ‖ a work of great significance or intent • an intentional act or action • (Buddhism) a Buddhist memorial service • one's job, occupation, profession • a matter or affair: implies a complication or problem • a technique, a means of doing something • a move or technique in sumo, judo, kendo, or other competitive activity • a disaster, misfortune, calamity
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業 (eumhun 일 업 (il eop))
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hanja form of 업 (“work”)
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Hán-Nôm : nghiệp
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業
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| 極
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯɡ) : semantic 木 (“tree, wood”) + phonetic 亟 (OC *kʰɯɡs, *kɯɡ) – originally meaning a crossbeam rafter. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“expensive; at its peak”) (STEDT). Cognate with 亟 (OC *kɯɡ, “urgent”), 殛 (OC *kɯɡ, “to kill”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯɡ) : semantic 木 (“tree, wood”) + phonetic 亟 (OC *kʰɯɡs, *kɯɡ) – originally meaning a crossbeam rafter. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“expensive; at its peak”) (STEDT). Cognate with 亟 (OC *kɯɡ, “urgent”), 殛 (OC *kɯɡ, “to kill”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯɡ) : semantic 木 (“tree, wood”) + phonetic 亟 (OC *kʰɯɡs, *kɯɡ) – originally meaning a crossbeam rafter. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“expensive; at its peak”) (STEDT). Cognate with 亟 (OC *kɯɡ, “urgent”), 殛 (OC *kɯɡ, “to kill”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki̍k • Middle-Chinese : gik ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gik¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kei³
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ridgepole; ridgepiece • highest position; top rank • throne; seat of state • highest point; top; peak • extremity; limit; end; utmost point • extreme; of the highest degree; utmost; furthest; final • extremely; exceedingly; very • (Cantonese) at great length; exceedingly • (Cantonese) at most • highest norm; highest standard • (Wu) to be anxious; to worry; to disturb oneself • (Wu) to fear • (Wu) to deny a wrongdoing; to cheat • (geography, physics) pole • (astronomy) Polaris • quindecillion (10⁴⁸) • to reach (the limit or standard) • to exhaust; to do one's utmost • to study deeply; to examine deeply • Alternative form of 殛 (jí, “to punish”) ‖ Alternative form of 亟 (“fast; speedy”) • Alternative form of 亟 (“anxiously”) ‖ Alternative form of 亟 (“repeatedly”)
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‖ 極(ごく) • (goku) ‖ 極(ごく) • (goku) ‖ 極(きょく) • (kyoku)
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extreme • pole (eg. North Pole); extremity, zenith • quindecillion ‖ very, extremely ‖ 10⁴⁸, quindecillion ‖ extreme, extremity, height, zenith • (physics, astronomy, geometry) pole
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極 (eumhun 다할 극 (dahal geuk))
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hanja form of 극 (“pole; extremity”)
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Hán-Nôm : cực • Hán-Nôm : cọc
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極
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| 楷
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‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄞˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kaai² • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaai¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khái • Middle-Chinese : keaj • Middle-Chinese : kheajX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄞˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kaai² • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaai¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khái • Middle-Chinese : kheajX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : kaai²
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Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis) • (obsolete, figurative) upright; staunch ‖ model; pattern • model style of Chinese writing • a surname ‖ (Cantonese) Classifier for slices of a fruit, especially of an orange, mandarin, tangerine, pomelo, etc.
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‖ 楷(かい) • (kai)
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Pistacia chinensis • model; pattern • regular script • a surname ‖ model; pattern • regular script: a style of Chinese characters that is square and straight-lined
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楷 • (hae) · 楷 • (hae) (hangeul 해, revised hae, McCune–Reischauer hae, Yale hay)
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Hán-Nôm : giai • Hán-Nôm : khai
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楷
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| 概
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯːds) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 既 (OC *kɯds) – strickle.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kài • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khài
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general idea • general; rough; approximate • manner; mettle • scenery; scene • without exception • (historical) strickle • (archaic) to strickle; to scrape flat
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outline • condition • approximation • generally
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概 (eumhun 대개 개 (daegae gae))
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Hán-Nôm : khái
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概
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| 構
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːs) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 冓 (OC *koː, *koːs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kau³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kòo • Middle-Chinese : kuwH
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to form; to build • to fabricate; to make up • frame; structure; building • paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera)
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to build, construct
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構 (eumhun 집세울 구 (jipse'ul gu))
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to build, construct (얽다) • paper mulberry (꾸지나무, 닥나무)
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Hán-Nôm : cấu
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構
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| 槽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsluː, *zluː) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 曹 (OC *zluː) – a wooden trough or vat.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cou⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄠˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsôo • Middle-Chinese : tsaw • Middle-Chinese : dzaw
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manger; trough from which livestock feeds • square or rectangular container • concave section; depression • ditch; trench; canal • (dialectal) Classifier for doors, windows or anything that partitions a room. • (dialectal) Classifier for period of pig raising from buying in to selling out.
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(archaic) basin, tub • body of a traditional Japanese stringed instrument (such as biwa or kugo)
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槽 • (jo) · 槽 • (jo) (hangeul 조, revised jo, McCune–Reischauer cho, Yale co)
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Hán-Nôm : tàu
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槽
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| 標
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pew, *pewʔ) : semantic 木 + phonetic 票 (OC *pʰew).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pio • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiau • Middle-Chinese : pjiew • Middle-Chinese : pjiewX
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(literary) topmost branches of a tree; treetop • (literary) end; tip; peak • surface aspect of something; symptom • mark; symbol; label; sign; emblem • to mark • banner; flag • standard; norm; example • prize; award • bid • (dated) Classifier for groups and teams.
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標 • (pyo) · 標 • (pyo) (hangeul 표, revised pyo, McCune–Reischauer p'yo, Yale phyo)
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mark, symbol, label, sign
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Hán-Nôm : bêu • Hán-Nôm : nêu • Hán-Nôm : tiêu • Hán-Nôm : têu • Hán-Nôm : biêu
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標
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| 樹
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djoʔ, *djos) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 尌 (OC *djos, “a hand planting a tree”). \ Originally written 尌, see there for more. \ Area word (Schuessler, 2007): Mizo tuh (“to plant, to sow”), Khmer ដុះ (doh, “to grow, to bud”). Starostin compares it with Tibetan གདོས (gdos), གདོས་པ (gdos pa, “mast”) and Burmese ထူ (htu, “to erect (a post), to raise (a flag)”). \ Related to 豎 (OC *djoʔ, “to erect; to make vertical”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Middle-Chinese : dzyuX • Middle-Chinese : dzyuH
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to plant; to place upright; to cultivate • to set up; to establish • tree (Classifier: 棵 m w; 株 m; 樖 c; 叢／丛 mn; 頭／头 h; 蔸 md) • (literary) Classifier for trees. • (graph theory) tree • a surname
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‖ 樹(いつき) or 樹(たつき) • (Itsuki or Tatsuki)
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tree; plant ‖ a male given name
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樹 (eumhun 나무 수 (namu su))
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hanja form of 수 (“tree; plant”)
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Hán-Nôm : thụ
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樹
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| 橋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡrew) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 喬 (OC *krew, *ɡrew). \ Possibly related to 撟 (OC *krew, *krewʔ, “to raise; to lift”), 高 (OC *kaːw, “high; tall”) (Liu, 1999). ‖ Changed tone variant of etymology 1. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiâu • Middle-Chinese : gjew ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : kiu⁴⁻² ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : kiu²
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(countable) bridge (over a river) (Classifier: 座 m c mn; 道 m g; 條／条 c h mn mn-t; 戙 c; 板 h mn) • (countable) bridge-like object: footbridge; beam; crosspiece • a surname ‖ (Cantonese, countable) idea; plan (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (Cantonese, countable) plot; storyline (Classifier: 條／条 c) ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 巧 (kiu2, “coincidental”)
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‖ 橋(はし) • (hashi)
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‖ that which is constructed to connect two points for the purpose of transportation: a bridge • a bridge-like walkway or corridor between two buildings in a manor, palace, castle, or similar structure • a person who acts as a bridge between different people: a mediator, a go-between
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橋 (eumhun 다리 교 (dari gyo)) · 橋 (eumhun 빠를 고 (ppareul go))
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hanja form of 교 (“bridge”)
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Hán-Nôm : kiều • Hán-Nôm : cầu • Hán-Nôm : kéo • Hán-Nôm : kèo
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橋
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| 機
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯl) : semantic 木 + phonetic 幾 (OC *kɯl, *kɯlʔ, *ɡɯl, *ɡɯls).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kui • Middle-Chinese : kj+j
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weaving machine; spinning machine • machine; apparatus; device • (mostly in compounds) Short for 飛機／飞机 (fēijī, “aircraft”). (Classifier: 架 c) • (mostly in compounds) Short for 手機／手机 (shǒujī, “cellphone”). • (chiefly Cantonese) Short for 遊戲機／游戏机 (yóuxìjī, “video game”). • flight (Classifier: 班 m c) • mechanism; process • cause; reason • secret; confidential (affair) • opportunity; chance; crucial point • plan; idea • flexible; quick-witted • organic
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‖ 機(き) • (ki) ‖ ‖ 機(き) • (-ki) ‖ 機(き) • (-ki) ‖ 機(こぶち) • (kobuchi) ‖ 機(はた) • (hata) ‖ 機(わかつり) • (wakatsuri)
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loom • machine • opportunity ‖ a machine, a device; a contraption • (weaving) a loom • an opportunity, a chance to do something; the right time or moment • something of great importance: the linchpin of the matter • resourcefulness • (Buddhism) the moment of being moved into action by the teachings of the Buddha: see 機根 (kikon) • by extension, the workings of the heart or mind in general • in Noh theater, the breath of the mind • short for 飛行機 (hikōki): an airplane, an aircraft • short for 機関銃 (kikanjū): a machine gun ‖ Idioms \ • Idioms \ • Idioms \ • Idioms \ • Idioms \ • Idioms \ ‖ indicates aircraft • indicates paper aeroplanes • indicates lives in video games ‖ indicates machines • indicates airplanes ‖ a trap or snare that works by beheading the bird or beast caught in it ‖ (weaving) a loom • woven cloth ‖ manipulation (as in a device) • manipulation (as in a person): deception, taking someone in • getting on someone's right side; humoring someone; an effort to please someone
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機 (eumhun 틀 기 (teul gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“machine”) • hanja form of 기 (“opportunity; chance”)
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Hán-Nôm : cơ • Hán-Nôm : ki
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機
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| 檀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daːn) : semantic 木 + phonetic 亶 (OC *taːnʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taan⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuânn • Middle-Chinese : dan
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Name of several kind of plants, including: · 紫檀 (zǐtán, “Pterocarpus indicus”) • Name of several kind of plants, including: · 青檀 (“Pteroceltis tatarinowii”) • Name of several kind of plants, including: · 黃檀／黄檀 (huángtán, “Dalbergia hupeana”) • Name of several kind of plants, including: · Short for 旃檀 (“Santalum album”), also known as 檀香 (tánxiāng) • purple-red • a surname
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‖ 檀(だん) • (dan) ‖ 檀(だん) • (Dan) ‖ 檀(たん) • (tan)
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‖ ‖ a surname ‖
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檀 (eumhun 박달나무 단 (bakdallamu dan))
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hanja form of 단 (“birch tree”) [affix] • hanja form of 단 (“sandalwood tree”) [affix] • hanja form of 단 (“short for Dangun”) [affix] • hanja form of 단 (“dana (Buddhism)”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : đàn • Hán-Nôm : trầm
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檀
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| 欄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːn) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 闌 (OC *ɡ·raːn). \ From Proto-Sinitic *lian.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laan⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nuâ • Middle-Chinese : lan
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railing; balustrade • animal pen • column or box • (Cantonese) wholesaler • lily magnolia (Magnolia liliiflora)
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‖ 欄(らん) • (ran)
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handrail • column • blank, space ‖ column in a newspaper • field in a form etc.
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欄 (eumhun 난간 란 (nan'gan ran), word-initial (South Korea) 난간 난 (nan'gan nan))
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hanja form of 란/난 (“railing, balustrade”) • hanja form of 란/난 (“animal pan”)
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Hán-Nôm : lan • Hán-Nôm : lang • Hán-Nôm : lơn • Hán-Nôm : lán • Hán-Nôm : ràn
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欄
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| 欠
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Characters in the same phonetic series (欠) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a kneeling person with mouth open. \ The reversed version of this character is 㒫 > 旡 (e.g. 既), which must not be confused with 无.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiàm • Middle-Chinese : khjaemH
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to lack; to be deficient • to owe • to ask for; to beg for • (Mandarin) to yawn • (Mandarin) to raise slightly (a part of the body) • (Mandarin, dialectal) to be fidgety and bungling • (Wuhan Mandarin) to miss somebody
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‖
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yawn • lack ‖ lack, shortage • to be absent • vacancy
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欠 (eumhun 하품 흠 (hapum heum))
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hanja form of 흠 (“yawn”)
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Hán-Nôm : khiếm
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chữ Hán form of khiếm (“lacking”).
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欠
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| 款
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Originally 歀 (kuài), phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : phonetic 柰 (OC *naːds) + semantic 欠 (“lacking, desire”), meaning “desire”. The 木 component was simplified into 士 via libian, similar to 隸→隷. \ Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰloːnʔ) : abbreviated phonetic 窾 (OC *kʰloːnʔ) + semantic 欠 (“lacking, desire”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fun² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuán • Middle-Chinese : khwanX
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money (of certain kind) • model, type • signature • (law) subsection; subparagraph; subclause (in bills) • (Southern Min, Cantonese) appearance; being • (Hokkien) Classifier for varieties: kind; sort; type ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
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‖ 款(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?) ‖ 款(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?)
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‖ intimacy; friendship • section of an article in a law, code, etc. ‖ intimacy; friendship • signature; sign and seal • articles or clauses of an agreement, document of proof, etc. • expense; money; funds
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款 • (gwan) · 款 • (gwan) (hangeul 관, revised gwan, McCune–Reischauer kwan, Yale kwan)
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Hán-Nôm : khoản
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款
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| 此
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Characters in the same phonetic series (此) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 止 (“feet”) + 人 (“person”) – where a person stops; here. \ Alternatively, this may be the original form of 跐 (OC *ʔsreːʔ, *ʔseʔ, *sʰeʔ, *ʔsreʔ, “to stamp, to stop, to stand”). \ Cognate with 斯 (OC *se, “this”). \ STEDT compares 此 (OC *sʰeʔ) and 斯 (OC *se) to Proto-Tani *si (“this”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ci² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshír • Middle-Chinese : tshjeX
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(literary) this • (literary) here
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Proximal demonstrative prefix, this (near speaker)
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此 (eumhun 이 차 (i cha)) ‖
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(literary) hanja form of 차 (“here”) • (literary) hanja form of 차 (“this”) ‖ Proximal demonstrative prefix, this (near speaker)
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Hán-Nôm : thử • Hán-Nôm : nảy • Hán-Nôm : thửa
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此
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| 步
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 止 (“foot”) + 止 (“foot”) – one foot in front of the other. Compare: 夅, 舛, other characters deriving from "two feet".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pōo • Middle-Chinese : buH
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to walk; to stroll • to measure distance by steps • to follow; to imitate; to copy • to calculate; to reckon • (Classical) two steps • step; pace; distance between two feet when walking • (figurative) step; procedure • stance; position; situation • (military) infantry • Classifier for steps. • a surname
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walk • a step
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步 (eumhun 걸음 보 (georeum bo))
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hanja form of 보 (“step”)
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Hán-Nôm : bộ • Hán-Nôm : bụa • Hán-Nôm : buạ
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(to) step/walk
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步
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| 殃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaŋ) : semantic 歹 + phonetic 央 (OC *qaŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iang • Middle-Chinese : 'jang
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misfortune; disaster; calamity • to bring disaster to; to harm
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disaster; calamity; misfortune
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殃 • (ang) · 殃 • (ang) (hangeul 앙, revised ang, McCune–Reischauer ang, Yale ang)
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Hán-Nôm : ương
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殃
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| 殖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djɯɡ) : semantic 歹 + phonetic 直 (OC *dɯɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄕ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍t • Middle-Chinese : dzyik
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to breed; to reproduce; to spawn; to increase
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to rot • to increase
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殖 • (sik) · 殖 • (sik) (hangeul 식, revised sik, McCune–Reischauer sik, Yale sik)
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Hán-Nôm : thực
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殖
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| 殺
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In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) of a boar that had been impaled in the head. \ In the seal script, the original compound was corrupted into 𣏂 (sometimes written as 杀). It was also in the seal script that the pictogram (象形) : 人 (“person”) + 又 (“right hand”), which was later corrupted into 殳 (“spear”) or 攴, was added under the head of the boar to specify the killing was done by a person. \ The modern-day character inherits this and can be thought of as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sreːds, *sreːd) : phonetic 𣏂 () + semantic 殳 (“spear”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/b-sat (“to kill”); compare Tibetan བསད (bsad), perfect of Tibetan གསོད (gsod, “to kill”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *C-sat (“to kill”), Japhug sat (“to kill”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Zhang, Jacques and Lai, 2019). ‖ From 衰 (OC *sʰrol, *srul, “to diminish; to decay”) + final *-t (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suah • Middle-Chinese : sreat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saai³ • Middle-Chinese : sreajH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄚˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ
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(transitive) to kill; to murder • to ruin; to harm • to fight • (dialectal, transitive) to cut; to slice (fruit, food) • (transitive) to abate; to reduce • (regional, colloquial) to sting • (chess) to mate; short for 將殺／将杀 (jiāngshā) ("to checkmate") • (Hokkien) ruthless; ferocious; fierce • (Hokkien) to butcher, especially by using a blade to drain its blood to death (of animals) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) willing to part with something ‖ to pare off; to diminish; to reduce; to clip ‖ dark • Alternative form of 𥻦 (“to spread; to exile”) ‖ Only used in 蹩殺／蹩杀. ‖ Only used in 降殺／降杀.
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to kill
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殺 (eumhun 죽일 살 (jugil sal)) ‖ 殺 (eumhun 감할 쇄 (gamhal swae))
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hanja form of 살 (“to kill”) ‖ hanja form of 쇄 (“to pare off; to diminish; to reduce; to clip”)
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Hán-Nôm : sát • Hán-Nôm : sái • Hán-Nôm : sít • Hán-Nôm : sịt • Hán-Nôm : sướt • Hán-Nôm : sét • Hán-Nôm : sượt
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殺
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| 每
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Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯːʔ) : semantic 屮 + phonetic 母 (OC *mɯʔ). \ Possibly from Proto-Mon-Khmer *muuj (“cardinal number one”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mui⁵ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bué • Middle-Chinese : mwojX
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lush • every; each • every time; each time • often; frequently • Alternative form of 們／们 (“plural marker”) • flourishingly • a surname
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every • each
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每 (eumhun 매양 매 (maeyang mae))
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hanja form of 매 (“always; every”) [determiner]
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Hán-Nôm : mỗi • Hán-Nôm : mọi • Hán-Nôm : mủi
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每
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| 毫
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hou⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄠˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Middle-Chinese : haw
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fine hair • writing brush • (especially in the negative) slightest bit; least amount • a measure of length, equal to 100 micrometres • milli- (SI unit prefix) • a unit of weight equal to one tenth of a 釐 (lí, “cash”) • (Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) one tenth of a yuan or dollar; 10 cents; dime
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毫 • (ho) · 毫 • (ho) (hangeul 호, revised ho, McCune–Reischauer ho, Yale ho)
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Hán-Nôm : hào
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毫
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| 汁
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Unclear. Schuessler (2007) lists several proposals: \ * related to Tibetan ཆབ (chab, “water”) (Coblin, 1986)), yet initial velars do not palatize in Written Tibetan; \ * related to Jingpho [script needed] (məgyep, “liquor”); \ * related to Burmese ချိပ် (hkyip, “lac”), Proto-Loloish *C-gripᴸ (“lac; pine”) (Peiros & Starostin, 1996, STEDT), if so from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kryap (“bug, ant, cochineal, lac insect”) (whence also 蠟 (OC *raːb) "wax"); \ Likely related to 湆 (OC *kʰrɯb) & 協 (OC *ɦleːb) (汁 (OC *kjub)'s dialectal synonym attested east of Tong Pass); yet not to 瀋 (OC *l̥ʰjɯmʔ) (Schuessler, 2007). \ ; Hong Kong Cantonese "source" ‖ Unclear. Schuessler (2007) lists several proposals: \ * related to Tibetan ཆབ (chab, “water”) (Coblin, 1986)), yet initial velars do not palatize in Written Tibetan; \ * related to Jingpho [script needed] (məgyep, “liquor”); \ * related to Burmese ချိပ် (hkyip, “lac”), Proto-Loloish *C-gripᴸ (“lac; pine”) (Peiros & Starostin, 1996, STEDT), if so from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kryap (“bug, ant, cochineal, lac insect”) (whence also 蠟 (OC *raːb) "wax"); \ Likely related to 湆 (OC *kʰrɯb) & 協 (OC *ɦleːb) (汁 (OC *kjub)'s dialectal synonym attested east of Tong Pass); yet not to 瀋 (OC *l̥ʰjɯmʔ) (Schuessler, 2007). \ ; Hong Kong Cantonese "source"
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zap¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsip • Middle-Chinese : tsyip ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˊ
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juice (of fruits, vegetables, etc.) • gravy; sauce • (Hokkien) dirty and sticky (often reduplicated) • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) very dirty to the point of oozing juice (of clothes) • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) unpleasant and pestering people (of someone) • (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang) source of posted material ‖ Only used in 汁方 (Shífāng).
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‖ 汁(しる) • (shiru) ‖ 汁(しる) • (shiru)
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juice, soup, broth • sap, fluid ‖ juice • soup ‖ (2channel slang, dated) Alternative form of しる (imperative of する)
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汁 • (jip, jeup) · 汁 • (jip, jeup) (hangeul 집, 즙, revised jip, jeup, McCune–Reischauer chip, chŭp, Yale cip, cup)
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Hán-Nôm : chấp • Hán-Nôm : trấp
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汁
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| 汝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njaʔ) : semantic 水 (“river; water”) + phonetic 女 (OC *naʔ, *nas). \ Probably related to Proto-Kam-Sui *Ɂnjaᴬ (“river”), whence Southern Kam nyal (“river”), Sui qnyal (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”). Cognate with 你 (nǐ) and 爾／尔 (ěr).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ní • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jú • Middle-Chinese : nyoX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ní • Middle-Chinese : nyoX
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(～水, ～河) Ru River, a northern tributary of the Huai River in modern-day southern Henan province. The name also refers to the Hong River in its lower reaches, which now shares a common course with the Ru, as well as a southern tributary of the Hong. • a surname ‖ (literary or coastal Min) thou; you (second-person pronoun)
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‖ 汝(なんじ) • (nanji) ^(←なんぢ (nandi)?) ‖ 汝(なれ) • (nare) ‖ 汝(な) • (na) ‖ 汝(うぬ) • (unu) ‖ 汝(うぬ) • (unu) ‖ 汝(しゃ) • (sha) ‖ 汝(いまし) • (imashi)
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‖ (archaic) second-person singular pronoun: you, thou ‖ (archaic, obsolete) second-person singular pronoun: you, thou ‖ (archaic, obsolete; or Tsugaru, Niigata) second-person singular pronoun: you, thou ‖ (vulgar or Yamagata) second-person pronoun: you • (derogatory) first- or third-person reflexive pronoun: me, myself, himself, herself, itself, oneself ‖ (vulgar) used as an insult to the second person: you! ‖ (archaic, obsolete) second-person singular pronoun: you, thou ‖ (honorific, archaic) second-person singular pronoun: you, thou
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汝 • (yeo) · 汝 • (yeo) (hangeul 여, revised yeo, McCune–Reischauer yŏ, Yale ye)
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you • the name of water, river
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Hán-Nôm : nhớ • Hán-Nôm : nhở • Hán-Nôm : nhởi • Hán-Nôm : nhứ • Hán-Nôm : nhử • Hán-Nôm : nhữ • Hán-Nôm : dử • Hán-Nôm : nhừ • Hán-Nôm : nở
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汝
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| 汰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːds) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 太 (OC *tʰaːds).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thài • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuā • Middle-Chinese : thajH
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to rinse; to wash away • to discard; to eliminate through competition or selection • arrogant • extravagant, excessive
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scour, wash out
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汰 (eumhun 일 태 (il tae))
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hanja form of 태 (“scour, wash out”)
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canonical : 汰: Hán Việt readings: thái • canonical : thải 汰: Nôm readings: thảy • canonical : thãi • canonical : thải • canonical : sưởi • canonical : thẩy
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chữ Hán form of thái (“to wash; to clean”). • chữ Hán form of thải (“to discard; to eliminate”). • Nôm form of thảy (“without exception; to the last”). • Nôm form of thãi (“used in thừa thãi (“excessive; redundant”)”).
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汰
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| 決
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷeːd, *qʰʷeːd) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 夬 (OC *kʷraːds). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷeːd, *qʰʷeːd) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 夬 (OC *kʷraːds). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷeːd, *qʰʷeːd) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 夬 (OC *kʷraːds).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kyut³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuat • Middle-Chinese : kwet ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hyut³ • Middle-Chinese : xwet ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄝ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kyut³
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to dredge; to dig • to burst; to break; to breach • to decide; to determine • to decide the outcome; to contest • to judge; to pronounce the verdict • definitely; certainly; absolutely (with a negative) • to execute; to put to death • to execute; to put to death · (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to execute by shooting • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to duel; to fight a decisive battle or struggle • Alternative form of 訣／诀 (jué, “to part; to bid farewell”) • Alternative form of 抉 (jué, “to gouge; to pick out”) ‖ fast ‖ to be breached; to be torn (of clothes); alternative form of 缺 (quē)
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burst • decide, determine, judge • kill, put to death
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決 (eumhun 결단할 결 (gyeoldanhal gyeol))
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hanja form of 결 (“to decide; to determine; to judge”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : quyết
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決
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| 汽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰɯds) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 气 (OC *kʰɯds). \ Alternatively, an Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 氵 (“water”) + 气 (“air”) - steam. Quite possibly both of these origins could be true, out of convenience. \ From 氣／气 (qì). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khì ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngat⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki̍t ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˇ
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gas (matter in an intermediate state between liquid and plasma) • steam; water vapor ‖ Alternative form of 汔 (qì, “to dry; nearly”) • ^‡ to tear (to produce tears) ‖ ^‡
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‖ 汽(き) • (ki)
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steam, vapour • nearly ‖ steam; vapor
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汽 (eumhun 김 기 (gim gi)) ‖ 汽 (eumhun 거의 흘 (geoui heul))
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hanja form of 기 (“steam; vapour”) ‖ Alternative form of 汔 (“hanja form of 흘 (“nearly”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : khí
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汽
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| 沃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoːwɢ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 夭 (OC *qoːwʔ, *qrow, *qrowʔ) – to irrigate with water.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : juk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ok • Middle-Chinese : 'owk
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fertile; rich; lush • to irrigate; to water; to soak • (Hokkien) to drench; to soak; to wet through (by rain, water, etc.) • A river in Shanxi • Short for 曲沃 (Qūwò). • Alternative form of 飫／饫 (yù) • a surname
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fertile • (chemistry) iodine
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沃 • (ok) · 沃 • (ok) (hangeul 옥, revised ok, McCune–Reischauer ok, Yale ok)
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Hán-Nôm : óc
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沃
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| 沸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯds) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 弗 (OC *pɯd). \ Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *prut (“to boil”) (STEDT), whence Burmese ပြုတ် (prut, “to boil”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hut • Middle-Chinese : pj+jH
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to boil; to bubble; to churn • to surge; to gush • to be in turmoil; to bustle • boiling; extremely hot • noisy
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seethe • boil
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沸 • (bi, bul) · 沸 • (bi, bul) (hangeul 비, 불, revised bi, bul, McCune–Reischauer pi, pul, Yale pi, pul)
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Hán-Nôm : phí • Hán-Nôm : phất
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沸
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| 沼
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ziu² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiáu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiau • Middle-Chinese : tsyewX
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pool; pond
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‖ 沼(ぬ) • (nu) ‖ 沼(ぬま) • (numa) ‖ 沼(しょう) • (shō) ^(←せう (seu)?)
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‖ a swamp, a bog, a marsh, a wetland ‖ a swamp, a bog, a marsh, a wetland • (slang) inescapable pit of addiction to games, etc. ‖ a swamp, a bog, a marsh, a wetland
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沼 (eumhun 못 소 (mot so))
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hanja form of 소 (“swamp”) • hanja form of 소 (“pond”)
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Hán-Nôm : trẻo
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沼
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| 況
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hmaŋs) : semantic 氵 (“river”) + phonetic 兄 (OC *hmraŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khòng • Middle-Chinese : xjwangH
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condition; situation • (archaic) much less; let alone • furthermore • to compare; to draw an analogy with
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furthermore • situation
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況 • (hwang) · 況 • (hwang) (hangeul 황, revised hwang, McCune–Reischauer hwang, Yale hwang)
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Hán-Nôm : huống
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chữ Hán form of huống (“situation; furthermore”).
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況
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| 泌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mpriɡs, *priɡ, *bliɡ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 必 (OC *pliɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mpriɡs, *priɡ, *bliɡ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 必 (OC *pliɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mpriɡs, *priɡ, *bliɡ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 必 (OC *pliɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pì ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bat⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bai³ • Middle-Chinese : bjit • Middle-Chinese : pijH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bat¹ • Middle-Chinese : pit
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to secrete ‖ a surname ‖ Used in 泌瀄／泌𰛤.
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泌 (eumhun 샘물 졸졸 흐를 비 (saemmul joljol heureul bi))
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hanja form of 비 (“seeping out, excretion”)
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Hán-Nôm : tiết • Hán-Nôm : tất
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泌
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| 泡
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‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paau¹ • Middle-Chinese : phaew • Middle-Chinese : baew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pou⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paau¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pok¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pho • Middle-Chinese : phaew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phàu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paau⁴ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : phò
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Name of a river. • small lake • Classifier for excreta. ‖ bubble • bubblelike or bulbous object • blister • (Taiwanese Hokkien) saliva; spit • (Wuhan Mandarin, Liannan Hakka) swim bladder ‖ to soak; to sit in water (or liquid) • to pour boiling water; to infuse; to brew (such as tea, instant soup, etc.) • (informal) to pick up; to meet and seduce for romantic purposes ‖ abundant ‖ (Southern Min) light and crisp
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‖ 泡(あわ) • (awa)
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bubbles ‖ bubble • foam, head on carbonated beverages such as beer
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泡 (eumhun 거품 포 (geopum po))
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hanja form of 포 (“bubbles”)
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Hán-Nôm : bàu • Hán-Nôm : bảo • Hán-Nôm : bào • Hán-Nôm : bầu • Hán-Nôm : phao
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泡
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| 津
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslin) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 𦘔 (). 𦘔 has been simplified into the unrelated 聿 (OC *b·lud) in the clerical script. \ From 濟 (OC *ʔsliːls, “to ferry”) + nominal suffix *-n (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsin • Middle-Chinese : tsin
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ferry crossing; ford · (figurative) key post • ferry crossing; ford · Short for 天津 (Tiānjīn, “Tianjin”). • ferry crossing; ford · (～市) Tsu, Japan • ferry crossing; ford • bodily fluid · saliva • bodily fluid · sweat • bodily fluid · to moisten
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‖ 津(つ) • (Tsu)
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harbor, port, haven • ferry, ford • bodily fluid ‖ Tsu (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)
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津 (eumhun 나루 진 (naru jin))
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hanja form of 진 (“ferry; ford”) [affix] • hanja form of 진 (“resin; sap”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : lọt • Hán-Nôm : lụt • Hán-Nôm : tân
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津
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| 洲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tju) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 州 (OC *tju). \ Unknown. \ According to the Erya and the Shiming, the following characters show some notable semantic relations (Schuessler, 2007) \ : 渚 (OC *tjaʔ, “islet”) is smaller than 洲 (OC *tju) \ : 沚 (OC *kjɯʔ, “islet”) is smaller than 渚 (OC *tjaʔ) \ : 坻 (OC *tiːlʔ, *tjelʔ, *dil, “islet”) is smaller than 沚 (OC *kjɯʔ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiu • Middle-Chinese : tsyuw
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islet in a river • continent • a surname: Zhou
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‖
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continent ‖
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洲 (eumhun 물가 주 (mulga ju))
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hanja form of 주 (“continent”)
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Hán-Nôm : chao • Hán-Nôm : châu
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continent
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洲
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| 浩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuːʔ, *kuːb) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuːʔ, *kuːb) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hāu • Middle-Chinese : hawX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˊ • Middle-Chinese : kop
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(of water) vast; torrential • grand; vast; great • numerous; abundant • (obsolete, Sichuanese) small port or harbor ‖ Only used in 浩亹.
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‖ 浩(ひろし) • (Hiroshi)
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prosperous ‖ a male given name
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浩 (eum 호 (ho))
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great, numerous, vast, abundant
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Hán-Nôm : hạo
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浩
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| 涉
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 水 (“water”) + 步 (“walk”) – to wade across. \ Its oracle bone script and bronze inscription were composed of a 水 and two 止 (“foot”), depicting two feet on both sides of the water. Two forms, however, were given in Shuowen, with the first one consisting of a 步 sandwiched between two 水, and the second a 水 to the left of a 步, the predecessor of the current form. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 水 (“water”) + 步 (“walk”) – to wade across. \ Its oracle bone script and bronze inscription were composed of a 水 and two 止 (“foot”), depicting two feet on both sides of the water. Two forms, however, were given in Shuowen, with the first one consisting of a 步 sandwiched between two 水, and the second a 水 to the left of a 步, the predecessor of the current form.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sia̍p • Middle-Chinese : dzyep ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄝˊ • Middle-Chinese : tep
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to wade; to ford • to experience • to be involved ‖ Only used in 涉血 (“bloodbath; carnage”).
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涉 (eum 섭 (seop))
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Hán-Nôm : thiệp
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涉
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| 液
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laːɡ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 夜 (OC *laːɡs) – a liquid, like water. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-rjak (“oil; fat; grease”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jik⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sio̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍k • Middle-Chinese : yek
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liquid; fluid • sap; juice • a surname: Ye; Yi • (Hokkien) sweat-like secretions (from one's hand, foot, etc.) • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) thick broth extracted from food in slow fire • (Quanzhou Hokkien) to cook something on slow fire; to extract something using heat
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‖ 液(えき) • (eki)
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liquid ‖ liquid
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液 (eumhun 진 액 (jin aek))
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hanja form of 액 (“liquid”)
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Hán-Nôm : giá • Hán-Nôm : dịch • Hán-Nôm : nhịch
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sap, juice, liquid, fluid
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液
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| 涼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raŋ, *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raŋs) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 京 (OC *kraŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-glak ~ m-glaŋ (“cold; freeze”). Cognate with 霜 (OC *sraŋ, “frost”), Tibetan གྲང་ (grang, “cold”). According to Schuessler (2007), this etymon seems to have a wider distribution: Compare Austroasiatic Kharia raŋga (“cold; freeze”), Khmer រងា (rɔɔrɔngiə, “cold”). \ A derivative is probably 凔 (OC *sʰaːŋ, “cold”). A vocalic variant is 冷 (OC *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ, “cold”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raŋ, *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raŋs) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 京 (OC *kraŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-glak ~ m-glaŋ (“cold; freeze”). Cognate with 霜 (OC *sraŋ, “frost”), Tibetan གྲང་ (grang, “cold”). According to Schuessler (2007), this etymon seems to have a wider distribution: Compare Austroasiatic Kharia raŋga (“cold; freeze”), Khmer រងា (rɔɔrɔngiə, “cold”). \ A derivative is probably 凔 (OC *sʰaːŋ, “cold”). A vocalic variant is 冷 (OC *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ, “cold”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : loeng⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niôo • Middle-Chinese : ljang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : loeng⁶ • Middle-Chinese : ljangH
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cool; cold • discouraged; disheartened • forlorn • (traditional Chinese medicine) heat-preventing • (slang, neologism) be done for; be finished or destroyed; gone for the dogs; curtains (for someone) • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) free from worry; congenial • (Cantonese) to get cool (from a fan or an aircon) ‖ to allow (a hot object) to cool by letting it sit for a while • to assist
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‖ 涼(りょう) • (ryō) ^(←りやう (ryau)?) ‖ 涼(りょう) • (Ryō) ^(←りやう (ryau)?)
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cool, refreshing • lonely, desolate ‖ cool breeze; refreshing coolness ‖ (historical) Liang, name of five of the Sixteen Kingdoms: · 前涼 (Zenryō, “Former Liang”, 320–376 CE) • (historical) Liang, name of five of the Sixteen Kingdoms: · 後涼 (Kōryō, Goryō, “Later Liang”, 386–403 CE) • (historical) Liang, name of five of the Sixteen Kingdoms: · 南涼 (Nanryō, “Southern Liang”, 397–414 CE) • (historical) Liang, name of five of the Sixteen Kingdoms: · 北涼 (Hokuryō, “Northern Liang”, 397–439 CE) • (historical) Liang, name of five of the Sixteen Kingdoms: · 西涼 (Seiryō, “Western Liang”, 400–421 CE) • a female given name
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涼 (eumhun 서늘할 량 (seoneulhal ryang), word-initial (South Korea) 서늘할 양 (seoneulhal yang))
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hanja form of 량/양 (“cool, cold”) • hanja form of 량/양 (“disheartened”)
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Hán-Nôm : lương • Hán-Nôm : ghềnh
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涼
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| 清
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰleŋ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t)s(j)aŋ (“clear; pure; clean”); cognate with Tibetan གཙང (gtsang, “clean; pure”), Mizo thiang (“to be clear; to be clean; to be pure”), Southern Qiang ɕó, Drung cangma (“clean”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). \ Within Chinese, cognate with 淨 (OC *zeŋs, “clean”), 醒 (OC *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs, “to wake up; to become sober”), and allofamic with 星 (OC *sleːŋ, “star”), 晴 (OC *zleŋ, “(of weather) clear; fine”); possibly also related to 靜 (OC *zleŋʔ, “quiet”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Perhaps an areal word; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *caŋ (“to glitter”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Rebracketing of the reading of Ching, which is a nonstandard romanisation of 師兄／师兄 (si¹ hing¹).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshenn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiann • Middle-Chinese : tshjeng ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : cing¹
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clear; limpid • clean; unstained • pure; unmixed • distinct; clear; apparent • fair and honest; upright • quiet; still • (phonetics) unaspirated • to clear (throat, etc.); to clean • to settle; to sort out • (～朝) the Qing (Ching) dynasty (Manchu) (1644-1911) • a surname ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, leetspeak) Synonym of 師兄／师兄 (si¹ hing¹)
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‖ 清(しん) • (Shin) ‖ 清(せい) • (Sei) ‖ 清(さや) • (saya) ‖ 清(さや) • (Saya) ‖ 清(さやか) • (Sayaka) ‖ 清(きよし) • (Kiyoshi)
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clear • clarity • refreshing • clean, pure • Qing dynasty ‖ the Qing dynasty (1616–1912) • a place name ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ brightly, clearly, vividly • cleanly, freshly, purely • rustlingly ‖ a female given name ‖ a female given name ‖ a surname • a unisex given name
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清 (eumhun 맑을 청 (malgeul cheong))
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Alternative form of 淸
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Hán-Nôm : thanh • Hán-Nôm : thảnh • Hán-Nôm : thênh • Hán-Nôm : thinh
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清
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| 減
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 咸 (OC *ɡrɯːm, “seal”) - to seal off a stream of water, decreasing its flow. 咸 is the original character of 緘／缄 and also serves as a semantic component. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiám • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kám • Middle-Chinese : heamX • Middle-Chinese : keamX ‖
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to decrease; to subtract; to diminish • (arithmetic) to subtract • 55th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "diminishment" (𝌼) • (chemistry) basic • (Cantonese) to sweep (food over to another container) ‖ (Cantonese) Used after a verb or adjective to indicate partial attainment of an amount/degree.
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‖ 減(げん) • (-gen)
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‖ reduction
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減 (eumhun 덜 감 (deol gam))
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hanja form of 감 (“reduction”)
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Hán-Nôm : giảm • Hán-Nôm : dởm • Hán-Nôm : xảm
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Decrease, reduce, lessen
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減
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| 測
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰrɯɡ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 則 (OC *ʔsɯːɡ) — to measure the depth of water.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsherk • Middle-Chinese : tsrhik
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to fathom; to sound; to measure depth • to measure; to gauge; to survey • (literary or in compounds) to predict; to anticipate; to expect • (literary or in compounds) to surmise; to speculate; to conjecture; to suppose • (obsolete) deep • (obsolete) clear • (obsolete) a method of torture
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To measure (water deepness) • To weigh
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測 • (cheuk) · 測 • (cheuk) (hangeul 측, revised cheuk, McCune–Reischauer ch'ŭk, Yale chuk)
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Hán-Nôm : trắc
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測
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| 渴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːd, *ɡrad) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 曷 (OC *ɡaːd); dry, exhausted (of water). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːd, *ɡrad) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 曷 (OC *ɡaːd); dry, exhausted (of water).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hot³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khat • Middle-Chinese : khat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kit³ • Middle-Chinese : gjet
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thirsty • (dialectal Hakka) tired ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 竭 (jié, “to use up; to exhaust; to cause to dry up”)
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thirsty • parched • yearn • pine
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渴 (eumhun 목마를 갈 (mongmareul gal))
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hanja form of 갈 (“thirsty”)
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Hán-Nôm : khát • Hán-Nôm : kiệt • Hán-Nôm : hạt
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渴
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| 湯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːŋ, *l̥ʰaːŋs, *hljaŋ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-la(w)ŋ (“steam; hot (liquid)”); compare Tibetan རླངས (rlangs, “steam, vapour; steamy”) (Bodman, 1980; STEDT). \ Related to 盪 (OC *l̥ʰaːŋ, *l̥ʰaːŋs, *l'aːŋʔ, “basin for holding hot water for washing; wash basin”), 煬 (OC *laŋ, *laŋs, “to heat; to roast”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːŋ, *l̥ʰaːŋs, *hljaŋ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-la(w)ŋ (“steam; hot (liquid)”); compare Tibetan རླངས (rlangs, “steam, vapour; steamy”) (Bodman, 1980; STEDT). \ Related to 盪 (OC *l̥ʰaːŋ, *l̥ʰaːŋs, *l'aːŋʔ, “basin for holding hot water for washing; wash basin”), 煬 (OC *laŋ, *laŋs, “to heat; to roast”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːŋ, *l̥ʰaːŋs, *hljaŋ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-la(w)ŋ (“steam; hot (liquid)”); compare Tibetan རླངས (rlangs, “steam, vapour; steamy”) (Bodman, 1980; STEDT). \ Related to 盪 (OC *l̥ʰaːŋ, *l̥ʰaːŋs, *l'aːŋʔ, “basin for holding hot water for washing; wash basin”), 煬 (OC *laŋ, *laŋs, “to heat; to roast”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːŋ, *l̥ʰaːŋs, *hljaŋ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-la(w)ŋ (“steam; hot (liquid)”); compare Tibetan རླངས (rlangs, “steam, vapour; steamy”) (Bodman, 1980; STEDT). \ Related to 盪 (OC *l̥ʰaːŋ, *l̥ʰaːŋs, *l'aːŋʔ, “basin for holding hot water for washing; wash basin”), 煬 (OC *laŋ, *laŋs, “to heat; to roast”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thong • Middle-Chinese : thang ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : tong³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤ • Middle-Chinese : thangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : soeng¹ • Middle-Chinese : syang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng⁴
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(literary or regional) hot or boiling water • broth; stock • soup; water in which something has been boiled; beverage • decoction of medicinal herbs • hot spring • (dialectal Mandarin) dinner; meal • (Southern Min) pus • Tang of Shang, founder of the Shang Dynasty of China • a surname ‖ Original form of 燙／烫 (tàng, “to warm; to bathe or rinse in hot water”). • to touch; to come in contact with • to meet with • Alternative form of 蕩／荡 (dàng, “to wander; unconstrained”) • Used in 湯湯／汤汤 (tàngtàng, “turbulent”). ‖ (of a river current) rushing; great; torrential ‖ Only used in 湯谷／汤谷, alternative form of 暘谷／旸谷
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‖ 湯(ゆ) • (yu) ‖ 湯(ぶう) • (bū)
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‖ warm or hot water • bathwater • a hot spring • a medicinal bath • a medicinal decoction • bilgewater • molten metal used in casting or founding • urine ‖ (childish, archaic) warm or hot water • (childish, archaic) tea
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湯 (eumhun 끓일 탕 (kkeuril tang))
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Hanja form of 탕 (“hot water”).
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canonical : 湯: Hán Việt readings: thang • canonical : sương • canonical : thãng 湯: Nôm readings: than
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(alternative medicine) chữ Hán form of thang (“a dose of herbal medicine”). • (obsolete) chữ Hán form of thang (“hot, boiling, or bubbling water”).
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湯
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| 準
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʷjinʔ, *qʷjed) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 隼 (OC *sqʰʷinʔ) – “water level”.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄣˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsún • Middle-Chinese : tsywinX • Middle-Chinese : tsywet
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^† water-level; flat; level • (historical) water level (measuring instrument) • standard; criterion; norm • accurate; exact • certainly; surely • quasi-; pene-; para-
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‖ 準(じゅん) • (jun-) ^(←じゆん (zyun)?) ‖ 準(みずもり) • (mizumori) ^(←みづもり (midumori)?) ‖ 準(ひとし) • (Hitoshi)
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water level (measuring instrument) • standard, norm • correspond to • semi-, quasi- ‖ sub-; quasi- ‖ water level (measuring instrument) ‖ a male given name
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準 (eumhun 준할 준 (junhal jun)) ‖ 準 (eumhun 콧마루 절 (konmaru jeol))
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hanja form of 준 (“standard”) ‖ (archaic) hanja form of 절 (“nose bridge”)
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Hán-Nôm : chuẩn • Hán-Nôm : choán • Hán-Nôm : chốn • Hán-Nôm : chủn • Hán-Nôm : trúng • Hán-Nôm : trốn
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準
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| 溪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰeː) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 奚 (OC *ɡeː). \ Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *gle, whence Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao tl̥e (“river”) (Schuessler, 2007). Also compare Tibetan རྐ (rka, “gutter; channel”) (Sagart, 2020b).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khere • Middle-Chinese : khej
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stream; creek; brook; rivulet; rill (Classifier: 條／条 m c) • (dialectal) river (Classifier: 條／条 mn) • (Eastern Min) unsophisticated; gauche; stupid • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 溪 (MC khej) • a surname: Xi
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valley
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溪 (eumhun 시내 계 (sinae gye))
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hanja form of 계 (“stream”)
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Hán-Nôm : khe • Hán-Nôm : khê
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Creek or stream
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溪
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| 溶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *loŋ, *loŋʔ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 容 (OC *loŋ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jung⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iûnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iônn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâunn • Middle-Chinese : yowng • Middle-Chinese : yowngX
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to dissolve; to melt; to disintegrate chemically into a solution by immersion in a liquid • (literary, of water) grand; broad • soluble
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‖ 溶(よう) • (yō)
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to dissolve; to melt ‖ to melt, dissolve, thaw
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溶 (eum 용 (yong))
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Hán-Nôm : dung
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溶
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| 溺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njewɢ, *neːwɢ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 弱 (OC *njewɢ). \ Schuessler (2007) proposes the following possibilities: \ * Related to Burmese နစ် (nac, “to sink; to drown”), Burmese နှစ် (hnac, “to immerse”), but the vowels do not agree. \ * Related to Burmese နှိုက်း (hnuik:, “to penetrate; to put one's hand into”). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nik⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍k • Middle-Chinese : nek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : niu⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄛˋ • Middle-Chinese : nyak
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to drown; to submerge • to indulge; to be addicted • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 尿 (“urine; to urinate”) ‖ ^‡ Alternative form of 弱 (ruò, “name of a river”) • Alternative form of 弱 (ruò, “weak”)
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to drown • (rare) urine
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溺 (eumhun 빠질 닉 (ppajil nik), word-initial (South Korea) 빠질 익 (ppajil ik)) ‖ 溺 (eumhun 오줌 뇨 (ojum nyo), word-initial (South Korea) 오줌 요 (ojum yo))
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hanja form of 닉/익 (“drown”) ‖ Alternative form of 尿 (“hanja form of 뇨/요 (“urine”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : nịch • Hán-Nôm : niệu • Hán-Nôm : nịu
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溺
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| 滅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *med) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 烕 (OC *hmed) – to destroy with water (extinguish, flood). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-miːt (“to extinguish; to shut abruptly; to wink; to blink; to die”). Matisoff compares Burmese မှိတ် (hmit, “(of eyes) to close; (of light) to put out, to switch off”) and possibly Tibetan མེད (med, “to not exist”). Cognate Chinese characters include: \ * 烕 (OC *hmed, “to destroy; to cause destruction”) \ * 蔑 (OC *meːd, *meːd, “to destroy”) \ The Old Chinese *e ~ Proto-Tibeto-Burman *i vowel discrepancy may be explained by a reanalysis of the proto-etymon in Chinese, as derived from 隳 (OC *hmai, “to destroy”) + suffix *-t (Schuessler, 2009), although 隳 is reconstructed in the Baxter-Sagart and Zhengzhang systems as having an *l-like initial. The direct Chinese comparandum of Proto-Tibeto-Burman *mit may be 沒 (OC *mɯːd, “to disappear; to die; to perish in water”) (ibid.).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bia̍t • Middle-Chinese : mjiet
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to obliterate; to wipe out; to eradicate; to conquer • to be destroyed; to perish; to die • to disappear; to vanish • to extinguish (a fire); (of light or fire) to go out • to turn off (light, lamp, etc.) • to alter (handwriting)
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destroy • die, perish, disappear • fall, collapse
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滅 (eumhun 멸망할 멸 (myeolmanghal myeol))
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hanja form of 멸 (“destroy”)
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Hán-Nôm : diệt
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滅
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| 滋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsɯ) : semantic 水 + phonetic 茲 (OC *ʔsɯ, *zɯ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsu • Middle-Chinese : tsi
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to grow; to multiply • to cause • to increase • taste • (colloquial) to spurt
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|
nourishment
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滋 (eumhun 불을 자 (bureul ja))
|
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Hán-Nôm : tư
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滋
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| 滑
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡruːd, *kuːd, *ɡuːd) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 骨 (OC *kuːd). ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : waat⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ku̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hua̍t • Middle-Chinese : hweat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ku̍t • Middle-Chinese : kwot • Middle-Chinese : hwot
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to slip; to slide • to get away without punishment • to swipe (on an electronic product) • smooth; glossy • slippery; slick • cunning; crafty; sly • (Mainland China Hokkien) to slip out; to blurt out involuntarily • a surname: Hua ‖ to disturb; to unsettle; to agitate • to treat; to regulate • to muddy • Used in 滑稽 (gǔjī).
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‖ 滑(なめ) • (name)
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slippery • slide • slip • flunk ‖ in mountaineering, the place where a little water is running on a smooth rock • smooth thing, slippery thing
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滑 (eumhun 미끄러울 활 (mikkeureoul hwal)) ‖ 滑 (eumhun 익살스러울 골 (iksalseureoul gol))
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hanja form of 활 (“slippery”) ‖ hanja form of 골 (“comical”)
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Hán-Nôm : gột • Hán-Nôm : cốt • Hán-Nôm : hoạt
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滑
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| 漁
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋa) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 魚 (OC *ŋa, “fish”). \ From 魚 (OC *ŋa, “fish”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gî • Middle-Chinese : ngjo
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^⁜ to fish • ^⁜ to seize; to pursue (illegitimately) • a surname
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‖ 漁(りょう) • (ryō) ^(←れふ (refu)?)
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to look for • fishing; to catch fish ‖ (business) fishing
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漁 (eumhun 고기 잡을 어 (gogi jabeul eo))
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hanja form of 어 (“to fish”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngư
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chữ Hán form of ngư (“to fish”).
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漁
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| 漢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hnaːns) : semantic 水 (“water”) + abbreviated phonetic 暵 (OC *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns) – name of a river.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hàn • Middle-Chinese : xanH
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(～水, ～江) Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze • (literary) the Milky Way • (～朝) Han Dynasty • Han ethnicity; Han Chinese • man; guy; bloke • husband • (～江) Han River, the fourth-longest river on the Korean peninsula • Short for 漢語／汉语 (Hànyǔ, “Chinese language”). • a surname
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‖ 漢(かん) • (kan) ‖ 漢(かん) • (Kan) ‖ 漢(から) • (kara-) ‖ 漢(から) • (kara) ‖ 漢(から) • (Kara) ‖ 漢(あや) • (Aya) ‖ 漢(おとこ) • (otoko) ^(←をとこ (wotoko)?)
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Sino-, China • man ‖ man ‖ the name of China during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) • name of various Chinese dynasties · the 西漢 (Saikan, “Western Han”) or 前漢 (Zenkan, “Former Han”) (206 BCE – 9 CE) • name of various Chinese dynasties · the 東漢 (Tōkan, “Eastern Han”) or 後漢 (Gokan, “Later Han”) (25–220 CE) • name of various Chinese dynasties · the 蜀漢 (Shokkan, “Shu Han”) (221–263) • name of various Chinese dynasties · the 成漢 (Seikan, “Cheng Han”) (304–347) • name of various Chinese dynasties · the 南漢 (Nankan, “Southern Han”) (917–971) • name of various Chinese dynasties · the 後漢 (Kōkan, “Later Han”) (947–951) • name of various Chinese dynasties · the 北漢 (Hokukan, “Northern Han”) (951–979) • the Han Chinese people • the Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze • (by extension from the "river" sense) the Milky Way • alternative name for 漢中 (Kanchū, “Hanzhong”) • a surname ‖ element in compounds, referring to things imported from China or Korea, or from other foreign lands ‖ (historical) shortly before and during the Edo period, foreign lands in general ‖ the Gaya confederacy • (archaic) the Korean peninsula • (archaic) China, especially during the Han dynasty ‖ short for 漢氏 (Aya uji): name of one of two ancient clans, purportedly descendants from Han Chinese, and notable historically for major achievements in fields including literature, diplomacy, and finance, among others · 東漢 (Yamato no Aya) • short for 漢氏 (Aya uji): name of one of two ancient clans, purportedly descendants from Han Chinese, and notable historically for major achievements in fields including literature, diplomacy, and finance, among others · 西漢 (Kawachi no Aya) ‖ (slang) Rare spelling of 男 (“man”).
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漢 (eumhun 한나라 한 (Hannara han))
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hanja form of 한 (“Sino-, China”) [affix] • hanja form of 한 (“man; person”) [suffix] • hanja form of 한 (“Han dynasty”) [proper noun]
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Hán-Nôm : Hán
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Of or relating to China
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漢
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| 漸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsam, *zamʔ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 斬 (OC *ʔsreːmʔ). \ Compare Khmer ជាំ (cŏəm, “wet; soaked; steeped”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsam, *zamʔ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 斬 (OC *ʔsreːmʔ). \ Compare Khmer ជាំ (cŏəm, “wet; soaked; steeped”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiām • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiǎm • Middle-Chinese : dzjemX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Middle-Chinese : tsjem
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Qiantang River • to advance gradually • gradual process • (of an illness) to aggravate; to worsen • to dredge; to open a path • omen • condition; prerequisite • sequence; order • gradually • just when • immediately; soon after • when; until • 53rd hexagram of the I Ching • a surname ‖ to flow into • to bedew • to soak • to moisten • to influence • to cheat
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|
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漸 • (jeom, cham) · 漸 • (jeom, cham) (hangeul 점, 참, revised jeom, cham, McCune–Reischauer chŏm, ch'am, Yale cem, cham)
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Hán-Nôm : tiệm • Hán-Nôm : tràn • Hán-Nôm : tiêm • Hán-Nôm : tiềm
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漸
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| 潔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *keːd) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 絜 (OC *keːd, *ɡeːd).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : git³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiat • Middle-Chinese : ket
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clean; pure; innocent • to clean; to purify • honest; upright
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‖ 潔(きよし) • (Kiyoshi)
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‖ a male given name
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潔 (eumhun 깨끗할 결 (kkaekkeuthal gyeol))
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hanja form of 결 (“clean; pure”)
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Hán-Nôm : khiết
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clean; pure; innocent
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潔
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| 潤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njuns) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 閏 (OC *njuns, “surplus”) — an ample amount of moisture. ‖ Orthographic borrowing from English run, via Hanyu Pinyin rùn.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jeon⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lūn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jūn • Middle-Chinese : nywinH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄣˋ
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wet; moist; damp • sleek; glossy • to moisten; to wet; to dampen • to polish (a piece of writing, etc.); to touch up; to embellish; to enrich • profit (excess of revenue over cost) • (Cantonese) to ridicule; to tease; to make fun of ‖ (neologism, Mainland China, Internet slang) to run away; to flee • (neologism, Mainland China, Internet slang) to emigrate, usually in the context of leaving (running away from) mainland China
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‖ 潤(じゅん) • (Jun)
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‖ a male given name
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潤 • (yun) · 潤 • (yun) (hangeul 윤, revised yun, McCune–Reischauer yun, Yale yun)
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Hán-Nôm : nhuần • Hán-Nôm : nhuận
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潤
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| 澄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dɯːŋs, *dɯŋ, *rdɯŋ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 登 (OC *tɯːŋ) – clear water. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dɯːŋs, *dɯŋ, *rdɯŋ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 登 (OC *tɯːŋ) – clear water.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cing⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tîng • Middle-Chinese : dring • Middle-Chinese : draeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dang⁶
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clear; limpid • to make (something) become clear; to make (solid impurities) precipitate; to settle • to clarify; to purify • a surname • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 澄 (MC draeng) ‖ (colloquial) to settle (a liquid); to make (the impurities in a liquid) precipitate; to precipitate out • (colloquial) to strain (a liquid); to pour liquid out and leave the solid content behind
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clean • pure • (rare) serene
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澄 • (jing) · 澄 • (jing) (hangeul 징, revised jing, McCune–Reischauer ching, Yale cing)
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Hán-Nôm : chừng • Hán-Nôm : trừng • Hán-Nôm : xừng
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澄
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| 濁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rdoːɡ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zuk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ta̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tso̍k • Middle-Chinese : draewk ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : lô
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muddy; turbid; dirty; filthy • chaotic; disorderly • (of voice) deep and thick • (phonetics, of consonants) voiced • (Cantonese) to choke; to gag • (Mainland China Hokkien) miscellaneous and in a jumble; mixed and disorderly • (Mainland China Hokkien, of food) nutritious but irritating causing sores or causing the start, reoccurrence, or change of an illness • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) thick; dense; strong (of flavor, etc.) ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 醪 (“murky; muddy; turbid; unclear”)
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muddy • (phonetics) voiced consonant
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濁 (eumhun 흐릴 탁 (heuril tak))
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hanja form of 탁 (“muddy, cloudy”)
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Hán-Nôm : trọc • Hán-Nôm : đục • Hán-Nôm : rục • Hán-Nôm : sộc • Hán-Nôm : chọc • Hán-Nôm : trạc • Hán-Nôm : trọa • Hán-Nôm : troạ • Hán-Nôm : trộc • Hán-Nôm : trậc
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濁
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| 濫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laam⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laam⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lām • Middle-Chinese : lamH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haam⁵ • Middle-Chinese : haemX
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to overflow; to flood • excessive; indiscriminate • (Eastern Min) wet ‖ Alternative form of 監／监 (“eunuch, supervisor”)
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‖ 濫(らん) • (ran)
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‖ to overflow • excessive; superfluous
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濫 (eumhun 넘칠 람 (neomchil ram), word-initial (South Korea) 넘칠 남 (neomchil nam))
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hanja form of 람/남 (“to overflow”) • hanja form of 람/남 (“excessive; superfluous”)
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Hán-Nôm : lạm • Hán-Nôm : giậm • Hán-Nôm : làm • Hán-Nôm : lặm • Hán-Nôm : lòm • Hán-Nôm : lộm • Hán-Nôm : lợm • Hán-Nôm : lụm • Hán-Nôm : luộm • Hán-Nôm : trộm
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濫
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| 濯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *r'eːwɢs, *r'eːwɢ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 翟 (OC *r'aːwɢ, *l'eːwɢ) – to wash with water. \ Possibly Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လျှော် (hlyau, “to wash (hair, clothes)”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 濯 (zhào, “to wash clothes”) < *d-liaukh is exopassive derivative of 濯 (zhuó, “clean, brilliant, glossy; to moisten, to wash”) < *d-liauk; relates to 翟 (dí, “long-tailed pheasants or their plumage”) < *liâuk, owing to the birds' shiny feathers (ibid.). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *r'eːwɢs, *r'eːwɢ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 翟 (OC *r'aːwɢ, *l'eːwɢ) – to wash with water. \ Possibly Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လျှော် (hlyau, “to wash (hair, clothes)”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 濯 (zhào, “to wash clothes”) < *d-liaukh is exopassive derivative of 濯 (zhuó, “clean, brilliant, glossy; to moisten, to wash”) < *d-liauk; relates to 翟 (dí, “long-tailed pheasants or their plumage”) < *liâuk, owing to the birds' shiny feathers (ibid.).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tso̍k • Middle-Chinese : draewH • Middle-Chinese : draewk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠˋ • Middle-Chinese : draewH
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(literary) to wash; to rinse • (literary) to cleanse; to dispel • Used in 濯濯. ‖ Alternative form of 櫂／棹 (zhào, “oar”)
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wash
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濯 (eum 탁 (tak))
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Hán-Nôm : trạc
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濯
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| 灰
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 又 (“hand”) + 火 (“fire”) – fire that can be touched with the hand (ash). 又 has been modified to 𠂇; compare 友 (“friend”), 右 (“right”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pʷut ~ hwut (“ashes, dust”) (STEDT; Schuessler (2007) reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *wu). Compare Mizo vutᴸ, Apatani mù-bu, Manipuri ut, Northern Tujia bu³ ci². ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 灰 – see 烌 (“(Southern Min) dust; ash”). \ (This character is a variant form of 烌).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : he • Hokkien · Tai-lo : her • Middle-Chinese : xwoj ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : fiu¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fui¹
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ash • dust • lime; mortar • gray • disheartened • (～日) (telegraphy) the tenth day of a month • (Cantonese, slang) powdered drug; heroin ‖ Used in 灰士.
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‖ 灰(はい) • (hai) ^(←はひ (fafi)?) ‖ 灰(かい) • (kai) ^(←くわい (kwai)?)
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ashes • puckery juice • cremate ‖ ash ‖ ash; ashes
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灰 (eumhun 재 회 (jae hoe))
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hanja form of 회 (“ashes; dust; lime; mortar”)
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Hán-Nôm : hôi • Hán-Nôm : hoi • Hán-Nôm : khôi • Hán-Nôm : vôi • Hán-Nôm : hui • Hán-Nôm : khuôi
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灰
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| 災
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 巛 (“flowing water”) + 火 (“fire”) – two main types of disaster, fire (conflagration) and flowing water (flooding). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa-t ~ dza-t (“hot, fever, hurt, ill, temper”); cognate with 菑 (OC *ʔsrɯ, *ʔsɯː, *ʔsɯː) "field cleared by slash and burn" (STEDT), which is its r-causative (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tse • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tser • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsai • Middle-Chinese : tsoj
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(literary, or in compounds) calamity; disaster; catastrophe • (literary, or in compounds) personal misfortune • (literary, or in compounds) stricken; disaster-affected; disaster-afflicted
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‖ 災(さい) • (sai) ‖ 災(わざわい) • (wazawai) ^(←わざはひ (wazafafi)?)
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‖ an act of God, a disaster, a calamity ‖ an act of God, a disaster, a calamity
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災 (eumhun 재앙 재 (jaeang jae))
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hanja form of 재 (“disaster”)
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Hán-Nôm : tai
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災
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| 炊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰjol) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + abbreviated phonetic 吹 (OC *kʰjol, *kʰjols). \ From 吹 (OC *kʰjol, “to blow”), as in blowing to get a fire going (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsher • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshui • Middle-Chinese : tsyhwe ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄟ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi³
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to cook • (dialectal Cantonese, Hakka, Eastern Min, Southern Min) to steam • (Puxian Min, Zhongshan Min) steamer basket ‖ ^† Only used in 炊累.
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to cook • cooking (cereals, e.g. rice)
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炊 (eumhun 불 땔 취 (bul ttael chwi))
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Hán-Nôm : xuy • Hán-Nôm : xúy • Hán-Nôm : xuý
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炊
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| 焉
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Possibly phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qran, *ɢan, *qan) : phonetic 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”) ― a kind of bird. \ ; “in it; on it; here” \ ; “where; how” ‖ Possibly phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qran, *ɢan, *qan) : phonetic 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”) ― a kind of bird. \ ; “in it; on it; here” \ ; “where; how”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jin⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ian • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iàn • Middle-Chinese : hjen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jin¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ian • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iàn • Middle-Chinese : 'jen • Middle-Chinese : 'jon
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a kind of yellow bird, found around the Yangtze and Huai Rivers • in it; on it; to it; from it; by it; than it; here • Final modal particle, used to show a particular state or express affirmation, doubt or exclamation. ‖ (interrogative) how? why? where? when? • thereupon; therefore; then
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how? why? where? • this, here • indicates state of being • a final modal particle used in classical Chinese texts
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焉 (eumhun 어찌 언 (eojji eon))
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Hán-Nôm : vờn • Hán-Nôm : yên
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焉
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| 無
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Characters in the same phonetic series (無) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) . A man dancing with something long held in both hands. \ This character is borrowed for “have no”, and the character 舞 (wǔ) is used for the original sense. \ Core Sino–Tibetan. From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“no, not”); cognate with Tibetan མ་ (ma, “not”) and Burmese မ (ma., “not”). \ Cognate with: \ * 微 (OC *mɯl, “not, no”) \ * 毋 (OC *ma, “do not”) \ * 勿 (OC *mɯd, “not, don't”) \ * 未 (OC *mɯds, “not yet, haven't”) \ * 靡 (OC *mralʔ, “not, no”) \ * 亡 (OC *maŋ, “not have; to flee, to disappear, to die”) \ * 沒 (OC *mɯːd, “to end, to disappear, to drown”) \ * 莫 (OC *maːɡ, “none, nobody, nothing; do not; can not”) \ Attested profusely in Classical Chinese, this word is the prototypical negation particle in the *m- series of Chinese negatives. In the oracle bone script, however, 無 is not frequently used, and its homophone (or near-homophone) 毋 (OC *ma) is used instead. \ See 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) for more on negative particles in Old Chinese. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bû • Middle-Chinese : mju ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mo⁴
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(literary or Hakka, Min) to not have something; there is not ... • (literary or Min) Negation particle preceding verbs and adjectives. not • (literary or Min) have not • (literary or Hakka, Min) Interrogative particle. • (Hakka, Min) if not; otherwise (placed at the start of a sentence) • (Hokkien, Teochew) Particle used after a verb to indicate that a goal has not or cannot been accomplished. • regardless of; no matter whether • nothing; nil • Alternative form of 毋 (wú, “do not”) • without; -less; un- ‖ Only used in 南無／南无 (nāmó).
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‖ 無(む) • (mu) ‖ 無(む) • (mu-) ‖ 無(ぶ) • (bu-)
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nothing • nothingness • none • nil • not ‖ nothing, nothingness • (Buddhism) mu; the null set: neither yes nor no (in response to a koan or other question that mistakenly assumes an affirmative or negative answer). ‖ non-, un- ‖ non-, un-
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無 (eumhun 없을 무 (eopseul mu))
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hanja form of 무 (“nothing”) • hanja form of 무 (“no; non”) • hanja form of 무 (“(Buddhism) the null set: neither yes nor no (in response to a koan or a question that mistakenly assumes an affirmative or negative answer)”)
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canonical : 無: Hán Việt readings: vô • canonical : mô 無: Nôm readings: vô • canonical : mô
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chữ Hán form of vô (“without; -less; un-”).
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無
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| 焦
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 隹 (“bird”) + 火 (“fire”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsjow (“to boil; to burn; to cook; to bake”). Cognate with Tibetan འཚོད ('tshod, “to cook”), Burmese ဆူ (hcu, “to boil”). ‖ ‖ Possibly the same as etymology 1. However, Bodman (1980) relates it to Proto-Vietic *trawᴮ (“dry”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsau • Middle-Chinese : tsjew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ziu¹ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ta • Hokkien · Tai-lo : na
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burned; scorched • coke (solid fuel) • anxious; vexed • (traditional Chinese medicine) burner • a surname ‖ (physics) Short for 焦耳 (jiāo'ěr, “joule (energy unit)”). ‖ (Min, Jianning Gan) dry • (Singapore Hokkien) cheers!
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char • hurry
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焦 • (cho) · 焦 • (cho) (hangeul 초, revised cho, McCune–Reischauer ch'o, Yale cho)
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Hán-Nôm : tiêu
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焦
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| 煎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslen, *ʔslens) : phonetic 前 (OC *zleːn) + semantic 火 (“fire”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsian • Middle-Chinese : tsjen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Middle-Chinese : tsjenH
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to pan-fry • to simmer in water; to decoct • (literary) to smelt • (literary) to torment; to torture • Classifier for decoctions. • (Hokkien) to boil (a liquid) ‖
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roast, boil, parch, broil • jeon (Korean food) • infusion (tea)
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煎 • (jeon) · 煎 • (jeon) (hangeul 전, revised jeon, McCune–Reischauer chŏn, Yale cen)
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Hán-Nôm : tiên • Hán-Nôm : chiên • Hán-Nôm : tan • Hán-Nôm : tãn
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煎
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| 煙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qiːn) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 垔 (OC *qin). ‖ Short for 煙士／烟士 (jin¹ si⁶⁻², “(card games) ace”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ian • Middle-Chinese : 'en ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : jin¹ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : hun
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smoke; mist; vapour (Classifier: 陣／阵 m c; 團／团 m; 縷／缕 m c; 層／层 m c) • tobacco (plant) • tobacco product • cigarette (Classifier: 支 m c; 根 m; 飛／飞 c) • opium • soot • to irritate the eyes by smoke ‖ (Cantonese, Liuzhou Mandarin, informal, card games) ace (Classifier: 隻／只 c; 條／条 c) ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 薰 (“tobacco; cigarette”)
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‖ 煙(けむり) • (kemuri) ‖ 煙(けむ) • (kemu) ‖ 煙(けぶり) • (keburi) ‖ 煙(けぶ) • (kebu) ‖ 煙(えん) • (en)
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‖ smoke ‖ (informal, colloquial) smoke ‖ (archaic, possibly dialect) smoke ‖ (archaic, possibly dialect) smoke ‖ smoke • fog, mist • soot • tobacco, tobacco products such as cigarettes or cigars
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煙 (eumhun 연기 연 (yeon'gi yeon))
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hanja form of 연 (“smoke”)
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Hán-Nôm : yên
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煙
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| 煩
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 火 (“fire”) + 頁 (“head”)
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Cantonese · Jyutping : faan⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huân • Middle-Chinese : bjon
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agitated; restless; vexed; unhappy • to annoy; to bother • fed up; sick of • numerous and jumbled; miscellaneous • (polite) to trouble someone to do something
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to worry • annoying, worrying
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煩 (eumhun 번거로울 번 (beon'georoul beon))
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hanja form of 번 (“bother, vex, trouble”) • hanja form of 번 (“troublesome”)
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Hán-Nôm : phiền
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煩
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| 煮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjaʔ) : phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ) + semantic 灬 (“fire”) – to cook over a fire.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí
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to boil; to cook • (neologism, humorous) Alternative form of 主 (Zhǔ, “Lord”) referring to the Flying Spaghetti Monster. • a surname: Zhu
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to boil, to cook
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煮 • (ja) · 煮 • (ja) (hangeul 자, revised ja, McCune–Reischauer cha, Yale ca)
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Hán-Nôm : chử
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煮
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| 熊
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According to Shuowen, phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷlɯm) : semantic 能 (“bear”) + abbreviated phonetic 炎 (OC *ɦlam). \ This character originally represented an onomatopoetic word (熊熊 (xióngxióng, “(of flame) raging”)). Later its semantic component 能 (OC *nɯː, *nɯːs, *nɯːŋ, *nɯːŋʔ), the character for the Old Chinese word "bear", was borrowed for another word. This character thus began to represent the word "bear" instead. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-wam. Cognate with Tibetan དོམ (dom, “bear”), Burmese ဝံ (wam) (in ဝက်ဝံ (wak-wam, “bear”)).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hung⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hîm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiông • Middle-Chinese : hjuwng
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bear (mammal) (Classifier: 頭／头 m; 隻／只 m c mn) • (colloquial) to scold • (colloquial) timid; cowardly • (Northeastern Mandarin) to bully; to extort • (gay slang) bear (large, hairy man, especially a homosexual one) • (archaic, Muping and Xining Mandarin, Xinzhou Jin) black bear • a surname: Xiong (mainland China); Hsiung (Taiwan); Hung (Hong Kong)
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‖ 熊(くま) or 熊(クマ) • (kuma) ‖ 熊(くま) or 熊(クマ) • (kuma)
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bear ‖ a bear (large mammal of family Ursidae) • (slang) hairiness in general; (more specifically) a bear, an otter (a hairy man, especially one who is gay) • (theater) standing room only audience members in the pit (from the way the standing section would often have a metal railing or fence separating it, resembling a bear cage) ‖ prefixed to other nouns for animals or plants to indicate large size or great strength, relative to other varieties
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熊 (eumhun 곰 웅 (gom ung))
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hanja form of 웅 (“bear”)
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Hán-Nôm : hùng
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bear
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熊
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| 熱
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋjed) : phonetic 埶 (OC *ŋeds) + semantic 灬 (“fire”). \ Schuessler (2007) considers this a *-t derivation of Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nwe (“warm”) (with initial *n- ~ ŋ- vacillation), whence also Burmese နွေး (nwe:, “warm; lukewarm”) and နွှေး (hnwe:, “to warm something; to revise”). \ Often considered to be related to 爇 (OC *ŋʷjed, “to burn; to toast”) and 焫 (OC *njod, “hot”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lua̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jua̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jia̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gia̍t • Middle-Chinese : nyet
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hot; heated; having a high temperature • hot (of the weather) • to heat up; to warm up • heat; hotness; warmness; high temperature • (literary) hot weather; summer heat • ardent; warmhearted; enthusiastic • fever; febrility; pyrexia • craze; fad • popular; fashionable; in vogue • noisy; lively • (literary) worried; anxious; distraught • envious • (traditional Chinese medicine) heaty • (Mainland China Hokkien) to put cooking oil in the pan to heat it (to make it convenient to stir-fry) • (Mainland China Hokkien) deeply immersed; highly enthusiastic (into something) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) friendly; warm; intimate (with someone) • a surname
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‖ 熱(ねつ) • (netsu) ‖ 熱(ねつ) • (-netsu)
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heat • temperature • fever • mania • passion ‖ fever • (physics) heat ‖ (informal) passion; mania; fever (towards an activity or topic)
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熱 (eumhun 더울 열 (deoul yeol))
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hanja form of 열 (“fever; heat”)
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canonical : 熱: Hán Việt readings: nhiệt 熱: Nôm readings: nhét • canonical : nhẹt
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chữ Hán form of nhiệt (“heat”).
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熱
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| 燕
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Pictogram (象形) – a swallow. \ Possibly related to 鳦 (OC *qriːd, *qrid) (Wang, 1982). Some have connected it with 咽 (OC *qiːns, “to swallow”), but it is unlikely to be related (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ìnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iàn • Middle-Chinese : 'enH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jin¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ian • Middle-Chinese : 'en ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jin³ • Middle-Chinese : 'enH
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swallow (family Hirundinidae) or swift (family Apodidae) • (dialectal) shuttlecock used in jianzi ‖ (historical) Yan, an ancient march, duchy, and kingdom of northeastern China during the Zhou dynasty • (historical) the four Yan kingdoms of the Sixteen Kingdoms • northern Hebei • a surname ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 宴 (yàn, “to feast”)
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‖ 燕(つばくらめ) • (tsubakurame) ‖ 燕(つばめ) or 燕(ツバメ) • (tsubame) ‖ 燕(つばめ) • (Tsubame)
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swallow ‖ a swallow (bird) ‖ a barn swallow ‖ Tsubame (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)
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燕 (eum 연 (yeon))
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Hán-Nôm : yến • Hán-Nôm : én • Hán-Nôm : yên • Hán-Nôm : nhạn • Hán-Nôm : hiên
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燕
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| 爪
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Pictogram (象形) – a hand grabbing from above (in earlier forms from side); compare 手, 寸, 九. ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zaau² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄚˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄚˇㄦ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsáu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiáu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liáu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niáu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiáu • Middle-Chinese : tsraewX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : niàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiàu
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claw (of animal, bird); talon; paw; nail • (Hakka) to grab with claws • claw-like object; foot (of an item) • (derogatory or humorous) hand (of a person) • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) nail (of a person) • a surname ‖ (Southern Min) to claw; to scratch (with one's claw or nail) • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) Classifier for claw or scratch mark.
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‖ 爪(つめ) • (tsume) ‖ 爪(つま) • (tsuma)
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nail, claw ‖ nail; claw ‖ (only in compounds) nail; claw
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爪 (eumhun 손톱 조 (sontop jo))
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hanja form of 조 (“nail; claw”)
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Hán-Nôm : trảo • Hán-Nôm : trẩu • Hán-Nôm : vuốt • Hán-Nôm : trảu
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爪
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| 爽
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 大 + 㸚 – bright. \ Schuessler (2007) compares this to Drung sraŋ (“morning”), from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *b/s-raŋ (“morning, awake, alert”) as well as Khmer ស្រាង (sraang, “to be dim / faint (of early morning light); to glimmer”). Possibly of part of an Austroasiatic word family; see 亮 (OC *raŋs) for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sóng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sńg • Middle-Chinese : srjangX
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bright; clear • frank; straightforward • refreshing; pleasurable; invigorating • happy; cheerful; joyful • (of health) well; to feel well • to deviate; to make a mistake; to miss • to violate; to breach; to break • (of food) crisp • (Cantonese) to feel good; to enjoy one's time • (Cantonese) feel-good; satisfying • (Internet slang, neologism) a unit equivalent to 640 million yuan (CNY) (Used to satirize Chinese actress Zheng Shuang's annual income being as much as 640 million yuan for just acting in TV dramas. Popularized by a series of events of Zheng Shuang.)
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refreshing; reinvigorating • resonant • sweet • clear • bracing
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爽 (eumhun 시원할 상 (siwonhal sang))
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hanja form of 상 (“refreshing; pleasurable; invigorating”)
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Hán-Nôm : sảng • Hán-Nôm : sửng • Hán-Nôm : sượng • Hán-Nôm : sững
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爽
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| 牲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sreŋ) : semantic 牛 (“cow”) + phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs). \ From 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “alive”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saang¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sang¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : senn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Middle-Chinese : sraeng
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(historical) sacrificial animal (especially a cow, sheep, or pig) • domestic animal; livestock
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牲 • (saeng) · 牲 • (saeng) (hangeul 생, revised saeng, McCune–Reischauer saeng, Yale sayng)
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canonical : 牲: Hán Việt readings: sinh 牲: Nôm readings: sinh • canonical : sanh • canonical : xinh • canonical : chũa
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chữ Hán form of sinh (“domestic or sacrificial animal”).
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牲
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| 狗
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Characters in the same phonetic series (句) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːʔ) : semantic 犬 (“dog”) + phonetic 句 (OC *koː, *koːs, *kos, *ɡo). \ From some language ancestral to modern Hmong-Mien languages, from Proto-Hmong-Mien *qluwˣ (“dog”), perhaps from Proto-Austronesian *(u-)(ŋ)kuɣkuɣ (“dog”) (Norman, 1988; Benedict, 1996). \ Alternatively, STEDT derives this from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-kʷəj-n (“dog”), whence also 犬 (OC *kʰʷeːnʔ). \ Less likely, it may be related to 駒 (OC *ko, “foal”), 羔 (OC *kluː, “lamb”), 𤘽 (“calf”) (Wang, 1982).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : káu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kió • Middle-Chinese : kuwX
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dog (Classifier: 隻／只 m c mn; 條／条 m) • (derogatory) something or someone unpleasant · Used as an attributive. • (derogatory) something or someone unpleasant · (self-deprecatory) a miserable person (used in compounds) • (derogatory) something or someone unpleasant · (Hong Kong, neologism, derogatory) police; pig; po-po • (derogatory) something or someone unpleasant • (chiefly Beijing Mandarin) to flatter • (Cantonese) cunning • (obsolete) cub; young bear or tiger • a surname
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‖ 狗(えぬ) • (enu) ^(←ゑぬ (wenu)?)
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puppy, dog • a sentinel • a snoop or spy • useless, wasteful ‖ (obsolete) a puppy or dog
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狗 (eumhun 개 구 (gae gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“dog”)
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canonical : 狗: Hán Việt readings: cẩu 狗: Nôm readings: cẩu
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狗
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| 猶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klus, *lu, *lus) : semantic 犬 (“dog”) + phonetic 酋 (OC *sɡlu) – a kind of monkey. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iu • Middle-Chinese : yuw • Middle-Chinese : kjuwH • Middle-Chinese : yuwH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : iáu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : á • Hokkien · Tai-lo : áu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ah
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a kind of monkey • (literary, in a figurative sense) to be like; to be just as • (literary) still; yet; as before • Short for 猶太／犹太 (Yóutài, “Jew; Jewish”). • Alternative form of 猷 (yóu, “plan; scheme”) • a surname ‖ (Hokkien) still; yet
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‖
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still ‖
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猶 (eum 유 (yu))
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Hán-Nôm : do
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猶
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| 猿
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷan) : semantic 犭 + phonetic 袁 (OC *ɢʷan). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b/g-woj-n (“monkey”). \ Alternatively, the root may be Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *swaaʔ (“monkey”) (Schuessler, 2007); compare also Proto-Mon-Khmer *kwaɲ ~ kwaaɲʔ.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uân • Middle-Chinese : hjwon
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ape
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‖ 猿(さる) or 猿(サル) • (saru) (counter 匹) ‖ 猿(まし) • (mashi) ‖ 猿(ましら) • (mashira) ‖ 猿(えん) • (en) ^(←ゑん (wen)?)
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monkey ‖ a monkey (primate) • Short for 日本猿 (Nihonzaru, “Japanese macaque”). • (loosely) an ape (animal) ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) a monkey ‖ (archaic) a monkey ‖ monkey
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猿 (eumhun 원숭이 원 (wonsung'i won))
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hanja form of 원 (“ape”)
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Hán-Nôm : viên • Hán-Nôm : vượn • Hán-Nôm : ươi
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猿
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| 獄
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 㹜 (“two dogs”) + 言 (“words”) (㹜 = 犭 + 犬, two forms of “dog”). A place where dogs are barking (言) at each other, a jail with guard dogs.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : juk⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ga̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gi̍k • Middle-Chinese : ngjowk
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prison • lawsuit; case
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‖ 獄(ごく) • (goku) ‖ 獄(ひとや) • (hitoya)
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prison • lawsuit; case ‖ prison ‖ prison
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獄 • (ok) · 獄 • (ok) (hangeul 옥)
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Hán-Nôm : ngục
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獄
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| 獲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷraːɡ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 犭 + phonetic 蒦 () (the phonetic 蒦 also serves as a semantic element, meaning “to catch”) — according to Kōjien, to hunt and catch animals with a dog. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷraːɡ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 犭 + phonetic 蒦 () (the phonetic 蒦 also serves as a semantic element, meaning “to catch”) — according to Kōjien, to hunt and catch animals with a dog.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hi̍k • Middle-Chinese : hweak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waai⁴
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to catch • to obtain; to get; to receive; to win ‖ Only used in 獲鹿／获鹿. (Old name of 鹿泉 (Lùquán))
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seize • get • find • earn • acquire • can • may • able to
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獲 • (hoek, hwak) · 獲 • (hoek, hwak) (hangeul 획, 확, revised hoek, hwak, McCune–Reischauer hoek, hwak, Yale hoyk, hwak)
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Hán-Nôm : hoạch • Hán-Nôm : oách
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獲
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| 玩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋoːns) : semantic 玉 (“jade”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon) – ancient toys made of jade. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋoːns) : semantic 玉 (“jade”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon) – ancient toys made of jade.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waan⁴⁻² • Cantonese · Jyutping : waan⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guán ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wun⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guán • Middle-Chinese : ngwanH
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to play with; to toy with • to play; to engage in sports or recreational activities • to dabble in • to play; to hang out; to have a good time; to have fun; to spend time socially (e.g. with friends); to go out • to tease; to trifle with ‖ to hold and fondle; to play with; to toy with; to dally with • to enjoy; to appreciate • toy; plaything; object for appreciation • to trifle with; to treat without seriousness or respect • to savour; to deliberate
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to play with; to toy with
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玩 (eumhun 즐길 완 (jeulgil wan))
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hanja form of 완 (“play”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngoạn
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玩
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| 現
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡeːns) : semantic 玉 (“jewel”) + phonetic 見 (OC *keːns, *ɡeːns). \ Stativized form of the transitive verb 見 (OC *keːns, “to see”), formed by a nasal prefix and expressing the sense "to be visible; to appear" (Mei, 2012).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiàn • Middle-Chinese : henH
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present; current • to appear; to manifest; to become visible • now • on the spot; then and there
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‖ 現(うつつ) • (utsutsu)
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present • existing ‖ reality or consciousness, as opposed to a dream state or unconsciousness
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現 (eumhun 나타날 현 (natanal hyeon))
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hanja form of 현 (“appear”) • hanja form of 현 (“current; present; existing”)
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Hán-Nôm : hiện • Hán-Nôm : hẹn • Hán-Nôm : kén
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現
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| 璃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːl, *rel) : semantic 王 (“jade”) + phonetic 离 (OC *rel, *r̥ʰel).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lei⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lî • Middle-Chinese : lje
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Only used in 玻璃 (bōli) and 琉璃 (liúlí).
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glassy • lapis lazuli
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璃 (eumhun 유리 리 (yuri ri), word-initial (South Korea) 유리 이 (yuri i))
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hanja form of 리/이 (“glassy”)
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Hán-Nôm : ly • Hán-Nôm : li • Hán-Nôm : lê
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璃
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| 璧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *peɡ) : phonetic 辟 (OC *peɡ, *pʰeɡ, *beɡ) + semantic 玉 – a type of jade.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bik¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bik³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pik • Middle-Chinese : pjiek
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jade annulus
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piece of jade used in ancient China
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璧 (eumhun 구슬 벽 (guseul byeok))
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hanja form of 벽 (“jade”)
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Hán-Nôm : bích • Hán-Nôm : bệch • Hán-Nôm : bịch • Hán-Nôm : vách
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璧
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| 環
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷraːn) : semantic 玉 (“jade”) + phonetic 睘 (OC *ɡʷeŋ). ‖ From Cantonese 灣／湾 (waan1-4, “bay”), used in certain place names. The low-falling tone change is possibly borrowed from Siyi Yue (Lau and Tang, 2020).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huân • Middle-Chinese : hwaen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waan⁴
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circle; ring; hoop • link • to surround • (chemistry) ring (a group of atoms linked by bonds to form a closed chain in a molecule) • (mathematics) ring • (archery, shooting) ring • a surname ‖ (used in place names in Hong Kong and Macau and compounds) bay
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‖ 環(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?) ‖ 環(かん) • (kan-) ^(←くわん (kwan)?) ‖ 環(わ) • (wa) ‖ 環(たまき) • (tamaki) ‖ 環(ゆびまき) • (yubimaki)
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circle, ring, wheel ‖ ring • (algebra) ring ‖ circum- ‖ a ring or circle shape (such as a ring for a finger, or Saturn's rings) • a hoop (such as for a barrel) • a wheel (as of a vehicle) ‖ an ancient bracelet strung with jewels or bells and worn at the elbow • a longer tube-shaped gauntlet to protect the hand during archery • (obsolete) an ancient jewel or other stone in the shape of a ring ‖ (obsolete) an ancient jewel or other stone in the shape of a ring
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環 • (hwan) · 環 • (hwan) (hangeul 환)
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jade ring or bracelet • ring
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Hán-Nôm : hoàn
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環
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| 瓶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *beːŋ) : phonetic 并 (OC *peŋ, *peŋs) + semantic 瓦 (“earthenware”). \ Austroasiatic; compare Khmer ពីង (piing, “swollen, potbellied, earthen water pot”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄥˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pîng • Middle-Chinese : beng
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bottle; vase; jar; flask • Classifier for bottled objects: bottle ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
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‖ 瓶(びん) • (bin) ‖ 瓶(かめ) • (kame)
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‖ bottle, jug, or jar made from glass, pottery, or ceramic ‖ earthenware pot
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hanja form of 병 (“bottle; jar”)
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Hán-Nôm : bình
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瓶
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| 畔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːns) : semantic 田 (“field”) + phonetic 半 (OC *paːns). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bun⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puān • Middle-Chinese : banH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : pîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puînn
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boundary path dividing fields • boundary; limit • side; beside; to the side • (obsolete) Alternative form of 叛 (pàn, “to rebel”) ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 爿
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ridge
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畔 • (ban) · 畔 • (ban) (hangeul 반, revised ban, McCune–Reischauer pan, Yale pan)
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Hán-Nôm : bản
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畔
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| 異
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Ideogram (指事) – a man with a mask (田) over his face. Possible interpretations: \ * Strange, bizarre — "uncommon". \ * Different face — "different". \ Compare 鬼 (“demon”), where the 田 also derives from a face. \ Alternatively, may be a pictogram (象形) of a person carrying something on his head, the original form of 戴 (“to carry on the head”). \ Modern form is graphically 田 + 共, though this is not the etymology.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ji⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : īnn • Middle-Chinese : yiH
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different; other • uncommon; unusual; special; strange; surprising • to distinguish; to separate • (chemistry) iso- (forms terms relating to isomers) • (Hakka) quite; very
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‖ 異(い) • (i) ‖ 異(い) • (i) -na (adnominal 異(い)な (i na), adverbial 異(い)に (i ni)) ‖ 異(い) • (i) ‖ 異(こと) • (koto)
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different, other, hetero- • uncommon, special • curious, odd ‖ (literary) difference • (Buddhism) change or disease, one of the four states or avasthā ‖ (literary) strange; unusual ‖ different • strange; unusual; extraordinary; excellent • aberrant • other; another ‖ difference; (prefixed to nouns) different; other
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異 (eumhun 다를 이 (dareul i)) ‖ 異 (eum 리 (ri))
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hanja form of 이 (“different; unusual”) ‖ Only used in certain placenames.
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canonical : 異: Hán Việt readings: dị • canonical : di 異: Nôm readings: dị
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chữ Hán form of dị (“dissimilar; bizarre; unusual”).
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異
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| 疏
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋra, *sŋras) : phonetic 疋 (OC *ŋraːʔ, *sŋra, *sŋraʔ) + semantic 㐬. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋra, *sŋras) : phonetic 疋 (OC *ŋraːʔ, *sŋra, *sŋraʔ) + semantic 㐬.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : so¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : soo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : se • Middle-Chinese : srjo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : so³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòo • Middle-Chinese : srjoH
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distant; sparse; thin • to dredge; to clear an obstruction • to neglect; to alienate • careless; negligent • a surname ‖ to clarify • appeal or memorial to the king • record or submission • letter
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疏 • (so) · 疏 • (so) (hangeul 소, revised so, McCune–Reischauer so, Yale so)
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canonical : 疏: Hán Việt readings: sớ • canonical : sơ 疏: Nôm readings: sơ • canonical : sớ • canonical : sờ • canonical : sưa • canonical : xơ • canonical : xờ
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疏
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| 痕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯːn) : semantic 疒 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns). ‖ Kra-Dai substrate word. Compare Zhuang haenz (“itchy”) (< Proto-Tai *ɣalᴬ (“to itch”)), humz (“to itch”), Hlai kom (“to itch”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hûn • Middle-Chinese : hon ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : han⁴
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scar; cicatrix (Classifier: 條／条 m) • trace; mark; evidence; vestige; trail (Classifier: 條／条 m c) ‖ (Cantonese, Pinghua) itchy
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‖ 痕(こん) • (kon)
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mark, foot print ‖ scar • mark, stain
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痕 (eumhun 흔적 흔 (heunjeok heun))
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hanja form of 흔 (“scar”) • hanja form of 흔 (“mark; trace”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngấn • Hán-Nôm : ngằn • Hán-Nôm : ngẩn • Hán-Nôm : ngân • Hán-Nôm : ngần
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Nôm: ngấn, ngẩn
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痕
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| 痘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 疒 (“illness”) + phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs, “bean”) - a disease causing bean-shaped skin eruption.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dau⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dau⁶⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄡˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiō
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pox (in common) • smallpox • smallpox vaccine • pimple
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痘 (eumhun 천연두(天然痘) 두)
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hanja form of 두 (“smallpox”)
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Hán-Nôm : đậu
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痘
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| 痢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rids) : semantic 疒 (“illness”) + phonetic 利 (OC *rids) – a kind of illness.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lei¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lei⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lī • Middle-Chinese : lijH
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diarrhea
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痢 (eum 리 (ri), word-initial (South Korea) 이 (i))
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Hán-Nôm : lị • Hán-Nôm : lỵ
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痢
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| 痴
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thi • Middle-Chinese : trhi
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foolish; stupid; dumb; silly • infatuated; crazy about • (Buddhism) moha, delusion, ignorance • (Classical or dialectal) mad; insane
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‖ 痴(ち) • (chi) ‖ 痴(ち) • (chi) ‖ 痴(おこ) • (oko) ^(←をこ (woko)?)-na (adnominal 痴(おこ)な (oko na), adverbial 痴(おこ)に (oko ni)) ‖ 痴(おこ) • (oko) ^(←をこ (woko)?)
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‖ foolishness, stupidity • (Buddhism) ignorance, one of the three roots of the vice dharmas ‖ foolish, stupid • senseless, mad • craze, obsession ‖ foolish, absurd • indecent, indelicate ‖ foolishness, stupidity • indecency, indelicateness
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痴 (eum 치 (chi))
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Alternative form of 癡
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Hán-Nôm : si • Hán-Nôm : sy • Hán-Nôm : se
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痴
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| 癸
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Pictogram (象形) - Multiple uncertain interpretations. \ Possibly, this was a pictograph of a four handled plow, meant to be operated by 4 people at a time. This character shows how essential and commonplace collective farming was roughly 3000 years ago. Otherwise, it is composed of two halberds (戣 kuí).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gwai³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄟˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuí • Middle-Chinese : kjwijX
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the tenth of the ten heavenly stems • a surname
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‖ 癸(き) • (Ki) ‖ 癸(みずのと) • (Mizunoto) ^(←みづのと (midunoto)?)
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something J · tenth of the ten heavenly stems • something J · tenth rank ‖ the tenth of the ten heavenly stems; • the tenth rank; something J ‖ the tenth of the ten heavenly stems
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癸 (eumhun 천간 계 (cheon'gan gye))
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hanja form of 계 (“tenth heavenly stem”)
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Hán-Nôm : quý • Hán-Nôm : quấy • Hán-Nôm : quậy
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chữ Hán form of Quý (“tenth of the ten heavenly stems”).
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癸
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| 皿
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Pictogram (象形) A pictograph of an empty container, such as a chalice. The handles are conjoined in the modern form.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄣˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ming⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bíng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bín • Middle-Chinese : mjaengX
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dish; vessel
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‖ 皿(さら) • (sara)
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‖ dish, plate
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皿 (eumhun 그릇 명 (geureut myeong))
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hanja form of 명 (“dish”)
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Hán-Nôm : mãnh • Hán-Nôm : mảng • Hán-Nôm : mảnh • Hán-Nôm : mịn
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皿
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| 盆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯːn) : phonetic 分 (OC *pɯn, *bɯns) + semantic 皿.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄣˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄣˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phûn • Middle-Chinese : bwon
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basin; tub (Classifier: 個／个 m) • basin-shaped thing • unit of volume equal to 12 斗 (dǒu) and 8 升 (shēng) (128 liters) • Classifier for basins of things. • a surname: Pen
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‖ 盆(ぼん) • (bon) ‖ 盆(ぼん) • (bon) ‖ 盆(ぼん) • (Bon) ‖ 盆(ぼに) • (Boni)
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‖ a tray (for carrying e.g. dishes) • (archaic) a flat earthenware pot, bowl, or basin • short for 盆茣蓙(ぼんござ) (bon goza), a woven rush mat for rolling or throwing dice in gambling • a gambling den, a place where gambling happens • a gamble, a match, a contest • a household, a residence, a home (by extension from the sense of having one's own serving tray) • a place for a tryst • the circular area of a 回り舞台 (mawari butai, “revolving stage”) (from its resemblance to a round serving tray) ‖ an offering or votive at Obon ‖ the Obon or Bon Festival, an event with Buddhist roots, celebrated on July 15 ‖ (obsolete) the Obon festival (see above)
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盆 • (bun) · 盆 • (bun) (hangeul 분)
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Hán-Nôm : bồn • Hán-Nôm : buồn • Hán-Nôm : vồn • Hán-Nôm : bòn • Hán-Nôm : dồn
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pot
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盆
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| 監
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 臥 + 血. Note the migration of the dot from 血 → 皿 to a third stroke of 人 → ⿱𠂉丶/⿱𠂉一. \ Alternatively, pictogram (象形) depicting a person with an emphasized eye looking into a container (Ji Xusheng, 2004). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 臥 + 血. Note the migration of the dot from 血 → 皿 to a third stroke of 人 → ⿱𠂉丶/⿱𠂉一. \ Alternatively, pictogram (象形) depicting a person with an emphasized eye looking into a container (Ji Xusheng, 2004).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kam • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàm • Middle-Chinese : kaem ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaam³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàm • Middle-Chinese : kaemH
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to supervise; to oversee • (historical) proctor; supervisor • to control; to take charge; to direct • (historical, of crown prince or senior statesman) to act for the monarch • (historical) dukes or princes under an emperor • to imprison; to incarcerate • prison; jail • to command; to lead • (Cantonese) to force (somebody to do something) ‖ Alternative form of 鑒／鉴 (jiàn, “mirror”) • to reflect; to see; to view • to use for reference; to draw lessons from • (historical) supervisor; overseer • (historical) imperial office • (historical) eunuch
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‖ 監(かん) • (kan)
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oversee • bureaucrat • government agency or office • manage • control or own ‖ to supervise; to inspect; to watch • jail; jailhouse
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監 (eumhun 볼 감 (bol gam))
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hanja form of 감 (“supervision; overseeing”)
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Hán-Nôm : giam • Hán-Nôm : giám • Hán-Nôm : giớm • Hán-Nôm : giợm • Hán-Nôm : róm • Hán-Nôm : giấm • Hán-Nôm : lổm • Hán-Nôm : ram • Hán-Nôm : rướm • Hán-Nôm : xám
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監
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| 盤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːn) : phonetic 般 (OC *praːn, *paːn, *baːn) + semantic 皿.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puân • Middle-Chinese : ban
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tray; plate; dish • any object shaped like a tray or plate • (obsolete, historical) washbasin (broad and shallow water-vessel for ablution) • to check; to examine • to check the number or amount of; to calculate • to twist; to coil up • to build (by laying bricks, stones, etc.) • to transfer the ownership of • to transport; to carry • (finance, chiefly in compounds) financial market • (Hong Kong) property on sale (Classifier: 個／个) • (computing, chiefly Mainland China) disk; hard drive; storage device • Classifier for dishes, millstones, etc. • Classifier for things that coil: reel • Classifier for sessions of board or ball game. • (board games) match; game • (Cantonese) Classifier for businesses or accounts. • (Mainland China Hokkien) having more benefits than harms; worthwhile; profitable; being value for money; affordable • (Taiwanese Mandarin, slang, of goods) overpriced • (Shanghainese) to flirt with; to pick up • a surname
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‖ 盤(ばん) • (-ban) ‖ 盤(ばん) • (-ban)
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‖ disc, clock face • tray • board, grid ‖ (music) record, disc
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盤 (eumhun 소반(小盤) 반)
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hanja form of 반 (“disc”) • hanja form of 반 (“tray; dish”) • hanja form of 반 (“plot; territory”) • hanja form of 반 (“match; game”)
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canonical : 盤: Hán Việt readings: bàn 盤: Nôm readings: bàn • canonical : mâm • canonical : ván
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chữ Hán form of bàn (“table, desk”). • chữ Hán form of bàn (“territory, area of land”). • Nôm form of bàn, ván (“classifier for games”). • Nôm form of mâm (“food tray”).
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盤
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| 盾
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Pictogram (象形) — a shield (in the oracle bone script). Note that under the 𠂆 is not 直 - one less stroke here. \ ; “shield” \ ; “dong” \ ; “guilder; gulden; rupiah”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄣˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : teon⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seon⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tún • Middle-Chinese : zywinX • Middle-Chinese : dwonX
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(military) shield • shield-shaped object • (figurative) support; aid; assistance • dong (Vietnamese currency) • guilder; gulden (several currencies) • rupiah (Indonesian currency)
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‖ 盾(たて) • (tate)
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shield, escutcheon ‖ a weapon stood up or erected before one's body to block and protect from attacks; a shield
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盾 (eumhun 방패 순 (bangpae sun))
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hanja form of 순 (“shield”)
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Hán-Nôm : thuẫn
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盾
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| 真
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Originally phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔljin) : phonetic 𠂈 (OC *l'ɯːnʔ) + 貝 (“cowry”). Often 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ) was added as a second phonetic component. He Linyi posits it to be the original character for 珍 (OC *ʔl'ɯn, “rare; valuable”). \ The sound component 𠂈 corrupted into 十 in the modern form, and into 匕 in the orthodox seal script form 眞. The bottom of the character in both forms derives from the components 貝 and 丁 corrupting into 目 and 丌. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Tibetan བདེན (bden, “true; truth”). Possibly connected with 貞 (OC *teŋ) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsin • Middle-Chinese : tsyin
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true; genuine; real; actual • clear; distinct; sharp • really; truly; very; quite • portrait; image • natural disposition • (Chinese calligraphy) Short for 真書／真书 (zhēnshū, “regular script”). • (～日) (telegraphy) the eleventh day of a month • a surname
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‖ 真(しん) • (shin) ‖ 真(しん) • (shin) ‖ 真(しん) • (Shin) ‖ 真(あつし) • (Atsushi) ‖ 真(ただし) or 真(たゞし) • (Tadashi) ‖ 真(まさし) • (Masashi)
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truth • reality • sincerity • naturalness • regular script ‖ truth, reality ‖ truth, reality, genuineness • natural, pristine • complete, wholly • regular script (楷書, kaisho) • (logic) a true statement ‖ a surname • a male or female given name ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name
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真 (eumhun 참 진 (cham jin))
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Alternative form of 眞
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Hán-Nôm : chân • Hán-Nôm : chan • Hán-Nôm : chang • Hán-Nôm : sân
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chữ Hán form of chân (“truth”).
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真
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| 着
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Corrupted variant of 著 (艹 → 䒑; 日 → 目 (mù)). Recorded as an unorthodox form (俗字) in the Tang dynasty orthographic dictionary Ganlu Zishu 《干祿字書》. \ Later dictionaries such as the Ming dynasty 《字學三正》 and Qing dynasty Zhengzitong 《正字通》 recorded the glyph as ⿱𦍌⿰丿目.
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‖ 着(ちゃく) • (-chaku) ‖ 着(ちゃく) • (chaku) ‖ 着(ぎ) • (-gi)
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to arrive • to wear ‖ used to count suits of clothing or individual garments • used to count arrivals ‖ arrival at a location • (archaic) the wearing of clothing • (archaic) a kimono • (archaic, possibly obsolete) in the area around Edo, short for 巾着切り (kinchaku kiri, “a cutpurse”). ‖ clothes, outfit, uniform
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着 (eumhun 붙을 착 (buteul chak))
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hanja form of 착 (“arriving; wearing”)
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Hán-Nôm : trước • Hán-Nôm : trứ • Hán-Nôm : chốc • Hán-Nôm : trốc
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着
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| 瞭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːw, *reːwʔ) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 尞 (). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːw, *reːwʔ) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 尞 (). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːw, *reːwʔ) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 尞 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liáu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâu • Middle-Chinese : lew • Middle-Chinese : lewX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liáu ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : lió
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(especially of eyes) bright • clear; unambiguous • understanding-having; comprehension-having; learned ‖ to gaze at ‖ (Hokkien) to glance
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‖ 瞭(りょう) • (Ryō)
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obvious ‖ a male given name
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瞭 • (ryo>yo) · 瞭 • (ryo>yo) (hangeul 료>요, revised ryo>yo, McCune–Reischauer ryo>yo, Yale lyo>yo)
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Hán-Nôm : lẹo • Hán-Nôm : liêu • Hán-Nôm : lẽo • Hán-Nôm : liễu • Hán-Nôm : liệu
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瞭
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| 瞳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːŋ) : semantic 目 + phonetic 童 (OC *doːŋ). \ From 童 (OC *doːŋ, “child”). Compare English pupil (“‘child’ > student; pupil of eye”) for a similar semantic development.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tông • Middle-Chinese : duwng
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inexperienced; ignorant • (anatomy) pupil of eye • sight; vision; view • to see
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‖ 瞳(ひとみ) • (hitomi) ‖ 瞳(ひとみ) • (Hitomi)
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‖ (anatomy) pupil • (poetic) eye ‖ a female given name
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瞳 (eumhun 눈동자 동 (nundongja dong))
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hanja form of 동 (“pupil”)
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Hán-Nôm : đồng
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瞳
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| 矛
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Characters in the same phonetic series (矛) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : môo • Middle-Chinese : mjuw
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spear; lance
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‖ 矛(ほこ) • (hoko)
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‖ a Chinese spear; a lance; a halberd
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矛 (eumhun 창 모 (chang mo))
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hanja form of 모 (“spear; lance”)
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Hán-Nôm : mâu • Hán-Nôm : mấu
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chữ Hán form of mâu (“spear”).
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矛
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| 矣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢlɯʔ) : phonetic 㠯 (OC *lɯʔ) + semantic 矢 (“arrow”). 矢 (OC *hliʔ) may also act as a phonetic component. \ Pulleyblank (1995) tentatively suggests a connection to adverb 已 (OC *lɯʔ, “already, perfective marker”), drawing a parallel with the 了₁ (perfective particle) and 了₂ (change of state modal particle) meanings of 了 (le), but doubts that they are etymologically related, suggesting the connection may be purely semantic and for aspectual functions. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : í • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --i • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ì • Middle-Chinese : hiX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : --a • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --ah ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˊ
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(literary) Particle expressing completion, similar to 了 (le) in Standard Mandarin. • (literary) Particle expressing exclamation, similar to 啦 (la) in Standard Mandarin. ‖ (Hokkien, dialectal Hakka) Sentence-final particle expressing completion, similar to 了 (le) in Standard Mandarin. ‖ Transcription of the word for rhinoceros in a language used in ancient Yunnan.
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kanbun (Literary Chinese) sentence particle
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矣 (eumhun 어조사 의 (eojosa ui))
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Hán-Nôm : hỉ • Hán-Nôm : hở • Hán-Nôm : hỹ • Hán-Nôm : hẻ • Hán-Nôm : hĩ • Hán-Nôm : hơi • Hán-Nôm : hãy
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矣
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| 矯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krewʔ) : semantic 矢 (“arrow”) + phonetic 喬 (OC *krew, *ɡrew): to straighten; to make as straight as an arrow shaft.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : giu² • Cantonese · Jyutping : kiu² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiáu • Middle-Chinese : kjewX
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to correct; to rectify; to straighten out • to pretend; to falsify; to fake; to forge • to be pretentious; to be artificial with manners, emotions, etc. • strong; powerful • a surname
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rectify • straighten • correct • reform • cure • control • pretend • falsify
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矯 (eumhun 바로잡을 교 (barojabeul gyo))
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hanja form of 교 (“correct, rectify, straighten out”)
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Hán-Nôm : kiểu • Hán-Nôm : kẻo • Hán-Nôm : kẽo • Hán-Nôm : khéo • Hán-Nôm : kéo • Hán-Nôm : kĩu
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矯
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| 砂
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sua • Hokkien · Tai-lo : see • Hokkien · Tai-lo : se • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sa • Middle-Chinese : srae
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Alternative form of 沙 (“sand”) • Alternative form of 沙 (“extremely mushy and/or rough (as sand), texture of a watermelon of good quality”) • (Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 砂拉越 (Shālāyuè, “Sarawak”).
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‖ 砂(すな) • (suna) ‖ 砂(いさご) • (isago)
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sand ‖ sand ‖ sand
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砂 • (sa) · 砂 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa, Yale sa)
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Hán-Nôm : sa
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砂
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| 研
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɡeːn, *ŋeːns) : semantic 石 + phonetic 幵 (OC *kŋeːn).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jin⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaan⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gián • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gíng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nguí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngái • Middle-Chinese : ngenH
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to grind; to rub; to sharpen • to investigate; to study; to research • Short for 研究生 (yánjiūshēng, “postgraduate studies or student”).
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to polish • study of ... • to sharpen • inkstone • a surname
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研 (eumhun 갈 연 (gal yeon))
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Alternative form of 硏 (“hanja form of 연 (“grinding”)”)
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canonical : 研: Hán Việt readings: nghiên • canonical : nghiễn 研: Nôm readings: nghiên • canonical : nghiền • canonical : nghiện • canonical : tên
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chữ Hán form of nghiên (“to study, to research”). • Nôm form of nghiền (“to grind”).
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研
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| 硝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sew) : semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : siu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siau • Middle-Chinese : sjew
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(inorganic chemistry) saltpetre, niter • to tan
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saltpeter, niter, the mineral form of potassium nitrate (KNO₃).
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硝 • (cho) · 硝 • (cho) (hangeul 초, revised cho, McCune–Reischauer ch'o, Yale cho)
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canonical : 硝: Hán Việt readings: tiêu
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硝
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| 硫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ru) : semantic 石 (“stone”) + abbreviated phonetic 流 (OC *ru). \ Derivative: 鋶／锍 (liǔ, “sulfonium”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liû • Middle-Chinese : ljuw
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(chemistry) sulfur
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sulfur
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硫 (eum 류 (ryu), word-initial (South Korea) 유 (yu))
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Hán-Nôm : lưu
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硫
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| 碧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praɡ, *preɡ) : semantic 王 (“jade”) + semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiak • Middle-Chinese : pjiek
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green jade • blue-green
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blue • green
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碧 (eumhun 푸를 벽 (pureul byeok))
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hanja form of 벽 (“blue-green”)
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Hán-Nôm : bích • Hán-Nôm : biếc
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碧
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| 確
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰroːwɢ) : semantic 石 (“rock”) + phonetic 寉 (OC *ɡluːwɢ) – rock-solid, as certain as a rock.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khak • Middle-Chinese : khaewk
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real; true • firm; resolute • truly; indeed • Alternative form of 确 (què, “rocky and barren”) • Alternative form of 搉 (què, “to knock; to hit; to beat”)
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certain
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確 • (hwak) · 確 • (hwak) (hangeul 확, revised hwak, McCune–Reischauer hwak, Yale hwak)
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Hán-Nôm : xác • Hán-Nôm : xạc ‖ romanization : xác
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‖ chữ Hán form of xác (“durable; strong; solid; firm”).
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確
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| 磁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zɯ) : semantic 石 (“rock; stone”) + phonetic 兹 (OC *ʔsɯ, *zɯ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huî
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magnet • magnetism • Alternative form of 瓷 (cí, “porcelain”)
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magnet
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磁 • (ja) · 磁 • (ja) (hangeul 자, revised ja, McCune–Reischauer cha, Yale ca)
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Hán-Nôm : từ
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磁
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| 礁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 石 (“rock”) + phonetic 焦 (OC *ʔsew).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ziu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ta • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiau
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shoal rock; reef
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‖ 礁(しょう) • (shō)
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reef ‖ reef
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礁 (eumhun 암초 초 (amcho cho))
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hanja form of 초 (“reef”)
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Hán-Nôm : tiều • Hán-Nôm : tiêu
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礁
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| 礎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋ̊ʰraʔ) : semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 楚 (OC *sŋ̊ʰraʔ, *sŋ̊ʰras) – a kind of stone, a plinth.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : co² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshóo • Middle-Chinese : tsrhjoX
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plinth • foundation; base • basis; cornerstone
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cornerstone
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礎 (eumhun 주춧돌 초 (juchutdol cho))
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hanja form of 초 (“cornerstone”)
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礎
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| 祀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljɯʔ) : semantic 示 (“divinity”) + phonetic 巳 (OC *ljɯʔ, *lɯs)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǐ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sāi • Middle-Chinese : ziX
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to sacrifice; to worship • (Shang dynasty) year
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enshrine, worship
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祀 (eum 사 (sa))
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canonical : 祀: Hán Việt readings: tự
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chữ Hán form of tự.
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祀
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| 禍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡloːlʔ) : semantic 示 (“sacrifice”) + phonetic 咼 (OC *kʰʷroːl).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wo⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wo⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ē • Middle-Chinese : hwaX
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disaster; misfortune; calamity • to bring disaster upon
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‖ 禍(わざわい) • (wazawai)
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Calamity ‖ Alternative form of 災い
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禍 • (hwa) · 禍 • (hwa) (hangeul 화, revised hwa, McCune–Reischauer hwa, Yale hwa)
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disaster, calamity
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Hán-Nôm : họa • Hán-Nôm : hoạ • Hán-Nôm : vạ
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禍
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| 禽
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In oracle bone inscriptions, pictogram (象形) of a net, originally the same character as 𠦒 and 畢. In bronze inscriptions, the phonetic component 今 (OC *krɯm) was added, making the character phono-semantic (形聲／形声, OC *ɡrɯm) . This form was borrowed for its modern meaning, and the original meaning of "capture" came to be represented by 擒 (OC *ɡrɯm). \ In the modern form, 今 has corrupted into 人 and 𠦒 into 离. Compare with 畢.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kam⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khîm • Middle-Chinese : gim
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(literary) birds and beasts • birds (as a general category); fowl • Alternative form of 擒 (“to capture; to catch”) • a surname
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bird • (more specifically) chicken
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禽 (eumhun 날짐승 금 (naljimseung geum))
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hanja form of 금 (“birds, fowl, winged animals”)
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Hán-Nôm : cầm
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禽
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| 禾
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Pictogram (象形) – picture of a plant stalk. The stalk is more recognizable in older form. \ Cognate with Tibetan གྲོ (gro, “wheat”) (Hill, 2019). ‖ Pronunciation borrowed from Mandarin 我 (wǒ), tone from Cantonese 我 (ngo5). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wo⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Middle-Chinese : hwa ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : wo⁵ ‖
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grain; cereal • rice plant ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese, neologism, leetspeak or sarcastic) I; me; my ‖ (Teochew, Leizhou Min) grain; cereal; crop
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grain; cereal • rice plant
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‖
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rice ‖ the number of horse teeth
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Hán-Nôm : hòa • Hán-Nôm : hoà
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禾
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| 稀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hlɯl) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 禾 (“grain”) + phonetic 希 (OC *hlɯl, “rare; sparse”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hei¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hi • Middle-Chinese : xj+j
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rare; uncommon; scarce • sparse • diluted; thin • thin or watery thing • very
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‖ 稀(まれ) • (mare) -na (adnominal 稀(まれ)な (mare na), adverbial 稀(まれ)に (mare ni))
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‖ rare
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稀 • (hui) · 稀 • (hui) (hangeul 희, revised hui, McCune–Reischauer hŭi, Yale huy)
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canonical : 稀: Hán Việt readings: hi 稀: Nôm readings: sè • canonical : si • canonical : sây • canonical : hì • canonical : sầy • canonical : hi • canonical : sề • canonical : hề • canonical : sì • canonical : sé
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稀
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| 稚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ils) : semantic 禾 (“rice”) + phonetic 屖 (OC *sliːl). \ During the Han Dynasty, the 屖 component was commonly substituted with 隹 (zhuī). \ Related to 遲 (OC *l'il, “slow; late”) (Liu, 1999; Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tī • Middle-Chinese : drijH
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immature grain • ^⁜ young; infantile; immature • ^⁜ child; infant
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immature • young
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稚 (eumhun 어릴 치 (eoril chi))
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hanja form of 치 (“infantile”)
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稚
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| 種
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs). \ Perhaps Sino-Tibetan: Chepang [script needed] (tuŋʔ-, “to plant”), दुङ् (duŋ, “shoot; sprout”), दुङ्सा (duŋ-, “to sprout; to grow”). Compare 腫 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “to swell”) and 踵 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “heel”). \ Related to Proto-Vietic *k-coːŋʔ (“seed”) (Vietnamese giống (“seed”)), which is likely a loanword from Chinese (Wang, 1948). \ Pronunciation 2 (“to sow; to plant”) is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 (“seed”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs). \ Perhaps Sino-Tibetan: Chepang [script needed] (tuŋʔ-, “to plant”), दुङ् (duŋ, “shoot; sprout”), दुङ्सा (duŋ-, “to sprout; to grow”). Compare 腫 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “to swell”) and 踵 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “heel”). \ Related to Proto-Vietic *k-coːŋʔ (“seed”) (Vietnamese giống (“seed”)), which is likely a loanword from Chinese (Wang, 1948). \ Pronunciation 2 (“to sow; to plant”) is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 (“seed”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs). \ Perhaps Sino-Tibetan: Chepang [script needed] (tuŋʔ-, “to plant”), दुङ् (duŋ, “shoot; sprout”), दुङ्सा (duŋ-, “to sprout; to grow”). Compare 腫 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “to swell”) and 踵 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “heel”). \ Related to Proto-Vietic *k-coːŋʔ (“seed”) (Vietnamese giống (“seed”)), which is likely a loanword from Chinese (Wang, 1948). \ Pronunciation 2 (“to sow; to plant”) is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 (“seed”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsíng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsióng • Middle-Chinese : tsyowngX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiòng • Middle-Chinese : tsyowngH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄥˊ
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seed; kernel; cereal • clan; ethnic group; ethnicity; race • (taxonomy) species; breed • kind; sort; type • Classifier for varieties: kind; sort; type ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • (colloquial) guts; grit • a surname: Zhong ‖ to sow; to strew • to grow; to plant; to cultivate • to breed; to bring up • to foster; to train • to transplant; to inoculate ‖ cereal that is to plant early and to harvest lately • a surname
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‖ 種(たね) or 種(タネ) • (tane) ‖ 種(たね) • (Tane) ‖ 種(くさ) • (kusa) ‖ 種(くさ) • (-kusa) ‖ 種(くさわい) • (kusawai) ^(←くさはひ (kusafafi)?) ‖ 種(しゅ) • (shu)
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seed • plant, sow • class, kind, variety • (taxonomy) species ‖ a seed • a pit or stone in a fruit • a gamete (reproductive cell such as a spermatozoan or egg) • a lineage, bloodline • an origin, cause • the materials or ingredients from which something is made • capital, funds, seed money ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ an origin, cause • a type, class ‖ counter for number of kinds or types ‖ an origin, cause • a type, class • an interest, appeal ‖ a seed • a kind, type, sort, class, or category • (taxonomy) a species
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種 (eumhun 씨 종 (ssi jong)) ‖ 種 (eumhun 심을 종 (simeul jong))
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hanja form of 종 (“seed; kernel”) • hanja form of 종 (“kind; sort; type”) • hanja form of 종 (“(taxonomy) species”) ‖ hanja form of 종 (“to plant; to cultivate”) • hanja form of 종 (“to transplant; to inoculate”)
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canonical : 種: Hán Việt readings: chủng • canonical : chũng 種: Nôm readings: giống • canonical : chỏng • canonical : chõng • canonical : chủng • canonical : trồng • canonical : chổng • canonical : truồng • canonical : giuống
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chữ Hán form of chủng (“species; race; type; kind”). • Nôm form of giống (“kind; race; breed”). • Nôm form of trồng (“to plant”).
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種
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| 稻
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'uːʔ) : semantic 禾 (“grain, cereal, rice”) + phonetic 舀 (OC *lowʔ, *lu, *lo). \ Area word (rice culture originated in the south). Often compared with Proto-Hmong-Mien *mbləu (“rice plant/paddy”), whence White Hmong nplej (Bodman, 1980). \ The relationship with similar-looking Mon-Khmer words is ambiguous (Schuessler, 2007). Ferlus (2010) proposes a connection to Proto-Mon-Khmer *sruʔ (“paddy”), which in turn is linked to Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₂rawʔ (“taro”), as the two plants share the same farming niche. \ Alternatively, Sagart (2011) derives this word from 舀 (OC *lowʔ, *lu, *lo, “to scoop (hulled grain) from a mortar”). If so, since the Hmong-Mien comparandum only has the derived sense of “rice”, it would be borrowed from Chinese rather than the other way around. \ The native Min word 粙 may be a variant (Schuessler, 2007, apud Norman, p.c.).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : dou⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǎu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiǔ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiū • Middle-Chinese : dawX
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paddy; rice (Oryza sativa) • a surname
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rice plant
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稻 (eumhun 벼 도 (byeo do))
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hanja form of 도 (“rice plant”)
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Hán-Nôm : đạo • Hán-Nôm : đữu
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稻
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| 稼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːs) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 家 (OC *kraː). \ Compare Proto-Tai *klaːꟲ (“seedling; rice”), Proto-Kam-Sui *kla³ (“rice seedling”), though the medials do not agree (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaa³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kèe • Middle-Chinese : kaeH
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to sow; to plant; to cultivate • grain; cereal; crop
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to earn • earning, earnings • working, operation
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稼 (eumhun 심을 가 (simeul ga))
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hanja form of 가 (“work”)
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Hán-Nôm : giá • Hán-Nôm : cấy
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稼
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| 稽
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Characters in the same phonetic series (旨) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Originally 𩒨, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kiː, *kʰiːʔ) : phonetic 旨 (OC *kjiʔ) + semantic 頁 (“person's head”). \ In the modern form it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kiː, *kʰiːʔ) : semantic 𥝌 (“bent, stunted tree”) + semantic 尤 + phonetic 旨 (OC *kjiʔ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kai¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ke • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khé • Middle-Chinese : kej ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kai² • Middle-Chinese : khejX
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(transitive) to examine; to investigate; to check • (transitive) to examine; to investigate; to check · to recriminate; to argue; to dispute • (transitive, intransitive) to keep; to reserve • (transitive, intransitive) to keep; to reserve · to delay; to procrastinate • (transitive) to reach • (transitive, intransitive) to suit; to correspond • to divine ‖ to kowtow; to bow to the ground
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to think; to consider • to train; to practice
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稽 (eumhun 상고할 계 (sanggohal gye))
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hanja form of 계 (“to examine”)
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Hán-Nôm : kê • Hán-Nôm : ghê • Hán-Nôm : ghe • Hán-Nôm : khẻ • Hán-Nôm : khẽ • Hán-Nôm : khể
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稽
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| 穀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kloːɡ) : semantic 禾 (“grain”) + phonetic 𣪊 (). \ From Austroasiatic or an area word (Schuessler, 2007); compare: \ * Proto-Vietic *r-koːʔ (“husked rice”), Khmu [script needed] (rŋkoʔ, “husked rice”) \ * Jingpho n-gu (n³³ ku³³, “rice (uncooked)”) (from Austroasiatic) \ * Proto-Tai *C̬.qawꟲ (“rice”) (borrowed from Austroasiatic, whence Thai ข้าว (kâao, “rice”)) \ * Burmese ကောက် (kauk, “rice; paddy”) \ STEDT compares this to provisional Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kuk (“rice, grain (crop)”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : guk¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kak • Middle-Chinese : kuwk
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corn; grain; cereal • foxtail millet (Setaria italica, the plant or the unhulled grain) • (obsolete) salary • (obsolete) to rear; to bring up • (obsolete) to live • (regional) paddy; unhulled rice • (regional) rice plant • (obsolete) good; fine
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grain
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穀 (eumhun 곡식 곡 (goksik gok)) · 穀 (eumhun 어린아이 누 (eorinai nu))
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hanja form of 곡 (“grain”)
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Hán-Nôm : cốc
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穀
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| 積
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔseɡs, *ʔseɡ) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 責 (OC *ʔsreːɡ). \ * (to collect; to accumulate): Cognate with Tibetan རྩིག་པ (rtsig pa) (Schuessler, 2007). \ * (jack; knave, to jack): From English jack.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsit • Middle-Chinese : tsjek • Middle-Chinese : tsjeH
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to store up crops; to store cereal crops • to accumulate; to amass; to store; to gather • to hold in store; to store up (for future use); to be latent • to stagnate; to become stagnant • to add up; to sum up to • accumulated goods • (traditional Chinese medicine) indigestion • (mathematics) product (in a multiplication) • long-standing; long • habitual; inveterate • sixtieth (60th) tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "accumulation" (𝍁) • (Cantonese, card games) jack; knave (Classifier: 隻／只 c) • (Cantonese) Alternative form of 唧 (“jack; to jack”) • (Hokkien) to suffer from indigestion (of children) • (archaic) Alternative form of 漬／渍 (zì, “to soak”) • (archaic) Alternative form of 績／绩 (jì, “achivement”) • (archaic) Alternative form of 迹 (jì, “movement”)
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‖ 積(せき) • (seki)
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volume ‖ (arithmetic) product
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積 • (jeok, ja) · 積 • (jeok, ja) (hangeul 적, 자, revised jeok, ja, McCune–Reischauer chŏk, cha, Yale cek, ca)
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Hán-Nôm : tích
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積
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| 穫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaːɡ) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 蒦 (). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaːɡ) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 蒦 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hi̍k • Middle-Chinese : hwak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˋ
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to harvest; to cut grain; to reap ‖ Only used in 焦穫／焦获 (Jiāohù).
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to harvest
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穫 (eumhun 벼 벨 확 (byeo bel hwak)) ‖ 穫 (eumhun 땅 이름 호 (ttang ireum ho))
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hanja form of 확 (“to harvest; to reap”) • hanja form of 확 (“to cut grain”) ‖ hanja form of 호 (“only used in 초호 (焦穫, Choho), historical place in ancient China”)
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Hán-Nôm : hoạch
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穫
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| 窒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tiːɡ, *tiɡ) : semantic 穴 + phonetic 至 (OC *tjiɡs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : that • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Middle-Chinese : trit • Middle-Chinese : tet
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to stop up; to obstruct; to block up • (Cantonese) to mock with words • (Cantonese) to stutter; to stammer • (Cantonese, figuratively) to stutter; to make halting movements • (Hokkien) to plug in; to squeeze in (a hole, gap, etc.) • (Hokkien) stopper; cork; plug • (Quanzhou Hokkien) to return money
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plug up • obstruct
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窒 • (jil, jeol) · 窒 • (jil, jeol) (hangeul 질, 절, revised jil, jeol, McCune–Reischauer chil, chŏl, Yale cil, cel)
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romanization : trất • romanization : khỏng • romanization : rấp • romanization : rất
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窒
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| 窟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰluːd) : semantic 穴 (“hole; cave”) + phonetic 屈 (OC *klud, *kʰlud).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khut • Middle-Chinese : khwot
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cave; hole; cavity • den; lair; a place where a certain kind of people or things gather • (Hokkien) depression; dip; hollow • (Hokkien) Classifier for holes, cavities, or hollows. • (obsolete) house made of earth
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‖
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hole, cave ‖
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窟 (eumhun 굴 굴 (gul gul))
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hanja form of 굴 (“cave; hole”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : quật
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窟
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| 窮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuŋ) : semantic 穴 (“cave; nest; confinement”) + phonetic 躬 (OC *kuŋ). \ Possibly a vocalic variant of 邛 (OC *ɡoŋ, “distress”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : kung⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : không • Middle-Chinese : gjuwng
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to exhaust • to thoroughly investigate • to be in the wrong and unable to argue further • to be in dire straits; to suffer from lack of opportunity, support, etc. • poor; destitute; impoverished • to be exhausted; to be used up • remote; out-of-the-way • extremely • thoroughly • excessively; inappropriately attentive to details; snobbishly; frivolously • 69th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "exhaustion, tiredness" (𝍊) • (Northern Wu) very; quite • name of an ancient state
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窮 (eumhun 다할 궁 (dahal gung)) · 窮 (eumhun 궁할 궁 (gunghal gung))
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hanja form of 궁 (“poor, destitute, impoverished”)
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Hán-Nôm : cùng • Hán-Nôm : khùng • Hán-Nôm : còng • Hán-Nôm : càng ‖ romanization : khùng ‖ romanization : càng
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‖ crazy ‖ nipper, pincer
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窮
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| 竟
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According to Shuowen, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 音 (“sound”) + 儿 (“man”) - a man has spoken. \ Cognate with 境 (OC *kraŋʔ, “boundary”) (Schuelsser, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ging² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kìng • Middle-Chinese : kjaengH
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to finish; to end (literary) • finally; after all; at last (literary) • unexpectedly; to one's surprise; surprisingly • whole; entire
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end; final
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竟 (eumhun 다할 경 (dahal gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“exhaust, end”)
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Hán-Nôm : cánh • Hán-Nôm : cạnh • Hán-Nôm : giạnh
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竟
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| 競
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According to Shuowen, an Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 誩 (“argument”) + 儿 (“man”) + 儿 (“man”) – two individuals competing. Also possibly a Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraŋs) : phonetic 誩 (OC *ɡaŋʔ, *ɡraŋs, *l̥ʰuːms) + semantic 儿 (“man”) + semantic 儿 (“man”). Compare 友.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ging⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ging³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kīng • Middle-Chinese : gjaengH
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to contend; to vie; to compete • (literary) competitively; eagerly; trying to outdo one another • ^† strong; powerful
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competition • to compete
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競 (eumhun 다툴 경 (datul gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“competition”)
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Hán-Nôm : cạnh • Hán-Nôm : ganh
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競
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| 笛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːwɢ) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw). \ Cognate with 籥 (OC *lowɢ, “bamboo flute”) (Baxter, 1992).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ta̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍k • Middle-Chinese : dek
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flute • whistle • (Hakka, Leizhou Min) suona
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‖ 笛(ふえ) • (fue) ‖ 笛(てき) • (teki) ‖ 笛(てき) • (teki) ‖ 笛(ちゃく) • (chaku)
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‖ (music) a flute, whistle, pipe • (anatomy, rare) a windpipe • (music) a side-blown flute, as opposed to end-blown instruments such as the 篳篥 (hichiriki) • a whistle such as that used by a referee • a train whistle ‖ flute, whistle ‖ (music, archaic, possibly obsolete) a flute, particularly the Chinese side-blown flute ‖ (archaic, music) a flute, whistle
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笛 • (jeok) · 笛 • (jeok) (hangeul 적, revised jeok, McCune–Reischauer chŏk, Yale cek)
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Hán-Nôm : địch • Hán-Nôm : sáo
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笛
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| 筆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prud) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 聿 (OC *b·lud, “writing brush”) – a hand holding a brush 聿. The bamboo (竹) refers to the material of traditional Chinese brushes. \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ris (“to draw; picture”) or *rit (“to draw; boundary”) (STEDT). Related to 聿 (OC *b·lud). \ Benedict (1972) surmises that this might ultimately be a loan from Austro-Tai into Sino-Tibetan; compare Proto-Austronesian *bulut (“hairy filaments of certain plants, husk”) (> Cebuano bulut).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pit • Middle-Chinese : pit
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writing brush • (countable) pen; pencil (Classifier: 枝／支 m c mn; 把 md) • to write; to compose • Classifier for writing or drawing: stroke (of Chinese characters, in a painting, etc.) • Classifier for sums of money and deals. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
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‖ 筆(ふで) • (fude) ‖ 筆(ふんで) • (funde) ‖ 筆(ふみて) • (fumite) ‖ 筆(ひつ) • (hitsu)
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‖ a writing brush, a painting brush, a pen • writing: · the act of writing • writing: · something written • writing: · handwriting, how someone writes ‖ (obsolete) same as for fude above: brush; pen; writing ‖ (obsolete) same as for fude above: brush; pen; writing ‖ a brush, a pen, a writing or drawing implement • the mark made by a brush or pen • writing or drawing with a brush or pen • an allotment of land, such as for agriculture or housing (from the way that a description of the land and the owner would be written down in the survey register)
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筆 (eumhun 붓 필 (but pil))
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hanja form of 필 (“writing brush; to write; stroke”)
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Hán-Nôm : bút • Hán-Nôm : viết
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筆
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| 筋
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 竹 (“bamboo”) + 𠛧 (“peel”) – sinew (bamboo is sinewy when peeled). The component 力 is a corruption of 刀 (刂).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kirn • Middle-Chinese : kj+n
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(anatomy) tendon; sinew • (anatomy) muscle • (anatomy) vein that stands out on the skin; prominent superficial vein • (by extension) anything resembling a sinew or vein, such as chopsticks • a surname: Jin
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‖ 筋(すじ) • (suji) ^(←すぢ (sudi)?) ‖ 筋(すじ) • (-suji) ^(←すぢ (sudi)?)
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muscle, tendon • vein, artery • reason, logic • plot, storyline • counter for long thin things; counter for roads or blocks when giving directions • lineage, descent ‖ muscle • tendon • have an aptitude • vein • (usually in place names) road ‖ Counter for long, thin things.
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筋 • (geun) · 筋 • (geun) (hangeul 근, revised geun, McCune–Reischauer kŭn, Yale kun)
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Hán-Nôm : cân • Hán-Nôm : gân
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筋
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| 筒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːŋ, *doːŋs) : semantic 𥫗 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 同 (OC *doːŋ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tâng • Middle-Chinese : duwng • Middle-Chinese : duwngH
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section of thick bamboo • hollow tube; pipe • barrel; can; tin • tube-shaped part of an item of clothing or footwear • (colloquial) to put in; to place in
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‖ 筒(つつ) • (tsutsu) ‖ 筒(どう) • (dō)
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cylinder • pipe • tube • gun barrel • sleeve ‖ tube • hub (central part of a wheel) ‖ hub (central part of a wheel)
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筒 • (tong) · 筒 • (tong) (hangeul 통, revised tong, McCune–Reischauer t'ong, Yale thong)
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Hán-Nôm : đồng • Hán-Nôm : thổng • Hán-Nôm : đỗng
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筒
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| 箱
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *slaŋ) : semantic 𥫗 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs) – a bamboo box.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : soeng¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sionn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siaunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siang • Middle-Chinese : sjang
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(large) box; chest; trunk • box-shaped thing • Classifier for boxes or chests. • Alternative form of 廂／厢 (xiāng, “side room”)
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‖ 箱(はこ) • (hako)
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box ‖ a box: a container with a lid • (archaic) a chamber pot for feces; (by extension) feces • (archaic) a shamisen case; (by extension) a shamisen; (by extension) a man or other geisha who accompanies a geisha and carries their shamisen case • (slang) small ライブハウス (raibu hausu, “music venue”) • (Internet slang) Xbox
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箱 (eumhun 상자 상 (sangja sang))
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hanja form of 상 (“box”)
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Hán-Nôm : sương • Hán-Nôm : tương • Hán-Nôm : rương
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箱
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| 節
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsiːɡ) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 即 (OC *ʔsɯɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsik.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsueh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tseh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiat • Middle-Chinese : tset
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knot; node • joint • segment • link • backbone; integrity; drive; spirit; ambition • circumstances; details; particulars • solar term (in the Chinese lunisolar calendar) • time period; season; division • festival; celebration; holiday; - Day • etiquette; formality • (of law or treaty) section • (historical) Short for 符節／符节 (fújié, “tally used as proof of authorization”). • (music) beat; rhythm • (unit of speed) knot • Classifier for segments, such as batteries, lessons, train carriages, paragraphs, etc. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • 60th hexagram (䷻) of the I Ching. • to constrain; to limit; to control • to save; to use sparingly • a surname
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‖ 節(ふし) • (fushi) ‖ 節(せつ) • (setsu)
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node • joint; section • season • verse (part of a song), stanza (part of a poem) ‖ a knuckle, a joint • melody • point • section ‖ occasion, time • a person's principles • paragraph, stanza, clause
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節 (eumhun 마디 절 (madi jeol))
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hanja form of 절 (“node; joint; incision”) • hanja form of 절 (“verse; beat”) • hanja form of 절 (“anniversary”) • hanja form of 절 (“etiquette”)
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Hán-Nôm : tiết
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節
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| 範
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bomʔ) : semantic 車 (“carriage”) + abbreviated phonetic 笵 (OC *bomʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huǎn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huān • Middle-Chinese : bjomX
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(literary) mould • pattern; model • boundary; rule; law • to restrict; to restrain • Misspelling of 范 (fàn, surname).
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An example
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範 (eumhun 법 범 (beop beom))
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hanja form of 범 (“pattern, model, rule, law”)
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Hán-Nôm : phạm
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(only in compounds) pattern; model • (only in compounds) boundary; rule • (only in compounds) law
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範
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| 篇
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pin¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phian • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phinn • Middle-Chinese : phjien
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(historical) bound set of bamboo slips used for recordkeeping • piece of writing • sheet of paper • Classifier for written items, book leaves, etc.: piece
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(of a story) part, volume
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篇 (eum 편 (pyeon))
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|
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篇
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| 築
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuɡ) : phonetic 筑 (OC *tuɡ, *duɡ) + semantic 木 (“wood”). \ According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsuk ~ tsik (“to build”); cognate with Tibetan རྩིག (rtsig, “to build”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔtsukᴴ (“to build”) (whence Burmese ဆောက် (hcauk, “to build”)). \ On the other hand, Schuessler (2007) derives this from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *truk, whence also Tibetan རྡུག (rdug, “to conquer; to vanquish”) and Burmese တိုက် (tuik, “to dash against; to bump against”). STEDT derives the Tibetan word from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m/r-tuk (“cut; knock; pound”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zuk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tio̍k • Middle-Chinese : trjuwk
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(literary) wooden pestle for pounding dirt • (literary) to pound soil to make it firm; to ram earth • to build; to construct • (literary, or in compounds) house; building • a surname
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fabricate
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築 (eumhun 쌓을 축 (ssa'eul chuk))
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Hán-Nôm : trốc • Hán-Nôm : trúc
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築
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| 篤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːɡ) : phonetic 竹 (OC *tuɡ) + semantic 馬 (“horse”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tuːk (“deep; thick”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan འཐུག་པ ('thug pa, “thick; deep”). ‖ ‖ Cognate with Hakka 䐁 (dug5). ‖ Same etymology as etymology 3 (Mai, 2019). ‖ Cognate with Shanghainese 拉, as in 阿拉 (“we”), 伊拉 (“they”) (You, 1995). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tauh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tok • Middle-Chinese : towk ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : duk¹ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : duk¹ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : duk¹ ‖ ‖
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(literary) honest; sincere; earnest; whole-hearted • (literary, of illness) serious; severe; critical • (literary) solid; firm; strong; hard • (literary) deep; profound • (Wu) calm; leisurely; slow • a surname ‖ (Cantonese) to poke; to prod ‖ (Cantonese) end; bottom • (Cantonese) distant; of the further end ‖ (Cantonese) Classifier for excreta. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier ‖ (Suzhounese) Suffix indicating plural for pronouns. ‖ (Suzhounese, placed after an adjective) very
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‖ 篤(あつし) • (Atsushi)
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‖ a male given name
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篤 (eumhun 도타울 독 (dotaul dok))
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hanja form of 독 (“deep, true, sincere, genuine”)
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Hán-Nôm : đốc • Hán-Nôm : dóc • Hán-Nôm : dốc
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篤
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| 簡
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‖ Borrowed from English Jane.
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‖
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bamboo slip • letter; epistle • simple; uncomplicated • terse; succinct; pithy; concise; brief; to the point • to simplify • to treat coldly; to give the cold-shoulder; to neglect • to select; to choose; to pick • a surname: Jian ‖ A transliteration of the English female given name Jane
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‖ 簡(かん) • (kan) -na (adnominal 簡(かん)な (kan na), adverbial 簡(かん)に (kan ni)) ‖ 簡(かん) • (kan)
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simple • terse, brief, succinct ‖ brief; simple ‖ brevity; simplicity
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簡 (eumhun 대쪽 간 (daejjok gan))
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hanja form of 간 (“simple; uncomplicated”) • hanja form of 간 (“concise; brief”) • hanja form of 간 (“letter; epistle”) • hanja form of 간 (“to select; to choose; to pick”)
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Hán-Nôm : giản • Hán-Nôm : dẳng • Hán-Nôm : dớn • Hán-Nôm : giỡn • Hán-Nôm : nhởn • Hán-Nôm : dần • Hán-Nôm : dẵng • Hán-Nôm : giảm • Hán-Nôm : giằn
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簡
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| 粒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯb) : semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 立 (OC *rɯb).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : nap¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lap¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍p • Middle-Chinese : lip
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grain • small particle • Classifier for small, round objects: granule, grain, particle, piece ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • (Hokkien, Eastern Min, Taiwanese, Singapore and Malaysian Mandarin) Classifier for any round, solid objects. • (Hokkien) with hard grains and not mushy (of rice) • (Cantonese) Classifier for hours. • (Cantonese) Classifier for offspring. • (Cantonese) Classifier for pips (insignia). • (Cantonese, by extension) high-ranking police officer; police officer with pips • (Cantonese, slang) Classifier for money: ten thousand yuan, dollars, etc.
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‖ 粒(つぶ) • (tsubu) ‖ 粒(つぶ) • (-tsubu)
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grains • drop • counter for tiny particles ‖ grain, bead, drop ‖ counter for small round objects including grains, seeds, pills, drops
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粒 (eumhun 알 립 (al rip), word-initial (South Korea) 알 입 (al ip))
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hanja form of 립/입 (“grain”)
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Hán-Nôm : lạp • Hán-Nôm : lép
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粒
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| 粗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰaː, *zaːʔ) : semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ra (“hard, difficult”); cognate with Tibetan སྲ་མོ་ (sra mo, “hard”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshoo • Middle-Chinese : dzuX
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coarse; rough • vulgar; rude; crude • thick; heavy; bulky (especially of cylindrical objects)
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|
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粗 • (jo) · 粗 • (jo) (hangeul 조, revised jo, McCune–Reischauer cho, Yale co)
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Hán-Nôm : thô • Hán-Nôm : sồ • Hán-Nôm : to • Hán-Nôm : xồ
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粗
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| 粟
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Pictogram (象形) in oracle bone script. During the Warring States period, phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *soɡ) : phonetic 角 (OC *kroːɡ, *ɡ·roːɡ) + semantic 米 (“rice”). 角 corrupted into 𠧪 and further into 西
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : suk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshik • Middle-Chinese : sjowk
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foxtail millet (Setaria italica) • grains in general • (Cantonese) Short for 粟米 (“corn; maize”). • (Min) paddy; unhulled rice • a surname
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‖ 粟(あわ) or 粟(アワ) • (awa)
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‖ foxtail millet
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粟 • (sok) · 粟 • (sok) (hangeul 속, revised sok, McCune–Reischauer sok, Yale sok)
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Hán-Nôm : thóc • Hán-Nôm : túc
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粟
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| 糧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raŋ) : semantic 米 + phonetic 量 (OC *raŋ, *raŋs).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : loeng⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâng • Middle-Chinese : ljang
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grain; provisions; food • (Cantonese) salary (Classifier: 份 c) • a surname
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food, provisions
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糧 (eumhun 양식 량 (yangsik ryang), word-initial (South Korea) 양식 양 (yangsik yang))
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hanja form of 량/양 (“food, grain, provisions”)
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Hán-Nôm : lương
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salary
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糧
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| 糾
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯw, *krɯwʔ) : phonetic 丩 (OC *kɯw, *krɯw, “to entangle”) + semantic 糹 (“silk”). Originally written 丩.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gau² • Cantonese · Jyutping : dau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiù • Middle-Chinese : kjiwX
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to investigate; to inspect • to correct • to entwine; to wind • to gather; to amass; to assemble • to inform against; to inform on • (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to contract; to shrink; to tense; to taut (of muscles, etc.) • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, specifically) to shrink due to absorbing water (of cloth, etc.) • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, specifically) to become skinny, contracted, or disappear (caused by some reason)
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twist, ask, investigate, verify
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糾 (eumhun 꼴 규 (kkol gyu))
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hanja form of 규 (“twist, writhe”) • hanja form of 규 (“investigate, inspect”)
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糾
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| 紀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯʔ) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 己 (OC *kɯʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯʔ) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 己 (OC *kɯʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kì ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kì • Middle-Chinese : kiX
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rule; discipline • century • (geology) period (geochronologic unit) • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 記／记 (jì, “record; annal; historical account”)
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‖ 紀(き) • (ki) ‖ 紀(き) • (Ki) ‖ 紀(き) • (ki)
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narrative; account ‖ chronicle, written record • (geology) period ‖ a surname • Short for 日本書紀 (Nihon Shoki, “Nihon Shoki”). • Short for 紀伊 (Kii, “Kii Province”). ‖ rule; regulation • age; era; period • to record; to write down
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紀 (eumhun 벼리 기 (byeori gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“the guide ropes at the edge of a fishing net, index, contents (of a book)”)
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紀
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| 約
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Characters in the same phonetic series (勺) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔlewɢs, *ʔlewɢ) : semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 勺 (OC *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (勺) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔlewɢs, *ʔlewɢ) : semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 勺 (OC *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (勺) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔlewɢs, *ʔlewɢ) : semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 勺 (OC *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄝ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ioh • Middle-Chinese : 'jak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˋ • Middle-Chinese : 'jiewH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ
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to bundle up; to bind • rope; cord • to restrain; to limit; to keep under control • to make an appointment; to arrange • appointment; meeting; arrangement • treaty; agreement; covenant; pact; contract • to invite or ask in advance • to hinder; to block • to save; to economise • frugal; economical; thrifty • brief; concise; succinct • poor; humble; low-ranking • (mathematics) to reduce (a fraction) • to prepare; to equip • to seek; to pursue • to estimate; to approximate; to reckon • (colloquial) to weigh (on a balance or scale) • about; approximately • (Hong Kong, historical) district (of the City of Victoria) • (Hong Kong, historical) pact, group of villages ‖ Alternative form of 要 (yào, “gist; essentials”) ‖ cord for the string of a stringed instrument
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‖ 約(やく) • (yaku)
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contract, promise • to contract, to shorten • approximately, roughly ‖ about, approximately
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約 (eumhun 맺을 약 (maejeul yak))
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hanja form of 약 (“contract, promise”) • hanja form of 약 (“approximately, roughly”)
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約
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| 紅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːŋ) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ). \ 彤 (OC *l'uːŋ, “red”) could be a variant of 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). May be related to 虹 (OC *kroːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, “rainbow”). \ Originally referred to lighter shades of red; gradually replaced 赤 (chì, “red”) as the basic color term for "red". ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːŋ) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ). \ 彤 (OC *l'uːŋ, “red”) could be a variant of 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). May be related to 虹 (OC *kroːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, “rainbow”). \ Originally referred to lighter shades of red; gradually replaced 赤 (chì, “red”) as the basic color term for "red". ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːŋ) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ). \ 彤 (OC *l'uːŋ, “red”) could be a variant of 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). May be related to 虹 (OC *kroːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, “rainbow”). \ Originally referred to lighter shades of red; gradually replaced 赤 (chì, “red”) as the basic color term for "red".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : âng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : huwng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gong³
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red • (colloquial) popular; in vogue • the red clothes and bunting used on festive occasions • festive occasion; wedding • (figurative) revolutionary; Communist; Red • (business, finance) bonus; extra dividend • (literary) flower • (literary) beautiful woman • (literary) blood • (euphemistic, Cantonese, Hakka) blood tofu • a surname: Hong ‖ Substitute character for 功 (gōng). • Substitute character for 工 (gōng). • Placename in the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period in Chinese history, northeast of modern Tai'an, Shandong. ‖ Substitute character for 絳／绛 (jiàng).
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‖ 紅(くれない) • (kurenai) ^(←くれなゐ (kurenawi)?) ‖ 紅(くれない) • (Kurenai) ^(←くれなゐ (kurenawi)?) ‖ 紅(べに) • (beni) ‖ 紅(べに) • (Beni) ‖ 紅(あか) • (aka) ‖ 紅(あか) • (Aka) ‖ 紅(もみ) • (momi) ‖ 紅(もみ) • (Momi) ‖ 紅(こう) • (kō) ‖ 紅(こう) • (kō) ‖ 紅(こう) • (Kō)
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‖ the color crimson, a vivid red edging towards pink • the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), from which this color is extracted • a 伽羅 (kyara)-class incense ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ the color crimson, a vivid red edging towards pink • Short for 紅花 (benibana). the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), from which this color is extracted • the crimson pigment extracted from safflower petals, used in cosmetics and as a food coloring • rouge (red cosmetic traditionally made from safflowers) • lipstick, lip liner (also traditionally made from safflowers) ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ Alternative spelling of 赤 (aka, “red”) ‖ a female given name ‖ silk cloth dyed an even shade of one color, often a deep gold dyed again with crimson, traditionally used as a kimono liner ‖ a female given name ‖ the color crimson, a vivid red edging towards pink ‖ crimson • safflower • female • Substitute character for 工: work done by women ‖ a female given name
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紅 (eumhun 붉을 홍 (bulgeul hong)) ‖ 紅 (eumhun 상복 공 (sangbok gong))
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‖
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紅
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| 納
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nuːb) : semantic 糸 (“silk, thin thread”) + phonetic 内 (). \ ; “to make enter > to accept, to receive; to contribute” \ ; “nano-”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍h • Middle-Chinese : nop
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to admit; to receive • to accept; to take on • to bring into • to enjoy; to delight in • to pay; to give payment to • to sew close stitches • (Mainland China) nano- (SI unit prefix)
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‖ 納(おさむ) • (Osamu)
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‖ a male given name
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納 (eumhun 들일 납 (deuril nap))
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hanja form of 납 (“to pay”) • hanja form of 납 (“to admit; to accept”)
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納
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| 純
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‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seon⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sûn • Middle-Chinese : dzywin ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeon² • Middle-Chinese : tsywinX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tyun⁴
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pure; unmixed • genuine; honest; simple • entirely; completely; all • skillful; proficient • (literary) silk ‖ (Classical) border of a piece of clothing ‖ (Classical) Classifier for a section of cloth.
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‖ 純(じゅん) • (jun) -na (adnominal 純(じゅん)な (jun na), adverbial 純(じゅん)に (jun ni)) ‖ 純(じゅん) • (jun-) ‖ 純(じゅん) • (Jun) ‖ 純(あつし) • (Atsushi)
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‖ innocent ‖ pure ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name
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純 (eumhun 순수할 순 (sunsuhal sun))
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hanja form of 순 (“innocence”)
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純
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| 紙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kjeʔ) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 氏 (OC *skeŋ, *kje, *ɡjeʔ). \ Unknown. It has been connected to Vietnamese giấy (< Proto-Vietic *k-cajʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí • Middle-Chinese : tsyeX
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(countable) paper (Classifier: 張／张) • (chiefly Cantonese) currency • (Cantonese, countable) banknote; bill (Classifier: 張／张 c) • Classifier for document and letters. • Short for 紙錢／纸钱 (zhǐqián, “paper made to resemble money and burnt as an offering to the dead”). • (Mandarin, neologism, slang) Pronunciation spelling of 子 (zǐ). • a surname
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‖ 紙(かみ) • (kami) ‖ 紙(し) • (shi) ^(←し (si)?)
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paper ‖ paper ‖ paper • newspaper
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紙 (eumhun 종이 지 (jong'i ji))
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hanja form of 지 (“paper”)
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紙
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| 級
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krɯb) : semantic 糹 (“thread”) + phonetic 及 (OC *ɡrɯb). ‖ From English cup.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kap¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kip • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khip • Middle-Chinese : kip ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : kap¹
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level; rank; grade; class • (education) grade; form • step • (literary) beheaded head • Classifier for steps. • Classifier for level, ranks, grades, etc.. ‖ (Cantonese) cup; cup size
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‖ 級(きゅう) • (kyū) ^(←きふ (kifu)?)
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‖ rank • (school) a class • (typography) a unit equal to 1 H (ha) and 0.25 mm, abbreviated as Q, which happens to be the initial of English quarter; Q is used for font size, while ha is used for spacing
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級 (eumhun 등급 급 (deunggeup geup))
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hanja form of 급 (“level; grade”)
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級
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| 紛
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Characters in the same phonetic series (分) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰɯn) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 分 (OC *pɯn, *bɯns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hun • Middle-Chinese : phjun
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to disturb; to perturb • dispute; argument • disorderly • scattered; numerous • a surname
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distract • be mistaken for • astray
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紛 (eumhun 어지러울 분 (eojireoul bun))
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hanja form of 분 (“disorderly; scattered”)
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紛
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| 細
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *snɯːls) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 囟 (OC *snɯns). The right component is etymologically unrelated to 田 in which it was corrupted to after the Han dynasty. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *z(j)əj (“little; small; tiny”) (STEDT); cognate with Jingpho zi (“small”), Tibetan ཟི (zi, “small”), Burmese သေး (se:, “small”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : serè • Middle-Chinese : sejH
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(literary or Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Min) small; tiny; little • thin; slender • fine; delicate; exquisite • careful; detailed; meticulous • slowly; carefully; thoroughly; detailedly • trifling; trivial; unimportant • (of one's voice) soft • frugal; sparing • (literary or Cantonese, Hakka, Min) young; little • (Cantonese) to be younger than • (Hokkien) concubine
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thin, fine • slender
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細 (eumhun 가늘 세 (ganeul se))
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hanja form of 세 (“thin”)
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細
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| 終
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Originally a Pictogram (象形) , 夂 (definition 2) – the knot at the end of a cord. Later reformulated as Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjuŋ) : semantic 糹 + phonetic 冬 (OC *tuːŋ). \ Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Chepang दोङःसा (doŋʔ‑, “to end; to cease”), Lai [script needed] (doŋ / doʔŋ, “to end”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Wang (1982) derives 冬 (OC *tuːŋ, “winter”) from this word.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiong • Middle-Chinese : tsyuwng
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(literary, or in compounds) end; ending; termination • (literary, or in compounds) to come to an end • (literary, or in compounds, euphemistic) to die; to reach the end of life • (literary, or in compounds) entire; all • (literary, or in compounds) eventually; finally
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‖ 終(つい) • (tsui) ^(←つひ (tufi)?)
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end, finish ‖ end, conclusion • end-of-life, death
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終 (eumhun 마칠 종 (machil jong))
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hanja form of 종 (“end; finish”)
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終
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| 組
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsaːʔ) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zou² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsoo • Middle-Chinese : tsuX
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to weave • a thin, wide silk band • to organize; to unite; to form • group; team • Classifier for sets and series. • Classifier for groups of people. • Classifier for batteries. • a surname • (botany, taxonomy) section
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‖ 組(くみ) • (kumi) ‖ 組(ぐみ) • (-gumi)
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‖ class, group, team, set ‖ class, group, team, set
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組 (eum 조 (jo))
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group, team
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組
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| 結
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kiːd) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 吉 (OC *klid). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)(j)i(t/k) (“to tie; to bind”); cognate with Tibetan ཁྱིག (khyig, “to bind”), Burmese ကျစ် (kyac, “to twist”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ket • Middle-Chinese : ket
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to tie; to bind; to join; to connect • to solidify; to form; to combine; to fuse • to form; to forge (a relationship) • to sum up; to end; to finish; to settle • knot; tie • (electronics) junction • (anatomy) node • emotional knot • written agreement; undertaking; bond; guarantee of responsibility; commitment; affidavit • to bear (fruit) • (dialectal) to stammer; to stutter • (Hokkien) loud and clear; sonorous • (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) fine and firm (not loose); well-bound; thick and sturdy • (Mainland China Hokkien, figurative) hangup; problem; preoccupation; knot (in one's heart) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to be in a knot; to be entangled with • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) Classifier for bundles of thread-like objects.
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‖ 結(ゆい) • (Yui)
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tie, fasten • join • organize • end, conclude ‖ a female given name
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結 (eumhun 맺을 결 (maejeul gyeol))
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hanja form of 결 (“tie”) • hanja form of 결 (“result”)
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結
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| 絡
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Characters in the same phonetic series (各) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ) : semantic 糸 (“thread”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ) – wrapped in thread, a web of thread.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄛˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : le • Middle-Chinese : lak
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to enmesh; to wrap around • web; net • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to slip something over like a cage
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entangle, entwine, coil around, cling • tied to, connected to • reason, logic • reins of a horse
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絡 (eumhun 헌솜 락 (heonsom rak), word-initial (South Korea) 헌솜 낙 (heonsom nak))
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hanja form of 락/낙 (“enmesh, wrap around”) • hanja form of 락/낙 (“web, net”)
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絡
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| 給
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khj+jH, “to give”) (Zhang, 1989); and \ * From 饋 (MC gwijH, “to gift”) (Shimura, 1995). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krub) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb). \ Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qǝ̆p (“to give; to supply”), comparing it to Burmese အပ် (ap, “to commit; to deliver; to hand over”), Jingpho ap (“to hand over”), Lepcha ᰀᰤᰬᰱ (kjep, “to add to; to multiply”), ᰃᰤᰱ (gjap, “many”). \ In Mandarin, Jin and Xiang, pronunciations 1 and 2 are generally thought of as colloquial and literary readings respectively, from the same Middle Chinese etymon (Zhengzhang, 2002; Liu, 2021; among others). Pronunciation 2, the literary reading, is a regular reflex from Middle Chinese. However, since pronunciation 1 is highly irregular, others have proposed alternative etymologies for it: \ * From the contraction of 過與 (MC kwaH yoX, “to pass to”) (Ikeda, 1962; Hirayama, 2000, 2010; Wang, 2022); \ * From 乞 (MC khj+t|khj+jH, “to give”) (Zhang, 1989); and \ * From 饋 (MC gwijH, “to gift”) (Shimura, 1995). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄟˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kip • Middle-Chinese : kip ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kip • Middle-Chinese : kip ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōo
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to give • for; for the benefit of • to; with (following verbs to indicate the handing over or passing of something) • to (introduce recipient of an action) • by (marker of passive voice) • Used in the form of 給我 in imperative sentences for emphasis. • Used before a verb for emphasis of affectedness. • (dialectal Mandarin, Jin) and ‖ to supply; to provide • to grant; to bestow • salary; pay • abundant; plenty • nimble; quick • a surname ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 予 (“hō͘”)
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給 (eumhun 넉넉할 급 (neongneokhal geup))
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hanja form of 급 (“give”) • hanja form of 급 (“by, for”)
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給
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| 統
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰuːŋs) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 充 (OC *l̥ʰjuŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tháng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thóng • Middle-Chinese : thowngH
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interconnected and continuous relationship • to govern; to command; to control • to unite; to unify; to reunify • all; together
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relationship • control
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統 • (tong) · 統 • (tong) (hangeul 통, revised tong, McCune–Reischauer t'ong, Yale thong)
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to lead, command
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romanization : thống
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chữ Hán form of thống (“to serve as the head (of a group); to be the leader; to lead”).
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統
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| 絹
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gyun³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kìn • Middle-Chinese : kjwienH
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fine silk tabby; thin, tough silk fabric.
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‖ 絹(きぬ) • (kinu)
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‖ silk
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絹 (eumhun 비단 견 (bidan gyeon))
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hanja form of 견 (“silk”)
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絹
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| 維
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷi) : semantic 糸 (“thread”) + abbreviated phonetic 唯 (OC *ɢʷi, *ɢʷiʔ). \ The original pronunciation of 隹 (OC *ɢʷi) was lost after the classical period, but can still be seen in other characters of the phonetic series: \ * 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to think”), \ * 唯 (OC *ɢʷi, *ɢʷiʔ, “only”), \ * 雖 (OC *sqʰʷi, “although”), \ * 帷 (OC *ɢʷril, “curtain, screen”) and \ * 淮 (OC *ɡʷriːl, “Huai River”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷi) : semantic 糸 (“thread”) + abbreviated phonetic 唯 (OC *ɢʷi, *ɢʷiʔ). \ The original pronunciation of 隹 (OC *ɢʷi) was lost after the classical period, but can still be seen in other characters of the phonetic series: \ * 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to think”), \ * 唯 (OC *ɢʷi, *ɢʷiʔ, “only”), \ * 雖 (OC *sqʰʷi, “although”), \ * 帷 (OC *ɢʷril, “curtain, screen”) and \ * 淮 (OC *ɡʷriːl, “Huai River”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bî • Middle-Chinese : ywij ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jung¹
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to tie; to fasten; to tie up • to link; to connect • to hold together; to maintain; to preserve; to safeguard • thick rope for tying objects; cord • corner; nook; recess • net; mesh; netting • (geometry) dimension • order; law; outline • long and thin object; fibre; string • Alternative form of 惟 (wéi, “to think; to contemplate”) • Alternative form of 唯 (“only”) • (alt. form 惟, 唯) meaningless particle of interjection • Short for 維生素／维生素 (wéishēngsù, “vitamin”). • Short for 維吾爾／维吾尔 (Wéiwú'ěr, “Uyghur”). • a surname ‖ Only used in 盧維／卢维 (“ancient river in the Yan Province”).
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‖ 維(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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‖ hold together; keep; maintain • what holds together; net, supportive
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維 (eumhun 벼리 유 (byeori yu))
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hanja form of 유 (“the guide ropes at the edge of a fishing net; fishing net”)
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canonical : 維: Hán Việt readings: duy 維: Nôm readings: duy
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chữ Hán form of duy (“tie, maintain”).
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維
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| 綱
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːŋ) : semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 岡 (OC *klaːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gong¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kang • Middle-Chinese : kang
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guiding principle • essential part, key part • program, outline • (taxonomy) class • (archaic) headrope, main rope of a fishing net
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‖ 綱(つな) • (tsuna) ‖ 綱(こう) • (kō) ^(←かう (kau)?)
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rope, cable • genus, class ‖ rope • tsuna; ceremonial sumo belt ‖ (taxonomy) class
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綱 • (gang) · 綱 • (gang) (hangeul 강, revised gang, McCune–Reischauer kang, Yale kang)
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Hán-Nôm : cương • Hán-Nôm : cáng
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綱
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| 綿
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 糸 + 帛 (“silk”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : min⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biân • Middle-Chinese : mjien
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silk floss • to continue; to be continuous • soft; weak • (dialectal, obsolete) to apply; to cover • (obsolete) Alternative form of 棉 (mián, “cotton”)
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‖ 綿(めん) • (men) ‖ 綿(わた) • (wata)
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‖ cotton (both the fiber and the cloth) ‖ the cotton plant • raw cotton • batting or stuffing • the albedo of a citrus; or the pith/placenta of a pepper • (figurative) the state of being exhausted or extremely tired (likely from the hard work required to pick cotton)
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綿 (eumhun 이어질 면 (ieojil myeon))
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hanja form of 면 (“cotton wad”) • hanja form of 면 (“wool”) • hanja form of 면 (“soft, downy”)
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Hán-Nôm : miên • Hán-Nôm : men • Hán-Nôm : mền • Hán-Nôm : mên • Hán-Nôm : min
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綿
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| 緊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kinʔ) : phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic 糸. ‖ Possibly from earlier 近處／近处 (gan6-2 cyu3, gan6-2 syu3, “future marker expressing the imminent aspect”) (Kataoka, 2018).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kín • Middle-Chinese : kjinX ‖
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tense; tight; taut; tightly • firm; secure • to tighten • strict • pressing; urgent • short of money; hard up • violent; heavy • critical; important • (literary or Hokkien, Datian Min, Zhao'an Hakka, Wenzhounese) quick; rapid; quickly ‖ (Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Nanning Pinghua) Grammatical particle used to express progressive aspect (an ongoing activity) which may undergo a change of state. Similar to the -ing form in English.
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緊 (eumhun 굳게 얽힐 긴 (gutge eolkil gin))
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hanja form of 긴 (“tense, tight, taut”) • hanja form of 긴 (“firm, secure”)
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Hán-Nôm : khẩn • Hán-Nôm : lẳm
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緊
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| 線
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sqʰeːns) : semantic 糹 + phonetic 泉 (OC *sɡʷen).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siàn • Middle-Chinese : sjenH
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thread • thread-like object; wire; line; string; ray • (geometry) line • route; path; line • demarcation line; boundary; border; brink • clue; sign • secret agent • ideological or political line • plotline • (Singapore, computing) network connection • (Hong Kong) lane (of a road) • Classifier for for abstract nouns or numerals indicating few or little. • a surname
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‖ 線(せん) • (sen) ‖ 線(せん) • (-sen)
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‖ line • level • beam ‖ (sciences) ray • (rail transport) line
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線 (eumhun 줄 선 (jul seon))
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hanja form of 선 (“line”)
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Hán-Nôm : tuyến
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line
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線
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| 編
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pen, *peːn, *peːnʔ) : semantic 糸 (“thread”) + phonetic 扁 (OC *pʰen, *benʔ, *peːnʔ, *beːnʔ) – to knit together a book (with thread). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p(r)an/t ~ b(r)an/t (“to braid; to plait; to interweave”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pin¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phian • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pian • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pīnn • Middle-Chinese : pen • Middle-Chinese : pjien • Middle-Chinese : penX
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to put in order; to arrange • to weave; to knit; to plait • to write; to compose; to author; to compile; to edit • to connect; to join • to make up; to fabricate • (historical) cord for tying slips of inscribed bamboo or wood together • part of a book; book; volume • a surname
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‖ 編(へん) • (hen)
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compile • weave • knit ‖ compilation • (fiction) a story arc
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編 • (pyeon, byeon) · 編 • (pyeon, byeon) (hangeul 편, 변, revised pyeon, byeon, McCune–Reischauer p'yŏn, pyŏn, Yale phyen, pyen)
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Hán-Nôm : biên
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編
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| 緩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaːnʔ) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 爰 (OC *ɢʷan).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huǎn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uǎn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uān • Middle-Chinese : hwanX
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loose; slack • relaxed; not tense • slow; leisurely; unhurried • to postpone; to delay; to have a pause • to recuperate; to revive • a surname
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‖ 緩(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?)-na (adnominal 緩(かん)な (kan na), adverbial 緩(かん)に (kan ni))
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loose • slow • loosen, relax • slacken, slow down ‖ slow; sluggish
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緩 • (wan) · 緩 • (wan) (hangeul 완, revised wan, McCune–Reischauer wan, Yale wan)
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slow, leisurely • to postpone • delay
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Hán-Nôm : hoãn • Hán-Nôm : hoán
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緩
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| 緯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯls) : semantic 糸 (“thread”) + phonetic 韋 (OC *ɢʷɯl). In earlier forms of 韋, the components above and below 囗 were feet, each facing in opposite lateral directions (left and right). \ (In this way, 韋 is also a semantic element representing horizontality.)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huī • Middle-Chinese : hjw+jH
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weft; woof (horizontal thread in a woven fabric) • (geography) latitude • planet • to weave; to wrap • Short for 緯書／纬书 (wěishū, “Confucian occult”).
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‖ 緯(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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‖ weft, woof • parallels of latitude
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緯 • (wi) · 緯 • (wi) (hangeul 위, revised wi, McCune–Reischauer wi, Yale wi)
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Hán-Nôm : vĩ • Hán-Nôm : vỉa
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緯
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| 練
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·reːns) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 柬 (OC *kreːnʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lin⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liān • Middle-Chinese : lenH
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(literary) white silk • (literary) to boil and scour raw silk • to practice; to drill; to exercise; to train • experienced; familiar • a surname
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to practice, to train, to drill • to polish, to gloss • to refine
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練 (eumhun 익힐 련 (ikhil ryeon), word-initial (South Korea) 익힐 연 (ikhil yeon))
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hanja form of 련/연 (“practice”)
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Hán-Nôm : luyện • Hán-Nôm : lén • Hán-Nôm : lẹn • Hán-Nôm : rén • Hán-Nôm : rịn
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練
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| 縮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sruɡ) : semantic 糸 (“string, thread”) + phonetic 宿 (OC *suɡs, *suɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sruɡ) : semantic 糸 (“string, thread”) + phonetic 宿 (OC *suɡs, *suɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : suk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : soh • Middle-Chinese : srjuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄛ
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to shrink; to shorten; to contract; to draw in; to reduce • to recoil • (literary, or in compounds) to step back; to move back • (literary, or in compounds) to save; to cut down • (dialectal Hakka) timid; cowardly ‖ Only used in 縮砂密／缩砂密 (sùshāmì).
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to shorten, to shrink, to contract, to shrivel
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縮 (eum 축 (chuk))
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Hán-Nôm : súc
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縮
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| 績
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔseːɡ) : semantic 糸 (“thread”) + phonetic 責 (OC *ʔsreːɡ) – to spin thread. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zik¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zek³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tseh • Middle-Chinese : tsek ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsioh
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to spin hemp into thread • achievement; accomplishment ‖ Used in 棉績／棉绩. • Used in 秧績／秧绩.
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to spin thread or yarn
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績 • (jeok) · 績 • (jeok) (hangeul 적, revised jeok, McCune–Reischauer chŏk, Yale cek)
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Hán-Nôm : tích
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績
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| 織
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯɡs, *tjɯɡ) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 戠 (OC *tjɯɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tak ~ dak (“to weave”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Middle-Chinese : tsyiH • Middle-Chinese : tsyik
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to weave; to knit • to organize; to form; to unite • to alternate; to stagger
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‖ 織(おり) • (ori)
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to weave ‖ (weaving) weaving • (weaving) weave • (by extension) woven item
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織 • (jik) · 織 • (jik) (hangeul 직, revised jik, McCune–Reischauer chik, Yale cik)
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Hán-Nôm : chức • Hán-Nôm : chuốc • Hán-Nôm : chịt
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織
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| 缺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰʷed, *kʰʷeːd) : semantic 缶 (“earthen pot”) + phonetic 夬 (OC *kʷraːds).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : kyut³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄝ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kheh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kherh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khueh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khih • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuat • Middle-Chinese : khwet • Middle-Chinese : khjwiet
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incomplete; uncompleted; deficient • imperfect; flawed • to lack; to be short of • to be absent • vacancy; gap; deficit • (colloquial) to be mean; to be wicked • (colloquial) to be stupid; to be dense • (Hokkien) chipped part; broken edge (on a bowl, cup, etc.) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) Classifier for chipped parts on the edge of a container.
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lack • gap • fail
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缺 (eumhun 이지러질 결 (ijireojil gyeol))
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hanja form of 결 (“be short of, lack”) • hanja form of 결 (“gap, deficit”)
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Hán-Nôm : khuyết
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缺
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| 罰
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 詈 (“abuse”) + semantic 刀 (“knife”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hua̍t • Middle-Chinese : bjot
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to punish; to fine; to sentence • punishment; penalty
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‖ 罰(ばち) • (bachi) ‖ 罰(ばつ) • (batsu)
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punishment • punish ‖ (divine) punishment; a curse • (Hawaii, slang): loosely "what goes around comes around"; a mysterious force of divine retribution ‖ a punishment; a penalty
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罰 (eumhun 벌할 벌 (beolhal beol))
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hanja form of 벌 (“punishment; penalty”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : phạt • Hán-Nôm : ảng • Hán-Nôm : ang • Hán-Nôm : ương
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罰
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| 罷
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 网 + 能. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 网 + 能. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 网 + 能. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 网 + 能. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 网 + 能.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baa⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǎ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pā • Middle-Chinese : bjeX • Middle-Chinese : beaX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˊ • Middle-Chinese : bje ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄞˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚˋ
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to cease; to finish; to stop • to remove; to get rid of; to relieve • to finish; to end; to be complete • (Cantonese, Particle used to signify that one is fine with all the options given.) · (Wenzhounese) Used at the end of a sentence to indicate a change of state or the beginning of an action. ‖ Alternative form of 疲 (pí, “tired; exhausted; weak”) • ^† immoral • ^† to fail ‖ Alternative form of 副 (pì, “to split open”) ‖ (obsolete) to banish • (obsolete) to scatter • a surname ‖ (chiefly Eastern Min) Alternative form of 爸, used in 郎罷／郎罢 (“father”).
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to tire • to stop • to quit • to leave, to withdraw • to go
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罷 • (pa, pi) · 罷 • (pa, pi) (hangeul 파, 피)
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Hán-Nôm : bãi • Hán-Nôm : bảy • Hán-Nôm : bời • Hán-Nôm : bởi
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罷
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| 羅
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 网 (“net”) + 維 (“bird (tied with string)”) — net for catching birds. \ Perhaps related to Tibetan དྲ (dra, “net”), རྒྱ (rgya, “net; trap”), Tangut 𗙲 (*rer², “net”) (Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014; Jacques, 2014). ‖ From English gross.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lôo • Middle-Chinese : la ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lo⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lô
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net for catching birds • sieve; sifter • gauze • to catch (birds) using a net • to gather together; to collect • to display; to spread out • to sift • a surname • Used in transcription. ‖ gross (144)
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‖ 羅(ら) • (ra) ‖ 羅(ら) • (ra)
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lightweight fabric or clothing; silk gauze; thin silk • (Abbreviation) Latin (language) ‖ lightweight fabric ‖ lightweight fabric • Short for 羅甸 (“the Latin language”). • (US) Short for 羅府 (“Los Angeles (a city in California, United States)”).
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羅 (eumhun 그물 라 (geumul ra), word-initial (South Korea) 그물 나 (geumul na))
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hanja form of 라/나 (“net; fabric”)
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canonical : 羅: Hán Việt readings: la 羅: Nôm readings: la • canonical : là • canonical : lơ ‖ romanization : là
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‖ Nôm form of là (“to be”).
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羅
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| 羞
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *snu) : semantic 羊 + phonetic 丑 (OC *n̥ʰuʔ); phonetic previously 又. Not related to 差 or 着.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄡ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiu • Middle-Chinese : sjuw
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shy • ashamed • to shame
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羞 • (su) · 羞 • (su) (hangeul 수, revised su, McCune–Reischauer su, Yale swu)
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Hán-Nôm : tu
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羞
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| 群
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡlun) : phonetic 君 (OC *klun) + semantic 羊. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-kul (“twenty; all”); cognate with 昆 (OC *kuːn, “swarming”), Tibetan ཀུན (kun, “all”), Burmese အကုန် (a.kun, “all”) (Benedict, 1972; STEDT).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : kwan⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄣˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄣˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kûn • Middle-Chinese : gjun
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group; crowd; flock; herd; pack • multitude; many people • (group theory) group • (social media) group (of a group chat) • numerous; many • Classifier for groups of people or animals: group of; flock of; herd of; pack of • (Cantonese, often derogatory) to hang out with • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 群 (MC gjun) • a surname
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‖ 群(ぐん) • (gun) ‖ 群(ぐん) • (-gun) ‖
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‖ a group of people, animals, etc. • (group theory) a group ‖ group of people, animals, etc. ‖
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群 (eumhun 무리 군 (muri gun))
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hanja form of 군 (“group, crowd, horde, herd, flock, folk, people, mob”) • (무리질 군): to crowd, flock, gather, assemble • (많을 군): multitude
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Hán-Nôm : quần • Hán-Nôm : còn • Hán-Nôm : quằn • Hán-Nôm : cơn
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群
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| 義
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋrals) : phonetic 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ) + semantic 羊. The component 羊 here signifies "good; beautiful; auspicious" and not "sheep". See 祥, 善 and 幸. \ Cognate with 儀 (OC *ŋral, “ceremony; appearance”). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gī • Middle-Chinese : ngjeH
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right conduct; righteousness; justice; morality • ties between people; relationship • meaning; implication • righteous or for the public good • (in compounds) adoptive or formally acknowledged as a relative but not related by blood • (in compounds) artificial • (Taiwan) Short for 義大利／义大利 (Yìdàlì, “Italy”). • a surname
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‖ 義(ぎ) • (gi)
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‖ justice; a situation which has a right and proper reason • a meaning • a relative who has no blood relation • an object which can be used properly instead of a right one
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義 (eumhun 옳을 의 (oreul ui))
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hanja form of 의 (“right conduct; righteousness; justice; morality”)
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Hán-Nôm : nghĩa • Hán-Nôm : nghì • Hán-Nôm : ngửi • Hán-Nôm : ngãi ‖ romanization : nghĩa ‖ romanization : nghĩa
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‖ chữ Hán form of nghĩa. · meaning • chữ Hán form of nghĩa. · morality; righteousness; justice; rightfulness • chữ Hán form of nghĩa. · duty; obligation • chữ Hán form of nghĩa. · rules and regulations; the law • chữ Hán form of nghĩa. · use; utility • chữ Hán form of nghĩa. · Abbreviation of 義大利 (“Italy”). • chữ Hán form of nghĩa. · a surname ‖ chữ Hán form of nghĩa. • chữ Hán form of nghĩa. · (archaic) adoptive
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義
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| 習
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 羽 (“wings”) + 日 (“sun”) – to learn to fly, to practice flying. \ In the current form, 日 (rì, “sun”) has changed to 白 (bái, “white”), so the present form is 羽 (“wings”) + 白 (“white”). \ Alternatively, the original form may have been a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljub) : phonetic 彗 (OC *sɢʷeds, *ɢʷeds, *sɢʷids) + semantic 日 (“sun”). \ Two general semantic fields are found in the senses: "to flap the wings; to flutter" and "to practice". They are generally considered to be the same word, with the link being "to repeatedly flap the wings (in order to learn to fly)", a sense attested in Liji. \ Area word: \ * Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-lwap (“to learn”): Tibetan སློབ (slob, “to learn”), སློབས (slobs, “exercise; training”); Mizo tlip (“to repeat; to do again; to perfect”), \ * Mon-Khmer: Khmer ធ្លាប់ (thlŏəp, “to become accustomed to; to have the habit of; marker of continuous action in the past”); Proto-Mon *le̤p ("to know how to, be skilled in") > Mon လေပ် (lèp, “to be versed in”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zaap⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zap⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍p • Middle-Chinese : zip
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(obsolete) to flap (the wings); to flutter; to repeatedly flap the wings • to practice; to exercise; to review • to study; to learn • to become familiar with; to be used to • habit; custom • (literary, obsolete) trusted follower • often; frequently • a surname
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learn
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習 (eumhun 익힐 습 (ikhil seup))
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hanja form of 습 (“practice”)
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Hán-Nôm : tập • Hán-Nôm : chập • Hán-Nôm : dập • Hán-Nôm : giặp • Hán-Nôm : tấp • Hán-Nôm : xập • Hán-Nôm : sập
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習
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| 翻
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰan) : phonetic 番 (OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban) + semantic 羽 (“wings”) – to flutter.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : faan¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huan • Middle-Chinese : phjon
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to fly; to circle in the air; to soar; to flutter • to flip over; to turn over; to reverse; to toss • to climb over or into; to cross over • to rummage through; to look through • to leaf through; to scan • to change • to overturn • to translate; to interpret • to fall out; to cease to be on friendly terms • to multiply • (Hakka) to vomit • (Cantonese) Alternative form of 返 (fǎn, “faan1”) • (Wu) to spill
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flip, turn over • wave, flutter • a change of mind
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翻 • (beon) · 翻 • (beon) (hangeul 번, revised beon, McCune–Reischauer pŏn, Yale pen)
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to fly • to flutter
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Hán-Nôm : phiên
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翻
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| 而
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Characters in the same phonetic series (而) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a beard. Original form of 耏 (OC *nɯːs, *njɯ) or 髵 (OC *njɯ). \ ; "you; your" \ ; "then", "and"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄦˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jî • Middle-Chinese : nyi
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and (used to connect two clauses or adjectives) • then (connecting two verbs or verb-phrases); and • and yet; but; nevertheless (conjunction indicating concession or contrast) • to (often used with 自) • particle between adverbial element and verb to indicate cause, purpose, or manner • particle between adverbial element and verb to indicate cause, purpose, or manner · particle between two verbs or verb phrases indicating that the first is used adverbially • modal particle indicating hypothetical condition • modal particle indicating tendency or immediate action • (literary) you; your
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‖ 而(じ) • (ji)
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‖ Calque of Literary Chinese 而 (ér): and, then, thus
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而 (eumhun 말 이을 이 (mal ieul i)) · 而 (eumhun 능히 능 (neunghi neung))
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canonical : 而: Hán Việt readings: nhi • canonical : năng 而: Nôm readings: nhi
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(Literary Chinese) and, and then
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而
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| 耗
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Originally written as 秏. ‖ ‖ * Mandarin \ *:(Pinyin): mào (mao⁴) \ *:(Zhuyin): ㄇㄠˋ \ * Mandarin \ ** (Standard Chinese)⁺ \ *** Hanyu Pinyin: mào \ *** Zhuyin: ㄇㄠˋ \ *** Tongyong Pinyin: mào \ *** Wade–Giles: mao⁴ \ *** Yale: màu \ *** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: maw \ *** Palladius: мао (mao) \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /mɑʊ̯⁵¹/
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hou³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hònn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hàu • Middle-Chinese : xawH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄠˊ ‖
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to reduce; to decrease; to cut; to minimise • to weaken; to cripple • to consume; to use up • (literary, or in compounds) news (chiefly bad news) • (regional) to delay; to put off; to procrastinate ‖ all used up; nothing left ‖ dizzy; unconscious
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decrease • decline • wear down
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耗 (eumhun 줄 모 (jul mo))
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hanja form of 모 (“decrease”)
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Hán-Nôm : háo • Hán-Nôm : hao • Hán-Nôm : gao • Hán-Nôm : hau
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耗
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| 聖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljeŋs) : semantic 耳 (“ear”) + phonetic 呈 (OC *rleŋ, *l'eŋs). Compare 聽. \ Likely related to 聽 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋ, “to hear; to listen”), 聲 (OC *qʰjeŋ, “sound”) (Boltz, 1994). If derived directly from 聲 (OC *qʰjeŋ, “sound”), it would literally mean “to be renowned; someone who is renowned” (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siànn • Middle-Chinese : syengH
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noble • holy; sacred • saint; sage • (specifically) Confucius • master; professional • emperor; king • (honorific) form of address for the respected • (Eastern Min) propitious; efficacious; favouring; (of a god) able to protect
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‖ 聖(ひじり) • (hijiri) ‖ 聖(せい) • (sei) ^†-nari ‖ 聖(せい) • (sei) ‖ 聖(せい) • (sei) ‖ 聖(せい) • (sei-) ‖ 聖(たかし) • (Takashi) ‖ 聖(さとし) • (Satoshi)
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holy, sacred ‖ a very virtuous or godly person; a saint • (honorific) the emperor • a sage • an expert; someone distinguished in their field • a virtuous or high-ranking Buddhist priest or monk • a Buddhist priest or monk in general • a monk who has gone into seclusion for purposes of asceticism and spiritual enlightenment • a monk who has adopted an itinerant lifestyle for purposes of asceticism and spiritual enlightenment, supporting themselves by gathering alms and food contributions; by extension, an itinerant preacher monk from Mount Kōya • (euphemistic) alternate name for 清酒 (seishu, “refined sake”) • a textile peddler (from the resemblance to itinerant 高野聖 (Kōya hijiri) Buddhist preachers who would carry everything on their backs) ‖ holy, sacred ‖ a saint; a holy person • holiness, sacredness • (euphemistic) alternate name for 清酒 (seishu, “refined sake”) ‖ (Brazil) Short for 聖州 (“São Paulo (a state of Brazil)”). or Short for 聖市 (“São Paulo (a municipality, the state capital of São Paulo, Brazil)”). ‖ (Catholicism) prefix added to the names of saints ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name
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聖 (eumhun 성스러울 성 (seongseureoul seong))
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hanja form of 성 (“holy, saint, sacred”)
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canonical : 聖: Hán Việt readings: thánh 聖: Nôm readings: thánh • canonical : thiêng ‖ ‖
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‖ chữ Hán form of thánh (“holy, saint, sacred”). ‖ chữ Hán form of thánh (“saint”).
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聖
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| 聘
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄣˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ping³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phìng • Middle-Chinese : phjiengH
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(historical) to visit a state as an envoy • to engage; to employ • (alt. form 娉) to betroth; to send with betrothal gifts • (colloquial) to get married (as a girl); to marry off (a daughter)
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聘 • (bing) · 聘 • (bing) (hangeul 빙, revised bing, McCune–Reischauer ping, Yale ping)
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Hán-Nôm : sính • Hán-Nôm : sánh
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聘
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| 聞
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯn, *mɯns) : phonetic 門 (OC *mɯːn) + semantic 耳 (“ear”). Compare 問 (OC *mɯns). \ Probably derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-nam (“to smell”), whence Tibetan མནམ་པ (mnam pa, “to smell of”), Tibetan སྣོམ་པ (snom pa, “to smell”), Jingpho manam (mə³¹ nam⁵⁵, “smell”), Burmese နမ် (nam, “to smell”), Burmese နံ (nam, “to stink”) (Schuessler, 2007). The inversion of n and m in Chinese is the result of labial dissimilation or prefix-preemption. \ In almost all major Tibeto-Burman languages, this etymon means only "to smell". One or other factors may \ help explain the application of "to hear" in Chinese. The semantic affinities of hear ~ smell have a parallel in Tibeto-Burman *na "ear ~ nose" and hence perhaps in Sino-Tibetan (see *r/g-na (“ear”)). The Chinese stem may have converged with a Mon-Khmer etymon (cf. Proto-Monic *smaaɲ (“to inquire”) (ibid.). Also note Tibetan མཉན་པ (mnyan pa, “to listen to; to hear”) which is phonologically quite close to Chinese. \ Pronunciation 2 ("be heard about; renowned; fame") is a derivation of pronunciation 1, with passive suffix *-s (ibid.). \ 問 (OC *mɯns, “to ask”) is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 with suffix *-s, literally "let (me) hear" (ibid.). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯn, *mɯns) : phonetic 門 (OC *mɯːn) + semantic 耳 (“ear”). Compare 問 (OC *mɯns). \ Probably derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-nam (“to smell”), whence Tibetan མནམ་པ (mnam pa, “to smell of”), Tibetan སྣོམ་པ (snom pa, “to smell”), Jingpho manam (mə³¹ nam⁵⁵, “smell”), Burmese နမ် (nam, “to smell”), Burmese နံ (nam, “to stink”) (Schuessler, 2007). The inversion of n and m in Chinese is the result of labial dissimilation or prefix-preemption. \ In almost all major Tibeto-Burman languages, this etymon means only "to smell". One or other factors may \ help explain the application of "to hear" in Chinese. The semantic affinities of hear ~ smell have a parallel in Tibeto-Burman *na "ear ~ nose" and hence perhaps in Sino-Tibetan (see *r/g-na (“ear”)). The Chinese stem may have converged with a Mon-Khmer etymon (cf. Proto-Monic *smaaɲ (“to inquire”) (ibid.). Also note Tibetan མཉན་པ (mnyan pa, “to listen to; to hear”) which is phonologically quite close to Chinese. \ Pronunciation 2 ("be heard about; renowned; fame") is a derivation of pronunciation 1, with passive suffix *-s (ibid.). \ 問 (OC *mɯns, “to ask”) is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 with suffix *-s, literally "let (me) hear" (ibid.).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : man⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bûn • Middle-Chinese : mjun ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : man⁶ • Middle-Chinese : mjunH
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(literary or Jiangyong Tuhua) to hear; to listen • to smell; to detect; to get a sniff at • (literary) to spread; to transmit • (literary) to be famous • knowledge; expertise • news; message • a surname ‖ (literary) reputation; renown; prestige • (literary) famous; renowned
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hear
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聞 (eumhun 들을 문 (deureul mun))
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hanja form of 문 (“hear”)
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Hán-Nôm : văn • Hán-Nôm : vẳn
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聞
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| 職
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Characters in the same phonetic series (戠) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯɡ) : semantic 耳 (“ear”) + phonetic 戠 (OC *tjɯɡ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zik¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsit • Middle-Chinese : tsyik
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duty; profession • office; post
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‖ 職(しょく) • (shoku)
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‖ employment • (roleplaying games) class; occupation
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職 (eumhun 벼슬/직책 직 (byeoseul/jikchaek jik))
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hanja form of 직 (“duty; profession”) • hanja form of 직 (“office; post”)
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Hán-Nôm : chức • Hán-Nôm : chắc • Hán-Nôm : giấc • Hán-Nôm : xắc • Hán-Nôm : chếch • Hán-Nôm : xức
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variant: 聀 "chức"
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職
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| 肌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kril) : semantic ⺼ + phonetic 几 (OC *krilʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Middle-Chinese : kjij
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muscle; flesh • (literary) skin
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‖ 肌(はだ) • (hada)
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‖ human skin • surface of an object • temperament, nature
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肌 • (gi) · 肌 • (gi) (hangeul 기, revised gi, McCune–Reischauer ki, Yale ki)
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muscle tissue • meat on bones
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Hán-Nôm : cơ
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肌
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| 肘
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Originally an ideogram (指事) : a hand (又) with a stroke outlining the elbow. This character was distinct from 寸; however, their shapes were too similar, so the radical 肉/⺼ was added to distinguish it, making it an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) . \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-g(r)u (“elbow, cubit”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zau² • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaau² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiú • Middle-Chinese : trjuwX
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(anatomy) elbow • upper part of a leg of pork (as food)
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‖ 肘(ひじ) • (hiji) ^(←ひぢ (fidi)?)
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‖ elbow
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肘 (eumhun 팔꿈치 주 (palkkumchi ju))
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hanja form of 주 (“elbow”)
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Hán-Nôm : khuỷu • Hán-Nôm : trửu
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肘
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| 股
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Originally written 夃 (OC *kaːʔ, “thigh”), according to 趙平安. Later the 夃 component came to be written 殳, and a 肉 component was added, making the modern form an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːʔ) : semantic 肉 (“body”) + phonetic 夃 (OC *kaːʔ, “thigh”). \ Shuowen incorrected considered it Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːʔ) : semantic 肉 (“body”) + phonetic 殳 (OC *djo, “action”) – the hips as an active part of the body.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gu² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kóo • Middle-Chinese : kuX
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thigh; haunches • strand; skein; thread • share; portion • (finance) share; stock (Classifier: 隻／只 c) • (historical geometry) longer leg of a right triangle • Classifier for strength, forces. • Classifier for smells or scent. • Classifier for groups of people. • Classifier for shares in a company. • Classifier for long winding things like ropes, rivers, etc.
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‖ 股(また) • (mata) ‖ 股(もも) • (momo)
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‖ (anatomy) crotch, the space between the thighs • fork in a tree, river, and so on ‖ thigh • (anatomy, generally attributive) femoral, relating to the thigh or femur
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股 (eumhun 넓적다리 고 (neopjeokdari go))
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hanja form of 고 (“thigh”)
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Hán-Nôm : cổ • Hán-Nôm : cỗ
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股
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| 肢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kje) : semantic 肉 (“flesh”) + phonetic 支 (OC *kje).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi • Middle-Chinese : tsye
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(anatomy) limbs; feet
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limb
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肢 (eumhun 팔다리 지 (paldari ji))
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hanja form of 지 (“limb”)
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肢
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| 肪
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóng • Middle-Chinese : bjang • Middle-Chinese : pjang
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fat
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fat
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肪 • (bang) · 肪 • (bang) (hangeul 방)
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Hán-Nôm : phương • Hán-Nôm : phòng
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肪
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| 胎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰɯː) : semantic ⺼ + phonetic 台 (OC *l̥ʰɯː, *l'ɯː, *l'ɯː, *lɯ). ‖ Borrowed from English tire.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : the • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ther • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thai • Middle-Chinese : thoj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thai • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ther • Hokkien · Tai-lo : the
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fetus; unborn child • source, origin • to bring up, to rear • pearl in shell • roughcast • padding • tongue coating; fur • to escape • Alternative form of 鮐／鲐 ‖ pneumatic tire
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‖ 胎(たい) • (tai)
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uterus ‖ womb
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胎 (eumhun 아이 밸 태 (ai bael tae))
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hanja form of 태 (“uterus”)
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Hán-Nôm : thai
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胎
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| 胡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaː) : phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) + semantic ⺼. \ ; "dewlap" \ ; "steppe nomads" \ ; interrogative word ("what; why; how")
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Middle-Chinese : hu
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(obsolete) wattle; dewlap (fleshy lobe hanging from the head or neck of animals) • (obsolete) wattle-like object, such as pendent parts on implements • (literary) how; why; what • (historical) barbarian; a generic term for any non-Han peoples who lived to the north and west of China's borders • (historical) countries and peoples in the Western Regions, including Persia, Daqin, and in Pre-Tang texts, India • (by extension) introduced from the northern or western non-Han peoples or from abroad; non-Chinese; foreign; imported • Short for 胡琴 (húqín, “huqin; general term for two-stringed bowed instruments with origins in the western non-Han peoples”). • (historical) (～國) State of Hu in the Spring and Autumn Period in modern-day Anhui, conquered by the State of Chu in 496 BCE • (obsolete) black; dark-skinned • (obsolete) far; great; senior • outrageously; recklessly; wildly; foolishly • a surname
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胡 • (ho) · 胡 • (ho) (hangeul 호, revised ho, McCune–Reischauer ho, Yale ho)
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Hán-Nôm : hồ • Hán-Nôm : hò • Hán-Nôm : ha
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chữ Hán form of Hồ (“a surname”).
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胡
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| 脂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kji) : semantic 月 (“meat”) + phonetic 旨 (OC *kjiʔ). \ It is thought to descend from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsil (“fat, grease”), although the initial does not match the one of the Old Chinese reconstruction (Matisoff, STEDT; Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí • Middle-Chinese : tsyij
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fat; grease; lard • Short for 胭脂 (yānzhi, “rouge”).
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fat
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脂 • (ji) · 脂 • (ji) (hangeul 지, revised ji, McCune–Reischauer chi, Yale ci)
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Hán-Nôm : chi • Hán-Nôm : chỉ • Hán-Nôm : mạnh
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脂
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| 脅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hlams, *hlab) : phonetic 劦 (OC *ɦleːb) + semantic 肉.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hip³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hia̍p • Middle-Chinese : xjaemH • Middle-Chinese : xjaep
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(anatomy) flank; side of the body; ribs • to coerce; to threaten • to shrink back; to contract • (Meixian Hakka) armpit; underarm
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threaten, coerce
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脅 • (hyeop) · 脅 • (hyeop) (hangeul 협, revised hyeop, McCune–Reischauer hyŏp, Yale hyep)
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Hán-Nôm : hiếp
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脅
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| 脈
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mreːɡ) : semantic ⺼ (“flesh”) + phonetic 𠂢 ().
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mak⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maak⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : me̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : be̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : me̍eh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bi̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bia̍k • Middle-Chinese : meak
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(traditional Chinese medicine) blood vessels; veins and arteries • (traditional Chinese medicine) pulse • vein of a leaf • something linking up to form a blood vessel-like network, such as mountain ranges
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‖ 脈(みゃく) • (myaku)
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‖ pulse • chain of mountains • blood vessels • hope
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脈 (eumhun 줄기 맥 (julgi maek))
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hanja form of 맥 (“vein”) • hanja form of 맥 (“pulse”)
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Hán-Nôm : mạch
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脈
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| 脊
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Originally a Pictogram (象形) of a fish spine. 肉 was added later to distinguish it. The top component corrupted into 𠦬, making it a Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔseɡ) : phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs) + semantic 肉 (“flesh”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zek³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zik³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiah • Middle-Chinese : tsjek
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(anatomy) spine; backbone • (of terrain, rooms, etc.) ridgeline; ridge; spine; ridge beam • (of books, knives, etc.) spine • a surname
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‖
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height, stature ‖
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脊 (eumhun 등마루 척 (deungmaru cheok))
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hanja form of 척 (“spine; backbone”)
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Hán-Nôm : tích
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脊
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| 腕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoːns) : semantic ⺼ (“meat, body part”) + phonetic 宛 (OC *qon, *qonʔ) – a part of the body.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wun² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uán • Middle-Chinese : 'wanH
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wrist • arm (of invertebrates)
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‖ 腕(うで) • (ude) (counter 本) ‖ 腕(かいな) • (kaina) ^(←かひな (kafina)?) ‖ 腕(ただむき) • (tadamuki)
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arm • ability • talent ‖ (anatomy) arm • ability; skill; talent ‖ arm ‖ arm
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腕 (eumhun 팔 완 (pal wan))
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hanja form of 완 (“arm; wrist”)
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Hán-Nôm : oản • Hán-Nôm : uyển
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腕
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| 腸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aŋ) : semantic 肉 (“body”) + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jaŋ ~ m-jaŋ (“large intestine”), whence Helambu Tibetan ནང་ཇུལ (nang jul, “viscera; guts; entrails”) and Chepang योङ्क्लीः (yoŋ-kliʔ, “intestine”) (STEDT). \ Schuessler (2007) suggests it is also cognate with Tibetan ལོང་ཀ (long ka, “intestines; entrails; guts”). \ ; Hong Kong Cantonese "penis"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiâng • Middle-Chinese : drjang
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(anatomy) intestine • (figurative) heart; emotions • sausage • (Cantonese) Short for 腸粉／肠粉 (“cheong fun”). • (Hong Kong Cantonese, slang) penis (Classifier: 條／条 c)
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‖ 腸(わた) • (wata) ‖ 腸(はらわた) • (harawata) ‖ 腸(ちょう) • (chō) ^(←ちやう (tyau)?)
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‖ (anatomy) the intestines ‖ (anatomy) the large intestines • (anatomy) intestines ‖ (anatomy) the intestines; the bowels
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腸 (eumhun 창자 장 (changja jang))
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hanja form of 장 (“intestine”)
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Hán-Nôm : tràng • Hán-Nôm : trường • Hán-Nôm : trướng
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腸
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| 腺
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Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 腺(せん) (sen). \ Spelling pronunciation, as 線／线 (xiàn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sin³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sàn
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(anatomy) gland
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‖ 腺(せん) • (sen)
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gland ‖ (anatomy) gland
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腺 (eumhun 샘 선 (saem seon))
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hanja form of 선 (“(anatomy) gland”)
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canonical : 腺: Hán Việt readings: tuyến
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gland
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腺
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| 膜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maː, *maːɡ) : semantic ⺼ + phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ). ‖ Clipping of 南膜 (MC nom mu), which is from Sanskrit नमस् (namas, “bow; obeisance; salutation”). Compare 南無.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mok⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mok⁶⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bo̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mo̍oh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bo̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mooh • Middle-Chinese : mak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁴ • Middle-Chinese : mu
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membrane; film • (physics) brane • (obsolete) small gap • (dialectal, obsolete) to placate • Alternative form of 漠 (mò) ‖ to prostrate
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‖ 膜(まく) • (maku)
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membrane; film ‖ membrane; film
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膜 (eumhun 꺼풀 막 (kkeopul mak))
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hanja form of 막 (“membrane; film”)
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Hán-Nôm : màng • Hán-Nôm : mô
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|
膜
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| 膝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *siɡ) : semantic ⺼ (“meat, body”) + phonetic 桼 (OC *sʰiɡ) – the knee. \ Originally 厀, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *siɡ) : phonetic 桼 (OC *sʰiɡ) + semantic 卩 (“kneeling person”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiak • Middle-Chinese : sit
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(anatomy) knee
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‖ 膝(ひざ) • (hiza)
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‖ knee
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膝 (eumhun 무릎 슬 (mureup seul))
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hanja form of 슬 (“knee”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : tất
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膝
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| 膨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *braːŋ, *braːŋs) : semantic 肉 (“meat; flesh”) + phonetic 彭 (OC *braːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paang⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phn̂g • Middle-Chinese : baeng • Middle-Chinese : baengH
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to swell; to inflate • swollen; bloated; inflated
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|
swollen, inflated
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膨 • (paeng) · 膨 • (paeng) (hangeul 팽, revised paeng, McCune–Reischauer p'aeng, Yale phayng)
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Hán-Nôm : bành
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|
膨
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| 臨
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *b·rɯm, *b·rɯms) : semantic 臣 (“eye”) + semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 品 (OC *pʰrɯmʔ, “objects”) – a person looking down at some objects. \ Alternatively analyzed as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *b·rɯm, *b·rɯms) : semantic 臥 + phonetic 品 (OC *pʰrɯmʔ). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *b·rɯm, *b·rɯms) : semantic 臣 (“eye”) + semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 品 (OC *pʰrɯmʔ, “objects”) – a person looking down at some objects. \ Alternatively analyzed as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *b·rɯm, *b·rɯms) : semantic 臥 + phonetic 品 (OC *pʰrɯmʔ). ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : lam⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lêm • Middle-Chinese : lim ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lam⁶ • Middle-Chinese : limH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : lím
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to overlook; to look over; to look down at • to come down; to descend • to arrive • to face; to border; to be adjacent to • to be faced with; to be confronted by • just before; approaching; about to • to copy; to trace • (historical) a type of siege engine • 19th hexagram of the I Ching • a surname ‖ (obsolete) to mourn for a deceased person; to wail in lamentation of a death ‖ close (to an edge) • to approach; to get close to; to be almost
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|
look at • confront
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臨 (eumhun 임할 림 (imhal rim), word-initial (South Korea) 임할 임 (imhal im))
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hanja form of 림/임 (“draw near, approach”) • hanja form of 림/임 (“descend”)
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Hán-Nôm : lâm • Hán-Nôm : lom
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|
臨
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| 臼
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Pictogram (象形) : a mortar.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kau³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kau⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khǔ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiǔ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiū • Middle-Chinese : gjuwX
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mortar (hollow vessel used to pound or crush ingredients) • something which resembles a mortar
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|
millstone; mortar
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臼 (eum 구 (gu))
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|
Hán-Nôm : cối • Hán-Nôm : cữu
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|
臼
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| 興
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Characters in the same phonetic series (興) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 舁 (“to raise”) + 同 (“together”) – to hold up together. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (興) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 舁 (“to raise”) + 同 (“together”) – to hold up together.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hing¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hin • Middle-Chinese : xing ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hing³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hìng • Middle-Chinese : xingH
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to rise; to get up • to thrive; to prosper; to flourish • prosperous; flourishing • to be popular; to be fashionable • to start; to build; to establish • to elect; to promote • to succeed; to achieve success • to send; to dispatch; to launch; to mount • to collect; to recruit • to do; to perform • to advocate; to encourage • to indulge; to spoil • (dialectal, chiefly in the negative) to allow; to permit • maybe; perhaps • (Teochew) lucky; fortunate • a surname ‖ excitement; interest; mood in doing something • sensual desire; sexual desire; passion • (obsolete or Min) to like; to be fond of; to love • to liken; to analogise • (rhetoric) metaphor • (poetry) association; speaking first of something else to lead up to the main theme • (Suzhounese) bustling; lively
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‖ 興(きょう) • (kyō)
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entertain • revive • retrieve • interest • pleasure ‖ entertainment; pleasure; interest
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興 (eumhun 일 흥 (il heung)) ‖ 興 (eumhun 흥취(興趣) 흥)
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hanja form of 흥 (“to rise; to get up”) • hanja form of 흥 (“to thrive; to prosper; to flourish”) ‖ hanja form of 흥 (“interest”) • hanja form of 흥 (“excitement; fun; joy; pleasure”)
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Hán-Nôm : hưng • Hán-Nôm : hăng • Hán-Nôm : hên • Hán-Nôm : hứng
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|
興
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| 舍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs) : phonetic 余 (OC *la) + semantic 口, which is a disambiguation glyph. \ ;"to stop, to halt, to rest" > "resting place" > "lodging house" ‖ ;"to pardon"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sià • Middle-Chinese : syaeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : se² • Middle-Chinese : syaeX
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lodging place for guests; inn; hotel • house; residence; reside • (in compounds) pen • (humble, before relatives younger than or junior to oneself) my • (humble) my (humble) place • (historical) a unit of distance equal to 30 li • (literary) to stay; to reside • (literary) to stop; to cease • Alternative form of 赦 (shè, “to pardon”) ‖ Alternative form of 捨／舍 (shě, “to give up; to abandon”) • (literary) to give alms; to give in charity • (obsolete) to shoot
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|
(Classical Japanese) what
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舍 (eumhun 집 사 (jip sa))
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hanja form of 사 (“house; residence; reside”)
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Hán-Nôm : xá • Hán-Nôm : sá • Hán-Nôm : xả • Hán-Nôm : xóa • Hán-Nôm : xoá
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|
舍
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| 舶
|
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bok⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baak³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paak³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baak⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pi̍k • Middle-Chinese : baek
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large oceangoing ship
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‖ 舶(つむ) • (tsumu)
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oceanliner • ship • large watercraft ‖ large ship
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舶 • (bak) · 舶 • (bak) (hangeul 박, revised bak, McCune–Reischauer pak, Yale pak)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : bạc • Hán-Nôm : bách
|
|
舶
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| 艇
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'eːŋʔ) : semantic 舟 (“boat”) + phonetic 廷 (OC *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thíng • Middle-Chinese : dengX
|
small boat; dugout; punt (Classifier: 隻／只 c; 架 c) • naval vessel (Classifier: 隻／只 c; 架 c)
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‖ 艇(てい) • (tei)
|
dinghy • small boat ‖ boat
|
艇 (eum 정 (jeong))
|
|
Hán-Nôm : đĩnh
|
|
艇
|
| 芋
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷa, *ɢʷas) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 于 (OC *ɢʷa) – taro. \ Unclear. Shuowen suggests that the word arises from the startling size of the taro, leading Kai Xu to connect it to 吁 (OC *qʰʷa), which is the sound that one makes when one is startled. However, this seems to be folk etymology. \ Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *wouH (“taro”), Burmese ဝ (wa., “elephant foot yam”), Tibetan གྲོ་མ (gro ma, “Argentina anserina (syn. Potentilla anserina), a plant with small edible tubers”). There are various theories on how all these words are related: \ * Schuessler (2007) considers it to be an areal word, comparing it to the Hmong-Mien and Burmese words. Schuessler (2015) does not consider the Tibetan word to be cognate. \ * Blench (2012) suggests that the Chinese word is borrowed from Proto-Hmong-Mien and that the Burmese word may be a late loan from Old Chinese. \ * STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/s-rwa (“taro; yam; tuber”), whence the Tibetan word. This etymon is regarded as allofamically related this word and 薯 (OC *djas). \ * Gong Hwang-cherng (2002) and Baxter and Sagart (2017) also suggest that this word is related to the Tibetan word. ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ī • Middle-Chinese : hjuH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Middle-Chinese : hju ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˇ
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taro ‖ ^‡ (of grass) lush; luxuriant ‖ ^‡ large; great • ^‡ to have ‖ Used in 芋尹 (yǔyǐn). • Alternative form of 宇 (yǔ, “to live; to reside”)
|
|
|
芋 (eumhun 토란 우 (toran u)) ‖ 芋 (eumhun 클 후 (keul hu))
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hanja form of 우 (“taro”) ‖ (literary Chinese) hanja form of 후 (“large; great”)
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Hán-Nôm : dụ • Hán-Nôm : vu
|
|
芋
|
| 芝
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯ) : semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 之 (OC *tjɯ) – a type of plant.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi • Middle-Chinese : tsyi
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lingzhi; Ganoderma • Alternative form of 芷 • Used in 芝麻 (zhīma, “sesame”). • Used in 芝城 (Zhīchéng, “city of Chicago”). • a surname
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‖ 芝(しば) • (shiba) ‖ 芝(しば) • (Shiba) ‖ ‖ 芝(しざま) • (shizama) ‖ 芝(し) • (shi) ‖ 芝(しはざき) • (Shihazaki) ‖ 芝(しばさき) • (Shibasaki) ‖ 芝(しばざき) • (Shibazaki) ‖ 芝(しばたか) • (Shibataka)
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turf, lawn, grass ‖ grass, turf, green • Short for 芝見 (shibami): hiding in the grass and spying on one's enemies or scouting out the situation; a spy in the grass ‖ a surname ‖ short for 芝見 (shibami): to hide in the grass and spy on one's enemies or scout out the situation ‖ (grammar, obsolete) “shi-type”, referring to the i adjective in Japanese grammar, specifically the ク活用 (ku katsuyō, “ku inflection”), corresponding to modern Japanese adjectives ending in -i but not -shii ‖ the 万年茸 (mannentake) mushroom ‖ a surname ‖ a surname ‖ a surname ‖ a surname
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芝 • (ji) · 芝 • (ji) (hangeul 지, revised ji, McCune–Reischauer chi, Yale ci)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : chi
|
|
芝
|
| 苛
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːl) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːl) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːl) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khoo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kho • Middle-Chinese : ha ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ho¹ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : khô
|
harsh; severe; exacting ‖ (alt. form 訶／诃) to denounce; to condemn; to decry ‖ (Taiwanese Hokkien) to put on airs; to give oneself airs • (Taiwanese Hokkien) supercilious; arrogant; haughty; proud
|
|
torment • (chemistry) (ateji) caustic
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苛 (eumhun 매울 가 (mae'ul ga))
|
hanja form of 가 (“harsh”)
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Hán-Nôm : hà
|
|
苛
|
| 苟
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːʔ) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 句 (OC *koː, *koːs, *kos, *ɡo) – a kind of grass, in original sense.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kió • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kóo • Middle-Chinese : kuwX
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careless; casual; indifferent • casually; carelessly • tentatively; for the time being • (literary) if only; if • ^† a type of grass • a surname
|
|
any, at all, in the least
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苟 (eumhun 진실로 구 (jinsillo gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“careless, frivolous”) • hanja form of 구 (“illicit”) • hanja form of 구 (“if, but, if only”)
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Hán-Nôm : cẩu
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(Tính) Cẩu thả, ẩu, bừa. ◎Như: "nhất bút bất cẩu" 一筆不苟 một nét không cẩu thả. \ • (Tính) Cẩu thả, ẩu, bừa. ◎Như: "nhất bút bất cẩu" 一筆不苟 một nét không cẩu thả. \
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苟
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| 茫
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːŋ) : semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 汒 (OC *maːŋ, *maŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bâng • Middle-Chinese : mang
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vast; boundless; widespread • indistinct; vague • ^† Alternative form of 忙 (máng)
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|
wide, expansive
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茫 (eumhun 아득할 망 (adeukhal mang))
|
hanja form of 망 (“vast, boundless, widespread”)
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Hán-Nôm : mương • Hán-Nôm : mang
|
|
茫
|
| 莫
|
Pictogram (象形) – the sun (日) sinking into the bushes (屮); dusk. Original form of 暮 (OC *maːɡs, “dusk”). \ The bottom was later distorted into 大. \ From 無 (OC *ma, “there is no”) + distributive suffix *-k (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Contraction of 毋愛／毋爱 (m̄-ài). ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mok⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bo̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bo̍h • Middle-Chinese : mak ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : mài ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁶
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(literary) none; nothing; not anything • (literary or dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Eastern Min, Xiang) do not; don't; must not • particle indicating a rhetorical question • a surname ‖ do not; don't; must not • to not want ‖ Original form of 暮 (mù, “dusk; late”). • a kind of vegetable
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late • end • not be • must not
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莫 (eumhun 없을 막 (eopseul mak)) · 莫 (eumhun 저물 모 (jeomul mo))
|
hanja form of 막 (“do not, is not, cannot”)
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canonical : 莫: Hán Việt readings: mạc 莫: Nôm readings: mác • canonical : mạc • canonical : mếch
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|
莫
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| 華
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Pictogram (象形) ; this was the original form of 花 (OC *hʷraː, “flower”). In the bronze inscription form, the top part of the glyph resembles flowers of a plant, and the bottom part (于) resembles its stalk and leaves. Also phono-semantic (形聲／形声) , with 于 (OC *ɢʷa) functioning as the phonetic part. In the seal script, 艸 (“grass; plant”) was added as a semantic component. \ 華 (𦻏) and 𠌶 were initially the same character, but they were erroneously split in Shuowen into two entries. ‖ Pictogram (象形) ; this was the original form of 花 (OC *hʷraː, “flower”). In the bronze inscription form, the top part of the glyph resembles flowers of a plant, and the bottom part (于) resembles its stalk and leaves. Also phono-semantic (形聲／形声) , with 于 (OC *ɢʷa) functioning as the phonetic part. In the seal script, 艸 (“grass; plant”) was added as a semantic component. \ 華 (𦻏) and 𠌶 were initially the same character, but they were erroneously split in Shuowen into two entries. ‖ Pictogram (象形) ; this was the original form of 花 (OC *hʷraː, “flower”). In the bronze inscription form, the top part of the glyph resembles flowers of a plant, and the bottom part (于) resembles its stalk and leaves. Also phono-semantic (形聲／形声) , with 于 (OC *ɢʷa) functioning as the phonetic part. In the seal script, 艸 (“grass; plant”) was added as a semantic component. \ 華 (𦻏) and 𠌶 were initially the same character, but they were erroneously split in Shuowen into two entries.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hua • Middle-Chinese : hwae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hua • Middle-Chinese : xwae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huà • Middle-Chinese : hwaeH
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brilliance; magnificence • (good) times; years; period • young; youthful • literary grace; talent for literature • prestige; status; fame • colourful; brilliant (especially of carvings and decorations) • magnificent; gorgeous; resplendent • delicious; tasty • essence; quintessence • (honorific) your; your honourable • (exalted) Short for 華夏／华夏 (Huáxià): land of illustrious clothing and grand ritual—China; Chinese culture • Short for 漢語／汉语 (Hànyǔ, “Chinese language”). • luxuriant; flourishing; prosperous • noble; influential; eminent • grey (of hair) • flashy; extravagant; showy; ostentatious; florid • face powder • (historical, obsolete) cover of a carriage • (obsolete) fruit (of a cucurbit plant) • Alternative form of 譁／哗 (“noisy”) ‖ Alternative form of 花 (huā, “flower; blossom”) • to flower; to blossom • (traditional Chinese medicine) flower pulse; weak pulse • to be dim-sighted; to be dazzled • to dissect; to cut up ‖ (～山) Mount Hua (a mountain in Shaanxi) • Original form of 樺／桦 (huà, “birch”). • a surname
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‖ 華(か) • (ka) ^(←くわ (kwa)?) ‖ 華(か) • (Ka) ^(←くわ (kwa)?) ‖ ‖ ‖ 華(はな) • (Hana)
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flower • flashiness • brilliance, shine • beauty, splendor • fine, white powder • China, Chinese • sixty-one-year-old; kanreki ‖ flashiness, showiness ‖ a surname • a male or female given name ‖ 火事(かじ)と喧嘩(けんか)は江戸(えど)の華(はな) (kaji to kenka wa Edo no hana) ‖ 枯木(こぼく)華(はな)開(ひら)く (koboku hana hiraku) ‖ a female given name • a surname
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華 • (hwa) · 華 • (hwa) (hangeul 화)
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bright; colorful
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canonical : 華: Hán Việt readings: hoa 華: Nôm readings: hoa
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chữ Hán form of Hoa (“Hoa people”).
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華
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| 萎
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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hwaːj (“to wither; to fade”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai² • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uí • Middle-Chinese : 'jwe ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai³ • Middle-Chinese : 'jweH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ui
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to wither; to wilt • to decline; to weaken ‖ (literary) to feed (oxen, horses, etc.) ‖ (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) to wear; to erode
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‖ 萎(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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‖ wither; droop
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萎 • (wi) · 萎 • (wi) (hangeul 위, revised wi, McCune–Reischauer wi, Yale wi)
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to wither; to wilt
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Hán-Nôm : nuy • Hán-Nôm : ùy/uỳ
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萎
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| 葉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljeb, *leb) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 枼 (OC *leb, “flat”). \ Possibly also ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) with 枼 (“leaf”) also acting as a semantic component. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-lap (“leaf”). Cognate with Tibetan ལོ་མ (lo ma, “leaf”), Western Tibetan ལོབ་མ (lob ma, “leaf”), Jingpho lap (“leaf”). Related to 世 (OC *hljebs, “world”). \ This is part of the word family *lVp meaning “flat”, represented by the phonetic component 枼 (OC *leb). Compare also 茶 (OC *rlaː, “tea < *leaf”). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍p • Middle-Chinese : yep ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sip³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Siap • Middle-Chinese : syep ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : hio̍h
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leaf; petal (Classifier: 塊／块 c; 片 c) • era; epoch • leaf-like thing • Classifier for small boats. • Alternative form of 頁／页 (“page”) • a surname ‖ (～縣) Ye County, Henan, China • a surname ‖ (Min) Alternative form of 箬 (“leaf”)
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‖ 葉(は) • (ha) (counter 枚) ‖ 葉(よう) • (yō) ^(←えふ (efu)?) ‖ 葉(よう) • (-yō) ^(←えふ (efu)?)
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‖ leaf, needle, blade (of a plant) ‖ leaf, needle, blade (of a plant) • a season, an age: a shorter period of time within a longer one • an administration: the period of time during which a certain person holds a certain office ‖ (rare) counter for flat, thin things such as leaves or paper • (by extension) counter for small boats
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葉 (eumhun 잎 엽 (ip yeop)) ‖ 葉 (eumhun 땅 이름 섭 (ttang ireum seop))
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hanja form of 엽 (“leaf”) [affix] ‖ hanja form of 섭 (“A surname.”)
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Hán-Nôm : diệp • Hán-Nôm : diếp • Hán-Nôm : dợp • Hán-Nôm : dớp • Hán-Nôm : đẹp • Hán-Nôm : giấp • Hán-Nôm : giẹp • Hán-Nôm : nhịp • Hán-Nôm : riếp • Hán-Nôm : dào
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葉
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| 葛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːd) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 曷 (OC *ɡaːd). ‖ From 個／个.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : got³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuah • Middle-Chinese : kat ‖
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kudzu (Pueraria lobata) • poplin; hemp cloth • (～國) State of Ge (a small state in modern Henan province during the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties) • a surname ‖ (dialectal Wu) this • (Northern Wu, including Suzhounese) Alternative form of 個／个 (possessive particle)
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‖ 葛(かずら) • (kazura) ^(←かづら (kadura)?) ‖ 葛(くず) or 葛(クズ) • (kuzu) ‖ 葛(つづら) or 葛(ツヅラ) • (tsuzura) ‖ 葛(かつ) • (katsu)
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‖ creepers or creeping plants • (architecture) the level material on to which the foundations of a structure are lain • the hoop of a barrel or other cylindrical object • a type of fishing net ‖ Japanese arrowroot (Pueraria montana) • Short for 葛粉 (kuzuko): starch made from pounded kudzu root • Short for 葛溜まり (kuzudamari) or 葛餡 (kuzuan): a sweet sauce made from kudzu starch • Short for 葛布 (kuzununo/kuzufu): cloth made from kudzu fiber ‖ Short for 葛藤 (tsuzurafuji): Chinese moonseed (Sinomenium acutum) • Short for 葛籠 (tsuzurako): a wicker basket used for holding clothes • Short for 葛折り (tsuzuraori): something winding or zigzaggy, especially a road at a hill-slope • a style of 襲の色目 (kasane no irome, “color combination by layering of garments”), of bluish black over light (or pale) blue ‖ creeper • cloth made from kudzu fibers
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葛 (eumhun 칡 갈 (chik gal))
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hanja form of 갈 (“arrowroot, kudzu”)
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Hán-Nôm : cát • Hán-Nôm : nhật
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葛
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| 蒙
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STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”). ‖ STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mung⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bông • Middle-Chinese : muwng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mung⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bông • Middle-Chinese : muwng
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dodder (Cuscuta chinensis) • to cover • to deceive; to hide the truth from • to suffer • (honorific) to receive (a favour) • ignorant • fourth hexagram of the I Ching • a surname ‖ to lose consciousness ‖ Short for 蒙古 (Měnggǔ, “Mongolia”). Specifically, it can mean the country of Mongolia, or Inner Mongolia of China, or terms related to Mongols.
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‖ 蒙(もう) • (mō)
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‖ humble first-person personal pronoun; I, me
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蒙 (eumhun 입을 몽 (ibeul mong))
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hanja form of 몽 (“cover, ignorant”) • hanja form of 몽 (“suffer”) • hanja form of 몽 (“Mongolia”)
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Hán-Nôm : mông • Hán-Nôm : mong • Hán-Nôm : mòng • Hán-Nôm : mỏng • Hán-Nôm : muống
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蒙
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| 蓋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 盍 (OC *ɡaːb) — a thatch. \ 盍 is the original character for the “cover” sense. However, because this original character was borrowed to mean “why not”, the scope of senses for 蓋 expanded to include the “cover” sense (and its extended meanings). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 盍 (OC *ɡaːb) — a thatch. \ 盍 is the original character for the “cover” sense. However, because this original character was borrowed to mean “why not”, the scope of senses for 蓋 expanded to include the “cover” sense (and its extended meanings). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : goi³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : koi³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄞˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kài • Middle-Chinese : kajH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hap⁶ • Middle-Chinese : hap ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gap³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Khap • Middle-Chinese : kap ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hap⁶ • Middle-Chinese : hap ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : khap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kap
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to cover; to conceal • (figurative) to cover up; to conceal • (Southern Min) to put on; to apply • to stamp; to affix (a seal) • to overwhelm; to surpass • to build; to construct • to talk nonsense; to chatter; to brag; to boast; to bluff • cover; cap; lid • shell (of a turtle, crab, etc.) • thatch; straw mat • canopy • (dialectal) excellent; fantastic • (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Southern Sixian Hakka) very • probably; roughly • for; because • a surname ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 盍 (hé, “to cover; to join together; thatch”) • (obsolete) Alternative form of 闔／阖 (hé, “door leaf”) ‖ (～邑) (historical) Ge (a city in the ancient state of Qi in modern-day Yishui County, Shandong) • a surname ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 盍 (hé, “how; why”) • (obsolete) Alternative form of 盍 (hé, “why not”) ‖ Alternative form of 匼 (“to cover”)
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‖ 蓋(ふた) or 蓋(フタ) • (futa)
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cover • lid • flap ‖ lid; cap; cover; (malacology) operculum
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蓋 (eumhun 덮을 개 (deopeul gae))
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Hanja form of 개 (“cover”).
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Hán-Nôm : cái
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蓋
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| 蔑
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𦰋 (“person”) + 戈 (“dagger-axe”) – a weapon striking a person's lower leg. \ 𦰋 (“person”) was composed of an eye with eyebrows (now written 眉) on top of 人. The eye and eyebrows are written ⿱艹罒 in the modern form of 蔑, and 人 has combined with 戈 to form 戍.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mit⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bia̍t • Middle-Chinese : met
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to belittle; to disdain; to despise • to extinguish; to obliterate • to discard • slight; small; lowly • nothing; none • (of the eye) red and swollen, making one unable to see clearly
|
|
nothing • to ignore • to belittle, to despise
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蔑 (eumhun 업신여길 멸 (eopsinyeogil myeol))
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hanja form of 멸 (“to belittle; to despise”)
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Hán-Nôm : miệt
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蔑
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| 蔬
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‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : so¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : soo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : se • Middle-Chinese : srjo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˇ
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vegetables; greens ‖ Alternative form of 糈 (xǔ, “grain of rice”)
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greens (vegetables)
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蔬 • (so) · 蔬 • (so) (hangeul 소, revised so, McCune–Reischauer so, Yale so)
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canonical : 蔬: Hán Việt readings: sơ 蔬: Nôm readings: sơ
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Nôm form of sơ (“Alternative form of xơ (“rind”)”).
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蔬
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| 薪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *siŋ) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 新 (OC *siŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *siŋ ~ sik (“wood”). Cognate with Tibetan ཤིང (shing, “tree, wood”) and Burmese သစ် (sac, “log, timber, wood”). Compare its phonetic component 新 (OC *siŋ, “new”) and Burmese သစ် (sac, “new”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : san¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sin • Middle-Chinese : sin
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firewood; fuelwood; brushwood • salary; wage
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|
firewood; kindling
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薪 • (sin) · 薪 • (sin) (hangeul 신, revised sin, McCune–Reischauer sin, Yale sin)
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canonical : 薪: Hán Việt readings: tân 薪: Nôm readings: tân
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chữ Hán form of tân (“firewood, grass, a salary or bonus”).
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薪
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| 藏
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zaːŋ, *zaːŋs) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 臧 (OC *ʔsaːŋ). \ Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs 藏 (OC *m-tsʰˤaŋ, “to store”) with an *m- prefix, which changes 倉 (OC *tsʰˁaŋ, “granary”) into a volitional verb. Cognate with Tibetan གསང (gsang, “secret; conceal”), འཚང ('tshang, “to press into”) (Schuessler, 2007); STEDT provisionally reconstructs Proto-Tibeto-Burman *C-(t)saŋ (“to bury; to conceal”). ‖ Departing tone derivative of etymology 1. ‖ Borrowed from Tibetan གཙང (gtsang). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsông • Middle-Chinese : dzang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsn̄g • Middle-Chinese : dzangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsōng • Middle-Chinese : dzangH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshàng
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(transitive) to hide; to conceal • (intransitive) to hide • to store; to lay • a surname ‖ storing place; depository • Buddhist or Taoist scriptures • Original form of 臟／脏 (zàng, “internal organs”). • (literary) to bury • (literary) burial ground ‖ Tibetan (people) • Short for 西藏 (Xīzàng, “Tibet”). ‖ (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to squeeze into • (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Yunlin Hakka) to hide
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|
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藏 • (jang) · 藏 • (jang) (hangeul 장)
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Hán-Nôm : tàng • Hán-Nôm : tạng
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藏
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| 藤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːŋ) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 滕 (OC *l'ɯːŋ) – a type of plant.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tang⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tîn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tîng • Middle-Chinese : dong
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vine • cane; rattan • a surname: Teng
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‖ 藤(ふじ) or 藤(フジ) • (fuji) ^(←ふぢ (fudi) or フヂ (fudi)?) ‖ 藤(ふじ) • (Fuji) ^(←ふぢ (fudi)?) ‖ 藤(とう) • (tō) ‖ 藤(とう) • (Tō) ‖ 藤(かつら) • (Katsura)
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‖ a wisteria, especially the Japanese wisteria, Wisteria floribunda • Short for 藤色 (fujiiro): a light lavender color, akin to wisteria flowers • a type of 襲の色目 (kasane no irome, “garment-layering color combination”) of light purple over blue • a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with designs of Japanese wisteria flowers, leaves, and/or branches • (card games) the suit of Japanese wisteria in a hanafuda deck, representing the month of April ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ wisteria • creeper (plant grown by creeping) • Short for 藤原 (Fujiwara): Fujiwara clan ‖ a surname ‖ a female given name
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藤 (eumhun 등나무 등 (deungnamu deung))
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hanja form of 등 (“wisteria”)
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Hán-Nôm : đằng
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藤
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| 藻
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsaːwʔ) : semantic 艹 (“plant”) + phonetic 澡 (OC *ʔslaːwʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zou² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsó • Middle-Chinese : tsawX
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algae • other aquatic plants • (literary) literary embellishment • (literary) splendid, magnificent • a surname
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‖ 藻(も) • (mo)
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seaweed, aquatic plant • algae ‖ alga, algae • seaweed
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藻 (eumhun 마름 조 (mareum jo))
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hanja form of 조 (“algae”)
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Hán-Nôm : tảo • Hán-Nôm : tang ‖
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‖ chữ Hán form of tảo (“algae”).
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藻
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| 虐
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In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 虎 (“tiger”) + 人 (“person”). \ Possibly related to 謔 (OC *hŋawɢ, “to ridicule”) (Bodman, 1980)。
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄩㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gi̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gio̍h • Middle-Chinese : ngjak
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cruel; tyrannical; oppressive • to abuse; to maltreat • (literary) disaster; calamity, catastrophe
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to oppress; to persecute; to tyrannize
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虐 (eum 모질 학 (mojil hak))
|
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Hán-Nôm : ngược • Hán-Nôm : ngước
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虐
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| 虫
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|
|
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‖ 虫(むし) or 虫(ムシ) • (mushi)
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insect, bug • generic name for animals ‖ a bug, insect, worm • a serpent, snake • (figurative) a worm (person living for only one thing) • (derogatory) a worm (despicable person) • a temperament (thought which is in the deep in mind) • (archaic) a male lover
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虫 (eumhun 벌레 충 (beolle chung)) ‖ 虫 (eumhun 벌레 훼 (beolle hwe))
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Alternative form of 蟲 (“hanja form of 충 (“insect; bug”)”) ‖ Alternative form of 虺 (“hanja form of 훼 (“type of poisonous snake”)”)
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canonical : 虫: Hán Việt readings: trùng 虫: Nôm readings: tròng • canonical : trùng • canonical : chòng • canonical : chùng
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chữ Hán form of trùng (“Kangxi radical 142”). • Alternative form of 蟲 (“insect; microbe, germ”)
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虫
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| 虹
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Originally pictographic (象形) in the oracle bone script. The ancient Chinese regarded the rainbow as a two-headed creature. \ In the seal script, it has become a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ) : semantic 虫 (“insect; creature”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ). \ Probably non-Sino-Tibetan; compare Proto-Mien *kluŋᴬ (“rainbow”), Thai รุ้ง (rúng, “rainbow”), Zhuang duzdoengz (“rainbow”), saidoengz (“rainbow”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Benedict (1986) and Carr (1990) relate this to 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”) and 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ, “red”). ‖ Originally pictographic (象形) in the oracle bone script. The ancient Chinese regarded the rainbow as a two-headed creature. \ In the seal script, it has become a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ) : semantic 虫 (“insect; creature”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ). \ Probably non-Sino-Tibetan; compare Proto-Mien *kluŋᴬ (“rainbow”), Thai รุ้ง (rúng, “rainbow”), Zhuang duzdoengz (“rainbow”), saidoengz (“rainbow”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Benedict (1986) and Carr (1990) relate this to 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”) and 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ, “red”). ‖ Originally pictographic (象形) in the oracle bone script. The ancient Chinese regarded the rainbow as a two-headed creature. \ In the seal script, it has become a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ) : semantic 虫 (“insect; creature”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ). \ Probably non-Sino-Tibetan; compare Proto-Mien *kluŋᴬ (“rainbow”), Thai รุ้ง (rúng, “rainbow”), Zhuang duzdoengz (“rainbow”), saidoengz (“rainbow”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Benedict (1986) and Carr (1990) relate this to 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”) and 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ, “red”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khīng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khǐng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : huwng • Middle-Chinese : kaewngH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄥˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥˋ • Middle-Chinese : kuwngH
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rainbow; primary rainbow (Classifier: 條／条 m c; 道 m) • (literary, figurative) bridge ‖ to fester • Only used in 虹洞. ‖ (historical) A county in modern Anhui, China
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‖ 虹(にじ) • (niji) ‖ 虹(こう) • (kō)
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‖ a rainbow ‖ rainbow • rainbowlike
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虹 (eumhun 무지개 홍 (mujigae hong)) ‖ 虹 (eumhun 고을 이름 공 (go'eul ireum gong))
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hanja form of 홍 (“rainbow”) ‖ hanja form of 공 (“a placename”)
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canonical : 虹: Hán Việt readings: hồng 虹: Nôm readings: vồng
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虹
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| 蚊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯn) : semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 文 (OC *mɯn). \ From Proto-Mon-Khmer *muujs with a nominal suffix *-n (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Khmer មូស (muuh), Vietnamese muỗi. ‖ From 文 (man4, “classifier for copper coins”). ‖ Cognate to Taishanese (and other Siyi dialects) 民 (min2), as in 細民仔／细民仔. \ Schuessler (2007) suggests that it may come from the same etymon that gives 便 (OC *ben) as in 便嬖 (OC *ben peːɡs), which he relates to Proto-Kam-Sui *mpaːn¹ (“male (person)”) and Proto-Hlai *C-maːn (“male (person)”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bûn • Middle-Chinese : mjun ‖ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : man¹
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mosquito (Classifier: 隻／只 c) ‖ (Cantonese) Classifier for money: yuan; dollar; buck; ringgit; dong ‖ (Cantonese) Used in terms for people.
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‖ 蚊(か) • (ka) ‖ 蚊(かあ) • (kā)
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mosquito ‖ mosquito ‖ mosquito
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蚊 (eum 문 (mun))
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Hán-Nôm : văn • Hán-Nôm : mân
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蚊
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| 蝶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰeːb, *l'eːb) : semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 枼 (OC *leb). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lep (“butterfly”). See 蝴蝶 (húdié) for more. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄝˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄝˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄝˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍p • Middle-Chinese : dep ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄝ • Middle-Chinese : thep
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butterfly • (swimming) Short for 蝶泳 (diéyǒng, “butterfly stroke”). ‖ Only used in 蝶𧌏.
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‖ 蝶(ちょう) or 蝶(チョウ) • (chō) ^(←てふ (tefu)?)
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butterfly ‖ a butterfly (insect)
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蝶 • (jeop) · 蝶 • (jeop) (hangeul 접, revised jeop, McCune–Reischauer chŏp, Yale cep)
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Hán-Nôm : điệp
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蝶
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| 融
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *luŋ) : semantic 鬲 (“cauldron”) + phonetic 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs). \ “Hot air; steam; heat” > “to melt” > “to blend”. \ Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လောင် (laung, “to burn; to be burnt; to scorch”). Related to 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs, “hot; hot air; hot weather”) (as in 蟲蟲 (OC *l'uŋ/l'uŋs l'uŋ/l'uŋs)), 爞 (OC *l'uːŋ, *l'uŋ, “hot weather”) and possibly the word family of *lVm: 焰 (OC *loms, “fire”). \ It belongs to a word family comprising characters meaning “to melt, to smelt, to fuse, to dissolve”. In modern times the various characters have taken on their specialised meanings: \ * 融 (OC *luŋ, “to melt (at normal temperature); to blend”) \ * 鎔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”) \ * 熔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”) \ * 溶 (OC *loŋ, *loŋʔ, “to dissolve (in a liquid)”)
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jung⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiông • Middle-Chinese : yuwng
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hot air; steam (during cooking) • to melt • to mix; to blend; to fuse; to harmonise • (economics) to circulate • Short for 融城 (Róngchéng, “Fuqing, Fuzhou”).
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dissolve • melt
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融 • (yung) · 融 • (yung) (hangeul 융, revised yung, McCune–Reischauer yung, Yale yung)
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Hán-Nôm : dung
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融
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| 術
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɦljud) : semantic 行 (“street, path”) + phonetic 朮 (OC *l'ud, *ɦljud). \ For the “to throw” definition, from English shoot.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su̍t • Middle-Chinese : zywit
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(obsolete) street; avenue • art; craft; skill; technique • method; tactics • Short for 手術／手术 (shǒushù, “surgery”), often used as suffix • ^† Alternative form of 述 (shù) • (Hokkien) to dupe; to hoodwink; to scam • (Mainland China Hokkien) to run quickly • (Mainland China Hokkien) quickly; swiftly; at lightning speed • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to throw; to cast • (Quanzhou Hokkien) gesture; sign; signal
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‖ 術(じゅつ) • (jutsu) ‖ 術(すべ) • (sube)
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art • technique • skill • means • trick • resources • magic ‖ technique • art • way, means ‖ means, way
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術 (eumhun 재주 술 (jaeju sul))
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hanja form of 술 (“wits; brains; head”) • hanja form of 술 (“trick; trap; ruse; artifice”) • hanja form of 술 (“talent; skill; gift; knack”)
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canonical : 術: Hán Việt readings: thuật • canonical : toại
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(usually in compounds) art; craft; skill; technique
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術
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| 衛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷads) : semantic 行 + phonetic 韋 (OC *ɢʷɯl).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uī • Middle-Chinese : hjwejH
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to guard; to protect; to defend • security guard • (～國) the State of Wey during the Zhou dynasty, located in modern-day northeastern Henan province • Short for 衛生／卫生 (wèishēng, “hygiene; health”). • Short for 衛生間／卫生间 (wèishēngjiān, “toilet; bathroom”). • (astronomy) satellite (in satellite names) • a surname
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‖ 衛(えい) • (ei) ^(←ゑい (wei)?) ‖ 衛(えい) • (Ei) ^(←ゑい (wei)?) ‖ 衛(え) • (e) ^(←ゑ (we)?) ‖ 衛(まもる) • (Mamoru)
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defense • protection ‖ defend; protect; guard ‖ (historical) Wey (state) ‖ (rare) defend; protect; guard ‖ a male given name
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衛 (eumhun 지킬 위 (jikil wi))
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hanja form of 위 (“protection”)
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Hán-Nôm : vệ • Hán-Nôm : về
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衛
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| 衝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰjoŋ) : semantic 行 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰjoŋ) : semantic 行 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Middle-Chinese : tsyhowng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cung³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiāng
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to go straight ahead; to rush; to charge; to dash • to clash; to collide • thoroughfare; important place ‖ to face • to punch; to stamp • powerful; vigorous • pungent; (of smell) strong • towards; at; to • in view of • (Hokkien) to rise; to go up; to soar; to ascend • (Hokkien, of smoke or water) to discharge; to gush; to burst out; to spout • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to scent; to odorize; to infuse with the scent of another • (Hokkien) domineering; arrogant • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to collide; to impact; to run into; to hit • (Hokkien) to bump into; to encounter; to meet accidentally • (Hokkien, cooking) to simmer • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to generate; to yield; to produce (a certain result)
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‖ 衝(しょう) • (shō)
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‖ (astronomy) opposition
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衝 (eumhun 찌를 충 (jjireul chung))
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hanja form of 충 (“to collide”)
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Hán-Nôm : xung • Hán-Nôm : giong • Hán-Nôm : tông • Hán-Nôm : xong • Hán-Nôm : xông • Hán-Nôm : xúng
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衝
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| 衷
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs) : semantic 衣 (“clothes”) + phonetic 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs, “middle; center”). \ Related to 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs, “middle; centre”); see there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cung¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiong • Middle-Chinese : trjuwng • Middle-Chinese : trjuwngH
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^† undergarment; underwear • inner feelings; heart; from the bottom of one's heart • middle; center • a surname
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inmost, inside • heart, mind (also 心)
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衷 • (chung) · 衷 • (chung) (hangeul 충, revised chung, McCune–Reischauer ch'ung, Yale chwung)
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Hán-Nôm : trung
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衷
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| 袋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːɡs) : phonetic 代 (OC *l'ɯːɡs) + semantic 衣 (“clothes”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tēr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tie • Hokkien · Tai-lo : těr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǎi • Middle-Chinese : dojH
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bag; sack; pouch; pocket • Classifier for bags of things. • (Cantonese, Southern Min) to put in (a bag or pocket)
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‖ 袋(ふくろ) • (fukuro)
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‖ a bag; a sack; a pouch • a segment in a fruit such as an orange • an organ whose form is like that of a bag
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袋 (eumhun 자루 대 (jaru dae))
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hanja form of 대 (“bag; sack; pouch; pocket”)
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Hán-Nôm : đại • Hán-Nôm : đãy
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袋
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| 袖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljɯwɢs) : semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw). \ Part of a word family referring to any cover that one slips over something; cognate with 冑 (OC *l'ɯwɢs, “helmet”) (Schuessler, 2007). Schuessler (2007) reconstructs the word with a *s- suffix, which could play an iterative role, as sleeves come in pairs. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄡˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄡˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siū • Middle-Chinese : zjuwH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uínn
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sleeve • to tuck inside one's sleeve • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 䘼 (“sleeve”)
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‖ 袖(そで) • (sode) ‖ 袖(そで) • (Sode)
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sleeve • arm, wing • backstage, offstage ‖ a sleeve, an arm (of an article of clothing) • a wing of a building • (theater) a wing of a stage • the portion of a desk that extends to either side of one's lap, and that usually contains drawers or shelves ‖ a female given name • a surname
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袖 (eumhun 소매 수 (somae su))
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hanja form of 수 (“sleeve”)
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Hán-Nôm : tụ
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袖
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| 補
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paːʔ) : semantic 衤 (“clothes”) + phonetic 甫 (OC *paʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-p(ʷ)a (“to patch; to mend; to sew”) (STEDT); compare Burmese ဖာ (hpa, “to patch; to mend”), Jingpho pa (pa³¹, “mended”). \ According to Schuessler (2007), 補 (OC *paːʔ) is an area word; compare Khmer ប៉ះ (pah, “to mend; to patch; to fix”), Proto-Vietic *k-paːʔ (“to repair; to sew”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : póo • Middle-Chinese : puX
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to mend; to repair; to fix • to compensate; to recompense; to make up for • to add; to augment; to increase; to raise • to make up for a deficiency; to nourish • benefit; profit; advantage • (transgender slang) Short for 補佳樂／补佳乐 (“Progynova”); E (estrogen) • a surname: Bu
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supplement
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補 (eumhun 도울 보 (doul bo)) · 補 (eumhun 기울 보 (giul bo))
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hanja form of 보 (“mend, patch, fix, repair, restore”)
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Hán-Nôm : bổ • Hán-Nôm : bó • Hán-Nôm : bỏ • Hán-Nôm : bõ • Hán-Nôm : bủa • Hán-Nôm : bù • Hán-Nôm : vỏ • Hán-Nôm : bồ
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補
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| 裳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djaŋ) : phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 衣 (“clothing”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : soeng⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄕㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiûnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiônn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siâng • Middle-Chinese : dzyang
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(historical) a kind of lower garment worn in ancient China, similar to a skirt • clothes • (Classical) to wear; to put on (clothing); to have (clothing) on • a surname: Chang
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‖ 裳(も) • (mo)
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clothes; clothing ‖ (archaic) general term for a hip-wrapped skirt • (historical) pleated skirt worn over 袴 (hakama) as part of civil officials' formal attire until the 8th century • pleated skirt worn over 袴 (hakama) as part of clerics' formal attire • hip-tied pleated train worn as part of women's formal court attire from the Heian period.
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裳 • (sang) · 裳 • (sang) (hangeul 상, revised sang, McCune–Reischauer sang, Yale sang)
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Hán-Nôm : thường
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裳
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| 裸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·roːlʔ) : semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 果 (OC *kloːlʔ) – lacking clothes, naked. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan [Term?]. Cognate with Tibetan སྒྲེ (sgre), Proto-Kuki-Chin *ruak.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄛˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ló • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lǒ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lō • Middle-Chinese : lwaX
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bare; nude; naked • to undress; to strip
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‖ 裸(はだか) • (hadaka)
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naked, nude, bare ‖ naked, nude, bare
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裸 • (ra>na, ya) · 裸 • (ra>na, ya) (hangeul 라>나, 야, revised ra>na, ya, McCune–Reischauer ra>na, ya, Yale la>na, ya)
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bare, nude, undress, strip
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Hán-Nôm : lỏa • Hán-Nôm : loả • Hán-Nôm : khỏa • Hán-Nôm : khoả • Hán-Nôm : lõa • Hán-Nôm : loã
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裸
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| 製
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kjeds) : phonetic 制 (OC *kjeds, “to cut out; to make”) + semantic 衣 (“clothes”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsì • Middle-Chinese : tsyejH
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to make; to manufacture; to produce • to cut out
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‖ 製(せい) • (sei) ‖ 製(せい) • (-sei)
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‖ make ‖ -made • made of
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製 (eumhun 지을 제 (jieul je))
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hanja form of 제 (“build; make”)
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Hán-Nôm : chế • Hán-Nôm : chẽ
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製
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| 複
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *buɡs, *puɡ) : semantic 衣 (“clothes”) + phonetic 复 (OC *buɡ, “to return”) – lined garment. \ Cognate with 復 (OC *buɡs, *buɡ, “to return; again”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more. \ 覆 (OC *pʰuɡ, “to turn over; to overturn”) is an aspiration causative/iterative form of 複 (OC *puɡ), hence literally "to make something double over".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fuk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ho̍k • Middle-Chinese : bjuwH • Middle-Chinese : pjuwk
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(literary) lined garment • to repeat; to double; to overlap • duplicate; double; overlapping • complex • again
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‖ 複(ふく) • (fuku) ‖ 複(ふく) • (fuku-)
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‖ Short for 複試合. • Short for 複勝式. ‖ diplo-, double
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‖
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hanja form of 복 (“repeat, double, overlap”) ‖ hanja form of 복 (“repeat, double, overlap”)
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Hán-Nôm : phức
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複
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| 褐
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hot³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hot⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ha̍t • Middle-Chinese : hat
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cloth made of coarse fiber • poor; dull • brown
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‖ 褐(かつ) • (katsu) ‖ 褐(かち) • (kachi) ‖ 褐(かちん) • (kachin)
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coarse, rough fabric, especially of wool • poor • brown ‖ (archaic) dark navy blue • coarse woolen fabric ‖ (archaic) dark navy blue • coarse woolen fabric ‖ Synonym of 褐 (kachi)
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褐 (eumhun 갈색 갈 (galsaek gal)) · 褐 (eumhun 굵은 갈 (gulgeun gal))
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hanja form of 갈 (“brown”)
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Hán-Nôm : hạt
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褐
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| 襟
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kam¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khim • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kim • Middle-Chinese : kim
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front of a garment • Short for 連襟／连襟 (liánjīn, “husbands of sisters”). • chest; bosom (mind; mental outlook)
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‖ 襟(えり) • (eri) ‖ 襟(きん) • (kin)
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‖ a neckband; a collar; a lapel • nape (back part of the neck) ‖ a neckband; a collar; a lapel
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襟 • (geum) · 襟 • (geum) (hangeul 금, revised geum, McCune–Reischauer kŭm, Yale kum)
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lapel, collar
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Hán-Nôm : khâm • Hán-Nôm : câm
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襟
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| 襲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljɯb) : phonetic 龖 (OC *l'ɯːb) + semantic 衣 (“cloth”). \ The bronze inscription and Shuowen zhouwen forms were in the form of 𧟟. The Shuowen small seal script form and subsquent forms are in the form of 襲, as the phonetic component 龖 has been reduced to 龍. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaap⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zap⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍t • Middle-Chinese : zip ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : su
|
to attack; to raid • to follow the pattern; to carry on as before • to lap over; to superpose • to inherit • Classifier for a suit or set of clothes. • a surname ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 軀／躯 (su, “Classifier for sets of clothing”)
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attack • advance on • succeed to • seize
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襲 (eumhun 엄습할 습 (eomseuphal seup))
|
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Hán-Nôm : tập
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|
襲
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| 見
|
Characters in the same phonetic series (見) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ 目 (“eye”) + 儿 (“human”) – an eye on a pair of legs. Originally a human figure with a large eye for a head. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ken ~ m-kjen. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (見) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ 目 (“eye”) + 儿 (“human”) – an eye on a pair of legs. Originally a human figure with a large eye for a head. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ken ~ m-kjen.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kìnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiàn • Middle-Chinese : kenH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiān • Middle-Chinese : henH
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to see • to meet; to see • to meet with; to be exposed to • to see; to refer to; vide • to appear; to seem • opinion, idea, view • used after some verbs to indicate the result • (literary, used before a verb) (to have something done) by (someone or something) • (literary) used to before a verb to indicate the action towards the speaker • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 見 (MC kenH) ‖ Original form of 現／现 (xiàn, “to appear”).
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‖ 見(み) • (mi) ‖ 見(けん) • (ken)
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to see • to think about, to consider • to see (someone), to meet • to appear, to show up ‖ seeing, looking • the look or appearance of something • a view, as of a landscape ‖ seeing, looking • a view, perspective, thought, or opinion about something • (noh) the visual impact the performers have on the audience • window-shopping • a window-shopper
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見 (eumhun 볼 견 (bol gyeon)) ‖ 見 (eumhun 뵈올 현 (boe'ol hyeon))
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hanja form of 견 (“to see; to view”) • hanja form of 견 (“view; perspective; opinion”) ‖ (literary) hanja form of 현 (“to humbly see”) • Original form of 現.
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Hán-Nôm : kiến • Hán-Nôm : kén • Hán-Nôm : hiện
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chữ Hán form of kiến (“(only in compounds) see; meet; view”).
|
見
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| 規
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Traditionally an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 夫 (“man”) + 見 (“see”). Smith (2011) proposes that the left component is instead the bottom of 癸 (OC *kʷilʔ), making it phonetic – compare the Shizhoupian script form at the entry 癸. ‖ Fuehrer and Yang (2014) propose that it derives from 幾 (OC *kɯl, “almost”). ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : kwai¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kui • Middle-Chinese : kjwie ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kui ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄟˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˋ
|
dividers; measuring compass • rule; regulation; customs; law • to plan; to arrange • to exhort; to admonish; to advise • a surname: Gui ‖ (Southern Min, Taiwanese Hakka) whole; entire ‖ Only used in 規規／规规 (guìguì). ‖ ^‡ Alternative form of 瞁 (xù)
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‖
|
rule • measure • norm, standard • to regulate ‖
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規 (eumhun 법 규 (beop gyu))
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hanja form of 법 (“law; rule”)
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Hán-Nôm : quy • Hán-Nôm : qui
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|
規
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| 視
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡljilʔ, *ɡljils, *ɢljils) : phonetic 示 (OC *ɡle, *ɢljils) + semantic 見 (“see”). \ Related to 見 (“to see; to meet”). The Chu form did not include the phonetic 示 component, making it near-identical to 見, but with the lower component a kneeling figure rather than a standing one. (Galambos, 2006)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Middle-Chinese : dzyijX • Middle-Chinese : dzyijH
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to watch; to look; to view; to look at; compare 見／见 (“to see”). · to inspect; to examine • to watch; to look; to view; to look at; compare 見／见 (“to see”). · to regard as; to consider as; to take as • to watch; to look; to view; to look at; compare 見／见 (“to see”). · to visit • to watch; to look; to view; to look at; compare 見／见 (“to see”). · to follow the example of; to take as one's model; to pattern after; to imitate • to watch; to look; to view; to look at; compare 見／见 (“to see”). · to deal with; to manage; to care for • to watch; to look; to view; to look at; compare 見／见 (“to see”). • to compare with • to compare with · to be comparable • eyesight; sight • Alternative form of 示 (“to show”) • 63rd tetragram of the Taixuanjing (𝍄)
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‖ 視(し) • (-shi)
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to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe • to look over; to look on; to assess; to examine; to judge • to look after; to keep an eye on; to take care of • to view (e.g. flowers, movie) • (usu. after the -te form of a verb) to try ‖ (with 2-character Sino-Japanese nouns, forming suru-verbs and their corresponding nouns) treating as; viewing as
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視 (eumhun 볼 시 (bol si))
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hanja form of 시 (“see”)
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Hán-Nôm : thị
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|
視
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| 親
|
Bronze script: phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰin, *sʰins) : phonetic 辛 (OC *siŋ) + semantic 見 (“see”). \ Seal script: phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰin, *sʰins) : phonetic 𣓀 () + semantic 見 (“see”). ‖ ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 親 – see 嚫. \ (This character is a variant form of 嚫).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshin • Middle-Chinese : tshin ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : can³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshenn • Middle-Chinese : tshinH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsim
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^⁜ paternal relatives • intimate; bosom; closely acquainted; beloved; dear • parent(s); father and/or mother • relatives; blood or marriage relation • related by blood; blood (brothers, sisters) • marriage; matrimony • to be close to; to become intimate with • to fraternise with; to support or endorse; pro- • to approach; to go near; to get in touch with • to kiss; to brush one's lips against • personally; in person; with one's own (body part) • close person; reliable person; intimate friend • accurate; true • 34th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "kinship" (𝌧) • (Mainland China, Internet, customer service) dear sir or madam • Alternative form of 新 (xīn, “to renew; to replace”) • a surname ‖ relationship between the families (especially the parents) of a married couple; in-laws ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 唚 (“to kiss”)
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‖ 親(おや) • (oya) ‖ 親(しん) • (shin-)
|
parent, elder ‖ a parent • the originator or founder of a school, company, or other organization • the boss or leader • the larger one of several objects of the same kind • (hanafuda, card games, by extension, board games) the dealer, (gambling) the banker • one's ancestors, one's forebears ‖ pro- (supportive of)
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親 (eumhun 친할 친 (chinhal chin))
|
hanja form of 친 (“intimate”) • hanja form of 친 (“relative; parent”)
|
Hán-Nôm : thân
|
|
親
|
| 訂
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teːŋs, *tʰeːŋ, *deːŋʔ) : semantic 言 + phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ding³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deng³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deng⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tēng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiānn • Middle-Chinese : theng • Middle-Chinese : dengX • Middle-Chinese : tengH
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to draw up an agreement • to arrange • (Cantonese) Short for 訂金／订金.
|
|
correction • revision
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訂 • (jeong) · 訂 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng, Yale ceng)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : đính • Hán-Nôm : dính
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|
訂
|
| 計
|
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 言 (“say”) + 十 (“all”).
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuè • Middle-Chinese : kejH
|
to calculate; to count • to amount to • (chiefly in the negative) to consider; to be concerned with • to plan; to plot • plan; plot; scheme • (Cantonese) solution; way to deal with something • (Cantonese) to regard as; to consider • gauge • (Hokkien) all • a surname
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‖ 計(けい) • (kei) ‖ 計(けい) • (-kei) ‖ 計(けい) • (kei-)
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‖ plan, total ‖ -meter (measuring device) ‖ a total of…, in total
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計 (eumhun 셀 계 (sel gye))
|
hanja form of 계 (“count; calculation”) • hanja form of 계 (“plan”) • hanja form of 계 (“total”)
|
canonical : 計: Hán Việt readings: kê • canonical : kế 計: Nôm readings: ké • canonical : kê • canonical : kẻ • canonical : kẽ • canonical : kế • canonical : kể
|
chữ Hán form of kế (“a plot; a scheme; a stratagem”). • Nôm form of ké (“(placed after the main verb) to obtain a share of something with someone”). • Nôm form of kẻ (“(pejorative) individual, person, man”). • Nôm form of kể (“to tell”).
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計
|
| 討
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰuːʔ) : abbreviated phonetic 肘 (OC *tkuʔ) + semantic 言. Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 言 (“speech”) + 寸 (“hand”) – rectify.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tou² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thóo • Middle-Chinese : thawX
|
to send armed forces to suppress • to denounce; to condemn • to examine; to discuss • to ask for; to beg • to invite • to marry • (Zhao'an Hakka) to want • (Zhao'an Hakka) to be about to
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|
to chastise
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討 (eumhun 칠 토 (chil to))
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hanja form of 토 (“to attack; to destroy”) • hanja form of 토 (“to subjugate; to subdue”) • hanja form of 토 (“to discuss; to debate”)
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Hán-Nôm : thảo
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|
討
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| 訓
|
Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kul (“to instruct, explain, admonish”). Compare Tibetan སྐུལ་བ (skul ba, “to exhort”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hùn • Middle-Chinese : xjunH
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to teach; to instruct; to lecture • to explain • to explain the meaning or sense of a word • to reprimand; to slam; to rebuke; to denounce • (colloquial) to scold • to train; to drill • teachings; explanation; exegesis • model; example • to submit to; to yield to; to obey • a surname: Xun • (linguistics) To interpret / read a Chinese character or phrase by associating it with a (usually) non-Sinitic native morpheme or phrase with identical meaning. Applied in Sinitic dialects to Mandarin or Literary Chinese characters, and in the Sinosphere to Literary Chinese. For example, reading (訓／训) the character 人 (“person”) as Min Nan lâng (“person”), Korean 사람 (saram, “person”), or Japanese ひと (hito, “person”).
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‖ 訓(くん) • (kun) ‖ 訓(さとし) • (Satoshi)
|
instruction • teachings ‖ kun'yomi ‖ a male given name
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訓 (eumhun 가르칠 훈 (gareuchil hun))
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hanja form of 훈 (“teaching”)
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Hán-Nôm : huấn
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|
訓
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| 記
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯs) : semantic 言 (“speech; words”) + phonetic 己 (OC *kɯʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kì • Middle-Chinese : kiH
|
to record; to mark; to note • to keep in mind; remember • record; chronicle • notation; mark; note; seal; sign; ideogram • birthmark (a mark on the skin formed before birth) (Classifier: 塊／块 m) • (Guangdong, Hong Kong, Taiwan) Suffix for restaurants, stores, etc. • (Cantonese) Suffix to show affection. • (Cantonese) Suffix on shortened forms. • Classifier for blows. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • a surname: Ji
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‖ 記(き) • (ki) ‖ 記(き) • (ki) ‖ 記(き) • (-ki) ‖ 記(き) • (Ki) ‖ 記(しるし) • (shirushi) ‖ 記(ふみ) • (Fumi)
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statement • inscription • mention • describe • mark • Kojiki ‖ to record; to mark • to remember; to keep in mind ‖ a chronicle ‖ chronicle, history, account, record ‖ Short for 古事記 (Kojiki): the oldest extant record of the history of ancient Japan • a surname ‖ a (written) chronicle ‖ a female given name
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記 (eumhun 기록할 기 (girokhal gi))
|
hanja form of 기 (“to record”)
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Hán-Nôm : kí • Hán-Nôm : ghi • Hán-Nôm : ký
|
|
記
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| 訟
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sɢloŋ, *sɢloŋs) : semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 公 (OC *kloːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zung⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siòng • Middle-Chinese : zjowng • Middle-Chinese : zjowngH
|
to accuse • to argue; to dispute • to litigate • sixth hexagram of the I Ching • Alternative form of 頌／颂 (“to laud; to praise; to extol”)
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|
sue • accuse
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訟 • (song) · 訟 • (song) (hangeul 송, revised song, McCune–Reischauer song, Yale song)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : tụng
|
|
訟
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| 訪
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaŋs) : semantic 言 (“talk”) + phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóng • Middle-Chinese : phjangH
|
to visit • to ask; to inquire
|
|
call on someone; visit
|
訪 (eumhun 찾을 방 (chajeul bang))
|
hanja form of 방 (“visit; inquire”)
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Hán-Nôm : phỏng
|
|
訪
|
| 設
|
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 言 (“speech”) + 殳 (“activity”) – speech and acts.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siat • Middle-Chinese : syet
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to put; to place; to lay • to arrange for; to help settle down; to find a place for • to found; to set up; to establish • to plan and prepare • to assume; to suppose; to presume • (formal) if; in case; supposing • (Mainland China Hokkien) to cheat; to make fun of; to deceive • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to set a trap on; to ensnare (someone to be fooled)
|
|
establish • set up • prepare
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設 (eumhun 베풀 설 (bepul seol))
|
hanja form of 설 (“establish”)
|
canonical : 設: Hán Việt readings: thiết 設: Nôm readings: thiết • canonical : thết • canonical : thếp
|
|
設
|
| 許
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hŋaʔ) : semantic 言 (“speech; words”) + phonetic 午 (OC *ŋaːʔ). \ ; “place” ‖ Originally written as 鄦 (OC *hmaʔ), 𱢬 (among others) in pre-Qin texts. By the Han dynasty, it was homophonic with and written as 許, originally meaning “to allow; to promise”, due to voiceless nasals losing nasality, turning into x- (Zhang, 2022b). ‖ ‖ Zheng (2017) suggests that it is from 爾 (OC *njelʔ, “that”). Compare 耳 (OC *njɯʔ, “ear”) > Min Nan hī.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hí • Middle-Chinese : xjoX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khú • Middle-Chinese : xjoX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu² ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : hí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hír
|
to allow; to permit • to promise • to betroth • to praise • maybe; perhaps • (literary) approximately • so; such • (literary) place ‖ a surname ‖ ‖ (Gan, Min, Wu) that
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‖
|
permit • approve • place below, vicinity ‖
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許 (eumhun 허락할 허 (heorakhal heo))
|
hanja form of 허 (“approve”)
|
Hán-Nôm : hứa • Hán-Nôm : hớ • Hán-Nôm : hở • Hán-Nôm : hử • Hán-Nôm : hữ • Hán-Nôm : ngỏ
|
|
許
|
| 訴
|
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋaːɡs) : semantic 言 (“word, speak”) + phonetic 斥 (OC *ŋ̊ʰjaːɡs, *ŋ̊ʰjaːɡ, “accuse, blame”) – to accuse verbally.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : sou³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòo • Middle-Chinese : suH
|
to tell; to relate; to inform • to vent; to pour out • to accuse; to charge; to indict
|
|
accuse, appeal, complain, sue
|
訴 • (so) · 訴 • (so) (hangeul 소, revised so, McCune–Reischauer so, Yale so)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : tố • Hán-Nôm : tỏ • Hán-Nôm : túa • Hán-Nôm : tò • Hán-Nôm : tuá
|
|
訴
|
| 詐
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsraːɡs) : semantic 言 + phonetic 乍 (OC *zraːɡs).
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsèe • Middle-Chinese : tsraeH
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to cheat; to defraud; to swindle • to pretend; to feign • to bluff (someone) into giving information • (obsolete) pretty; charming; dignified; haughty; proud • (obsolete) Alternative form of 乍 (zhà, “suddenly”)
|
|
|
詐 • (sa) · 詐 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa, Yale sa)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : trá • Hán-Nôm : cha
|
|
詐
|
| 評
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *beŋ, *beŋs) : semantic 言 + phonetic 平 (OC *ben, *beŋ).
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phîng • Middle-Chinese : bjaeng • Middle-Chinese : bjaengH
|
to comment on; to discuss; to debate • (law, business) to judge; to appraise • comment; commentary; appraisal
|
‖ 評(ひょう) • (hyō)
|
evaluate, criticise, comment ‖ criticism
|
評 • (pyeong) · 評 • (pyeong) (hangeul 평)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : bình • Hán-Nôm : bằng • Hán-Nôm : bừng
|
|
評
|
| 詞
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljɯ) : semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 司 (OC *slɯ).
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sî • Middle-Chinese : zi
|
word; term (Classifier: 組／组 m; 個／个) • phrase; expression; speech; statement; lyrics • (literature) ci; a form of poetry originating in the Tang dynasty and flourishing during the Song dynasty (Classifier: 首 m) • (traditional lexicology, obsolete) function word; particle • ^† Alternative form of 辭／辞 (cí, “to depart”)
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‖ 詞(し) • (shi) ^(←し (si)?)
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‖
|
詞 (eumhun 말 사 (mal sa))
|
hanja form of 사 (“word”)
|
canonical : 詞: Hán Việt readings: từ
|
|
詞
|
| 詠
|
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : íng • Middle-Chinese : hjwaengH
|
to sing; to hum; to chant • to describe in poetic language
|
‖ 詠(えい) • (ei) ‖ 詠(えい) • (ei)
|
recitation • poem • song • composing ‖ recite (poetry); sing; hum; chant • compose (poetry) • poetry ‖ (literary) the composition of poetry; composed poetry
|
詠 (eum 영 (yeong))
|
sing, hum, chant
|
Hán-Nôm : vịnh • Hán-Nôm : vẳng • Hán-Nôm : vạnh
|
|
詠
|
| 試
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljɯɡs) : semantic 言 + phonetic 式 (OC *hljɯɡ). \ Exoactive form of 式 (shì, “to use, to make use of”), with a causative s/h-suffix (Schuessler, 2007, p. 466).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sì • Middle-Chinese : syiH
|
to test • to try; to experiment • test; examination (Classifier: 個／个 c) • (dialectal) to taste; to try
|
|
trial • experiment
|
試 (eumhun 시험할 시 (siheomhal si))
|
hanja form of 시 (“to test; to try”) • hanja form of 시 (“test; trial; examination”) • hanja form of 시 (“experiment”)
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canonical : 試: Hán Việt readings: thí 試: Nôm readings: thi • canonical : thía • canonical : thử
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chữ Hán form of thí (“to experiment”). • Nôm form of thử (“to try, to test something”). • Nôm form of thi (“to take and exam, to compete; exam, trial, competition”).
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試
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| 詩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljɯ) : semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs) – poetry is a form of language, speech.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : si¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si • Middle-Chinese : syi
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poem; verse; ode; poetry (Classifier: 首 m c h) • Short for 詩經／诗经 (Shījīng, “Classic of Poetry”).
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‖ 詩(し) • (shi)
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poetry, poem • (archaic) Chinese-style poetry • modern Japanese poetry ‖ poem • verse of poetry • (poetry) Chinese poetry • Short for 詩経 (“Shijing, the Book of Odes”).
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詩 (eum 시 (si))
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hanja form of 시 (“poetry; poem”) • hanja form of 시 (“verse”)
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canonical : 詩: Hán Việt readings: thi 詩: Nôm readings: thơ • canonical : thi
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chữ Hán form of thi (“poetry; poem”). • Nôm form of thơ (“poetry; poem; verse”).
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詩
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| 話
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡroːds) : semantic 言 (“word”) + phonetic 𠯑 (OC *ɡroːd). The right component is not related to 舌 (OC *ɦbljed, “tongue”). \ Cognate with 曰 (OC *ɢʷad) according to Sagart (1999); if so, it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwas (“to speak; word”), whence Tibetan གྲོས་སྡུར་བྱེད་པ (gros sdur byed pa, “to consult; to discuss”) (STEDT). \ ; "episode"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huā • Middle-Chinese : hwaejH
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words; talk; what somebody says (Classifier: 句 m mn) • story; tale • dialect; language • to talk about; to discuss • (Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Northern Min, Wu) to say; to refer to; to talk about • (Cantonese, transitive) to tell (someone something) • (Cantonese, Hakka, Gan, Wu) to tell someone off; to scold • (Cantonese) to think; to feel; to consider; to say • (Cantonese) Sentence-final particle used to ask someone to repeat previous information. • (Cantonese) quotative: that • (ACG) episode
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‖ 話(はなし) • (hanashi) ‖ 話(わ) • (-wa)
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talk, conversation • tale, story ‖ talking; speaking; speech; conversation • story; tale; narrative • a topic; a subject; that which is spoken about • rumors; rumours • negotiation; consultation; discussion • lecture; speech ‖ Counter for stories. • Counter for episodes of TV shows.
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話 (eumhun 말할 화 (malhal hwa))
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hanja form of 화 (“to speak”)
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Hán-Nôm : thoại ‖ romanization : thoại ‖ romanization : thoại
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‖ chữ Hán form of thoại. · (one's) word; speech; language • chữ Hán form of thoại. · matter; affair; subject ‖ chữ Hán form of thoại. • chữ Hán form of thoại. · to talk; to speak; to discuss
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話
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| 該
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯː) : semantic 言 + phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ). ‖ Contraction of 個一.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : goi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kai • Middle-Chinese : koj ‖
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to contain; to include • extensive; comprehensive; wide • will be; going to be • should; ought to; need to; have to • to deserve; to serve someone right • to be one's turn (to do something) • (colloquial) to owe • all; everywhere • particle used for emphasis • (formal) the aforementioned; such; that • (literary or dialectal) that; this ‖ (Ningbonese) this
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|
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該 • (hae) · 該 • (hae) (hangeul 해, revised hae, McCune–Reischauer hae, Yale hay)
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Hán-Nôm : cai • Hán-Nôm : cơi
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該
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| 詳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaŋ, *laŋ) : semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaŋ, *laŋ) : semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siâng • Middle-Chinese : zjang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˊ • Middle-Chinese : yang
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detailed; complete; thorough • to explain; to elaborate • serene; composed ‖ Alternative form of 佯 (yáng, “to feign; to pretend”)
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detailed
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詳 • (sang, yang) · 詳 • (sang, yang) (hangeul 상, 양, revised sang, yang, McCune–Reischauer sang, yang, Yale sang, yang)
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Hán-Nôm : tường • Hán-Nôm : dương
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詳
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| 誇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰʷraː) : semantic 言 (“words, language”) + phonetic 夸 (OC *kʰʷraː)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwaa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khua • Middle-Chinese : khwae
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to boast; to exaggerate • to praise; to commend
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boast • be proud • pride • triumphantly
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誇 (eumhun 자랑할 과 (jaranghal gwa))
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hanja form of 과 (“boast, brag”)
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canonical : 誇: Hán Việt readings: khoa 誇: Nôm readings: khoa • canonical : khoe • canonical : sua • canonical : thua
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誇
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| 誌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯs) : semantic 言 + phonetic 志 (OC *tjɯs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsì • Middle-Chinese : tsyiH
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records, annals • to memorize • mark • colored spot on skin
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document • records
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誌 • (ji) · 誌 • (ji) (hangeul 지, revised ji, McCune–Reischauer chi, Yale ci)
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Hán-Nôm : chí
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誌
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| 認
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njɯns, *njɯŋs) : semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 忍 (OC *njɯnʔ). \ Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njan (“to hear; to listen”) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan ཉན (nyan, “to listen”), Mizo en (“to look; to look at”). Schuessler (2007) suggests another cognate Jingpho non⁵⁵ (“to think; to consider”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jing⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jan⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : līn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jīn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jīm • Middle-Chinese : nyinH • Middle-Chinese : nyingH
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to recognize; to know; to understand; to acknowledge • to accept; to agree • to admit (defeat); to resign (oneself to something) • to treat as; to consider as • to adopt; to take on • to undertake (to do something)
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‖ 認(みとむ) • (Mitomu)
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recognize, appreciate ‖ a male given name
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認 (eumhun 알 인 (al in))
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hanja form of 인 (“know”) • hanja form of 인 (“recognition”) • hanja form of 인 (“authorization”) • hanja form of 인 (“approval”)
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Hán-Nôm : nhận
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認
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| 誕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːnʔ) : semantic 言 (“word, speech”) + phonetic 延 (OC *lan, *lans).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daan³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daan⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǎn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tān • Middle-Chinese : danX
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to be born • birth; birthday • to bear children; to give birth to • absurd; ludicrous
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absurd, brag • be born
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誕 (eum 탄 (tan))
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Hán-Nôm : đản
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誕
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| 誘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *luʔ) : semantic 言 (“word, language”) + phonetic 秀 (OC *slus). \ Possibly Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-s-lu (STEDT) and cognate to Tibetan སླུས (slus, “to entice; to impose on; to deceive”). The character 䛻 (yòu) would have been phonetically closer to 盾 (OC *l'uːnʔ, *ɦljunʔ) ~ /*slun/ at an early stage, which might have been an internal cognate, but it was normalized as an alternative form of 誘／诱 (yòu) by later lexicographers. Also related to 訹 (OC *slud). (Wang, 2012)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iú • Middle-Chinese : yuwX
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(literary, or in compounds) to lead; to guide • (literary, or in compounds) to admonish; to advise • (literary, or in compounds) to persuade • (literary, or in compounds) to entice; to lure; to attract • (literary, or in compounds) to seduce; to beguile • (literary, or in compounds) to mislead; to lead astray • (literary, or in compounds) to induce
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persuade, entice, tempt
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誘 • (yu) · 誘 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)
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canonical : 誘: Hán Việt readings: dụ 誘: Nôm readings: dụ • canonical : dỗ • canonical : dủ • canonical : dũ
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誘
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| 語
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Characters in the same phonetic series (五) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaʔ, *ŋas) : semantic 言 + phonetic 吾 (OC *ŋraː, *ŋaː). \ Compare Tibetan ངག (ngag, “speech”). \ According to Schuessler (2007), 言 (OC *ŋan, “to speak; speech; talk”) is 語 (OC *ŋaʔ) with a nominal n-suffix. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (五) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaʔ, *ŋas) : semantic 言 + phonetic 吾 (OC *ŋraː, *ŋaː). \ Compare Tibetan ངག (ngag, “speech”). \ According to Schuessler (2007), 言 (OC *ŋan, “to speak; speech; talk”) is 語 (OC *ŋaʔ) with a nominal n-suffix.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gí • Middle-Chinese : ngjoX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gīr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gī • Middle-Chinese : ngjoH
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to speak; to say • (of an animal) to chirp; to hoot • speech; language • (linguistics) spoken language (contrary to written language 文) • expression; words • saying; proverb; set phrase • movement or signal which transmits information • chirping; tweet ‖ to tell; to inform
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‖ 語(ご) • (go) ‖ 語(ご) • (-go) ‖ 語(ご) • (go)
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‖ (linguistics) a word, term • a proverb ‖ language of, -ese, -ish ‖ talk, speak • word, language, term • Short for 物語 (monogatari): story, tale, narrative
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語 (eumhun 말씀 어 (malsseum eo))
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hanja form of 어 (“language of; -ese; -ish”)
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canonical : 語: Hán Việt readings: ngữ 語: Nôm readings: ngỡ • canonical : ngửa • canonical : ngữ • canonical : ngứa • canonical : ngợ • canonical : gỡ
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chữ Hán form of ngữ (“language”). • Nôm form of ngỡ (“to think that”).
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語
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| 誠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djeŋ) : semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 成 (OC *djeŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sing⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîng • Middle-Chinese : dzyeng
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sincere; honest; true; genuine • indeed; truly; really • (literary) if • (Southern Min) very
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sincerity
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誠 (eumhun 정성 성 (jeongseong seong))
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hanja form of 성 (“sincerity”)
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Hán-Nôm : thành • Hán-Nôm : thiêng
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chữ Hán form of thành (“sincere; honest”).
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誠
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| 誤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷaːs) : semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 吳 (OC *ŋʷaː) – to speak an error.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gōo • Middle-Chinese : nguH
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incorrect • error; mistake • to miss • to hinder; to impair; to delay • to confuse; to delude • mistakenly • (Internet slang) A particle placed at the end of a sentence to indicate that the poster is joking. (used with parentheses)
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wrong, incorrect • to err, to mistake, error
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誤 (eumhun 그르칠 오 (geureuchil o))
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hanja form of 오 (“error; blunder”) • hanja form of 오 (“doubt; suspicion”)
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Hán-Nôm : nhầm • Hán-Nôm : lầm
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誤
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| 誰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djul) : semantic 言 (“speak”) + phonetic 隹 (OC *tjul). \ From *du + *-i (“suffix in independent pronouns”); cognate with 疇 (OC *du, “who”), 孰 (OC *djɯwɢ, “which one; who”) (Schuessler, 2007). In other Sino-Tibetan languages, compare Mizo tû (“who; which”), Chepang दोह् (“what”), Proto-Kuki-Chin *tuu (“who; which (relativizer)”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). ‖ Contraction of 啥人 (siáⁿ-lâng). ‖ Contraction of 底人 (tī-lâng). ‖ Contraction of 是誰／是谁 (chī-chūi). ‖ From shortening of 是誰／是谁 (chī-choa̍h), from 是誰仔／是谁仔 (chī-chūi-á).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄟˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuî • Middle-Chinese : dzywij ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : siâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siáng ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiâng ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuī ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsua̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiâ
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who; whom • someone; anyone • anyone; whoever • a surname ‖ (Southern Min) who; whom ‖ (Hokkien, including Xiamen, Kinmenese, Magong and Singapore Hokkien; Teochew; Hainanese) who; whom ‖ (Hokkien, chiefly Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) who; whom ‖ (Hokkien, including Zhangzhou and Taichung Hokkien) who; whom
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‖ 誰(だれ) • (dare) ‖ 誰(たれ) • (tare) ‖ 誰(た) • (ta)
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‖ interrogative personal pronoun: who, whom ‖ (archaic) interrogative personal pronoun: who, whom ‖ (obsolete, persists in some fossilized expressions) interrogative personal pronoun: who, whom
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誰 • (su) · 誰 • (su) (hangeul 수)
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Hán-Nôm : thùy • Hán-Nôm : thuỳ
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誰
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| 課
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰloːl, *kʰloːls) : semantic 言 (“to say”) + phonetic 果 (OC *kloːlʔ) – to assess; to examine.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fo³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuè • Middle-Chinese : khwa • Middle-Chinese : khwaH
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lesson (Classifier: 堂; 節／节 m) • course (Classifier: 門／门; 堂 c) • classwork • (literary) to check; to examine; to assess • (modern) to pay for online goods or services
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‖ 課(か) • (-ka) ‖ 課(か) • (ka) ‖ 課(か) • (-ka)
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‖ lessons • chapters of a book ‖ lesson ‖ section, department • lesson
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課 (eumhun 과정 과 (gwajeong gwa))
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hanja form of 과 (“lesson”) • hanja form of 과 (“course”) • hanja form of 과 (“classwork”)
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Hán-Nôm : khóa • Hán-Nôm : khoá • Hán-Nôm : khỏa • Hán-Nôm : khoả • Hán-Nôm : thỏa • Hán-Nôm : thoả • Hán-Nôm : thuở • Hán-Nôm : thuả
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課
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| 調
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dɯːw, *dɯːws, *tɯw) : semantic 言 + phonetic 周 (OC *tjɯw). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dɯːw, *dɯːws, *tɯw) : semantic 言 + phonetic 周 (OC *tjɯw). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dɯːw, *dɯːws, *tɯw) : semantic 言 + phonetic 周 (OC *tjɯw).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tiu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiâu • Middle-Chinese : dew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : diu⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deu⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄠˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiàu • Middle-Chinese : dewH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zau¹ • Middle-Chinese : trjuw
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to adjust; to regulate • to train; to tame; to drill • (music) to tune; to play (an instrument) • to recuperate under medical treatment • to mix; to stir; to blend • harmonious; matching • to cook; to flavour • to play; to display; to be rude; to be naughty • to take liberties with (a woman); to flirt • to throw; to toss ‖ to transfer; to move; to shift • to select; to promote • to send; to dispatch; to arrange; to allocate • to exchange; to interchange • to extract; to draw out; to obtain • to turn; to revolve • to calculate; to investigate • to show off; to resort to • style; form; mode • mood; taste • opinion; idea; expression • (linguistics) accent; tone • (music) tune; melody • (music) key; mode ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 朝 (“morning”)
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‖ 調(みつぐ) • (Mitsugu)
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tune, tone, meter, key (music) • writing style • to prepare, to exorcise • to investigate • to harmonize, to mediate ‖ a male given name
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調 • (jo, ju) · 調 • (jo, ju) (hangeul 조, 주, revised jo, ju, McCune–Reischauer cho, chu, Yale co, cwu)
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Hán-Nôm : điều • Hán-Nôm : đều • Hán-Nôm : đìu • Hán-Nôm : dìu • Hán-Nôm : điệu • Hán-Nôm : điu
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調
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| 談
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːm) : semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 炎 (OC *ɦlam). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-tam ~ g-dam.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : taam⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tâm • Middle-Chinese : dam
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to talk; to converse; to chat; to discuss • remark; conversation • (obsolete) to praise • a surname
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story • talk, conversation
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談 (eumhun 말씀 담 (malsseum dam))
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hanja form of 담 (“conversation”)
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Hán-Nôm : đàm • Hán-Nôm : giạm
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chữ Hán form of đàm.
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談
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| 請
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰleŋʔ, *zleŋs, *zleŋ) : semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰleŋʔ, *zleŋs, *zleŋ) : semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰleŋʔ, *zleŋs, *zleŋ) : semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰleŋʔ, *zleŋs, *zleŋ) : semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshíng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiánn • Middle-Chinese : tshjengX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : king⁴ • Middle-Chinese : dzjeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cing¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zing⁶ • Middle-Chinese : dzjengH
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to ask; to ask for; to request • to ask; to ask for; to request · kindly allow me to... • to ask • to greet; to ask how someone is • to invite; to treat (to a meal, etc.) • to hire • to carry or bring (a sacred or respectable thing) • please; kindly • (Internet slang, interjection) Used to form a retort. • a surname ‖ ‖ Only used in 請室／请室 (qīngshì). ‖
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‖ 請(しょう) • (shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?)
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beg; ask • ask; request • entertain sincerely • (普(ふ)請(しん)) donate to constructing a temple or a shrine • receive ‖ request
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請 (eumhun 청할 청 (cheonghal cheong))
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hanja form of 청 (“to ask; to beg; to request”)
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canonical : 請: Hán Việt readings: thỉnh • canonical : tình • canonical : tính 請: Nôm readings: thảnh • canonical : thín • canonical : thinh
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請
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| 論
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ruːn, *ruːns, *run) : semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 侖 (OC *run). \ Compare Mizo râwn (“to ask advice, to consult, to ask”) [high-tone], Mizo râwn (“to suggest, to advise, to recommend”) [low-tone]. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ruːn, *ruːns, *run) : semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 侖 (OC *run). \ Compare Mizo râwn (“to ask advice, to consult, to ask”) [high-tone], Mizo râwn (“to suggest, to advise, to recommend”) [low-tone].
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lūn • Middle-Chinese : lwonH • Middle-Chinese : lwon ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lūn • Middle-Chinese : lwin
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to discuss; to reason; to debate; to argue • to assess; to evaluate; to judge; to weigh • to state; to talk about; to recount • to treat; to regard; to handle • to take into consideration; to consider • according to; on the basis of • discussion; dialogue; discourse • essay; discourse • theory; thesis; system ‖ to say directly or to the point • Short for 論語／论语 (Lúnyǔ, “Lunyu; Analects”). • a surname
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‖ 論(ろん) • (ron) ‖ 論(ろん) • (-ron)
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argument, discussion ‖ argument, discussion, disputation • theory • question of; advocacy of • opinion, view • essay, treatise ‖ theory; -ology • doctrine; -ism
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論 (eumhun 논할 론 (nonhal ron), word-initial (South Korea) 논할 논 (nonhal non))
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hanja form of 론/논 (“argument, discussion”)
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canonical : 論: Hán Việt readings: luận 論: Nôm readings: lọn • canonical : lộn • canonical : lụn • canonical : luồn • canonical : trọn • canonical : luận • canonical : trộn • canonical : chọn • canonical : tròn • canonical : lòn • canonical : dọn • canonical : rộn • canonical : soạn • canonical : giọn • canonical : lốn • canonical : gọn • canonical : lấn • canonical : lẩn
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chữ Hán form of luận (“essay”).
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論
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| 諸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjaː, *tja) : semantic 言 + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ). \ 諸 (*ta, "many, all") is considered a dependent (non-adjunctive) pronoun, gradually replacing 多 (*tlai, “many, all”). The two may be cognate, and it may be conceivable that 諸 had branched off from 多 in the sense "all" as the pre-nominal proclitic with the loss of the final *-i in 多. \ Probably also cognate with 都 (dū, “all”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsu • Middle-Chinese : tsyo • Middle-Chinese : tsyae
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many; each; every; all (forming plurals; especially for persons to whom respect is due) • Contraction of 之乎. • Contraction of 之於／之于. it + into/onto/unto/than • sentence-final particle • sentence-medial particle • a surname
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‖ 諸(しょ) • (sho-)
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various • many • several • together ‖ various, all the
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諸 (eumhun 모두 제 (modu je)) ‖ 諸 (eumhun 김치 저 (gimchi jeo))
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‖
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Hán-Nôm : chư • Hán-Nôm : chơ • Hán-Nôm : chưa • Hán-Nôm : chã • Hán-Nôm : chở • Hán-Nôm : chứa • Hán-Nôm : đã
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諸
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| 諾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *naːɡ) : semantic 言 (“word, speak”) + phonetic 若 (OC *nja, *njaʔ, *njaɡ, “like this; such”) — to answer affirmatively. \ Cognate with 若 (OC *njaɡ, “like this; such; if”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ From 儂／侬.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hio̍h • Middle-Chinese : nak ‖
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to promise • to assent; to approve • (literary or Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) yes; aye; yea; right ‖ (Shaoxing Wu and Ningbonese) you
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agreement, consent, assent
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諾 (eumhun 대답할 락 (daedaphal rak), word-initial (South Korea) 대답할 낙 (daedaphal nak))
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hanja form of 락/낙 (“promise”) • hanja form of 락/낙 (“assent, approve”)
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Hán-Nôm : nặc • Hán-Nôm : nược
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諾
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| 謀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯ) : semantic 言 + phonetic 某 (OC *mɯʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bôo • Middle-Chinese : mjuw
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stratagem; device; plan; scheme • to plan; to plot; to devise • to seek; to work for • to consult
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conspire • cheat • impose on • plan • devise • scheme • have in mind • deceive
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謀 (eumhun 꾀할 모 (kkoehal mo))
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hanja form of 모 (“plan, scheme”) • hanja form of 모 (“stratagem”)
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Hán-Nôm : mưu
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謀
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| 謁
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jit³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kit³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iat • Middle-Chinese : 'jot
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(literary) to visit; to pay respects to • to state; to inform • to report; to accuse • to request • name card
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‖ 謁(えつ) • (etsu) ‖ 謁(えつ) • (etsu)
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‖ audience (with a noble) ‖ (literary) a meeting or audience with a noble
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謁 • (al) · 謁 • (al) (hangeul 알, revised al, McCune–Reischauer al, Yale al)
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canonical : 謁: Hán Việt readings: ét • canonical : yết
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謁
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| 謙
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Cognate with 歉 (OC *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms, “deficient”), 廉 (OC *ɡ·rem, “upright; having integrity; uncorrupt”) (Schuessler, 2007), Tibetan ཁྲམ་པ (khram pa, “modest”) (Geilich, 1995).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiam • Middle-Chinese : khem
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humble; modest • 15th hexagram of the I Ching
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humble; modest
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謙 (eumhun 사양할 겸 (sayanghal gyeom))
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hanja form of 겸 (“refuse, decline”) • hanja form of 겸 (“humble, modest”)
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canonical : 謙: Hán Việt readings: khiêm 謙: Nôm readings: khem • canonical : khiêm • canonical : khom • canonical : khòm • canonical : khọm
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Chữ Hán form of khiêm (“humble, self-effacing”). • Nôm form of khem (“to put on a diet”). See kiêng khem. • Nôm form of khom (“to make a bow, to bend (one's body), to walk with a stoop”). See lom khom. • Nôm form of khòm (“to make a bow, to bend (one's body), to walk with a stoop”). • Nôm form of khọm (“very old”). See già khọm.
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謙
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| 講
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːŋʔ) : semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 冓 (OC *koː, *koːs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kóng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : káng • Middle-Chinese : kaewngX
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to say; to talk; to speak; to tell • to explain; to lecture • to discuss; to negotiate • (literary) to make peace; to reconcile • to emphasise; to pay attention to; to take into account • regarding; concerning • (Hokkien) Used after a verb to introduce a clause that is the object of the verb: that • Classifier for lectures. • a surname
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‖ 講(こう) • (-kō) ^(←かう (kau)?)
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‖ reading or lecture • reading of sacred scriptures by Buddhist monks • gathering of monks and laity for Buddhist rites • lay association of Buddhist or Shinto believers • mutual financial assistance association
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講 (eumhun 외울 강 (oe'ul gang))
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hanja form of 강 (“reading or lecture”)
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Hán-Nôm : giảng • Hán-Nôm : nhãng
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講
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| 謝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaːɡs) : semantic 言 (“word; speech”) + phonetic 射 (OC *ɢljaːɡs, *laːɡs, *ɢljaːɡ, *laːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiā • Middle-Chinese : zjaeH
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to excuse oneself; to make an apology; to apologise • to decline; to renounce; to refuse • to modestly decline • to resign; to stand down • to take leave; to leave; to say goodbye • to tell; to warn • to send one's regards to • to thank; to express gratitude to • thanks; gratitude; gratefulness • thank you; thanks • thanks; thank you • to thank with a gift; to recompense • to decline; to wane; to wither • to avoid; to avert • to pass away; to depart this life • (historical) region of ancient China in present-day Henan • a surname
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apologize • thank • refuse
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謝 (eumhun 사례할 사 (saryehal sa))
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hanja form of 사 (“apologize”)
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Hán-Nôm : tạ
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謝
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| 謹
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯnʔ) : semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 堇 (OC *ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ) – to speak caution. \ Cognate with 兢 (OC *kɯŋ, “to be cautious”), which is possibly the vocalic variant of 驚 (OC *kreŋ, “to be afraid; to alarm”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gan² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kín • Middle-Chinese : kj+nX
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prudent; cautious; careful; reverent
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be mindful of • be prudent
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謹 (eumhun 삼갈 근 (samgal geun))
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hanja form of 근 (“prudent, cautious”) • hanja form of 근 (“attentive”)
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canonical : 謹: Hán Việt readings: cẩn 謹: Nôm readings: ngẩn • canonical : kín • canonical : ghín • canonical : cẩn
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謹
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| 識
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯɡs, *hljɯɡ) : semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 戠 (OC *tjɯɡ). ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : sik¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sit • Middle-Chinese : syik ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi³ • Middle-Chinese : tsyiH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : pat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bat
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to know; to realise; to be aware • (Cantonese, Hakka, dialectal Wu) to recognise; to be familiar with; to know (especially someone or how to do something) • to appreciate; to recognise the worth of • to distinguish; to discriminate • knowledge; experience • (Buddhism) mind; consciousness; vijnana • bosom friend; acquaintance • thought; awareness • Alternative form of 適／适 (“just now”) ‖ to put a mark • to remember • mark; sign • flag • raised words on an ancient bell or cauldron ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 捌 (“to know”)
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discriminating • know • write
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識 (eumhun 알 식 (al sik)) ‖ 識 (eumhun 적을 지 (jeogeul ji))
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hanja form of 식 (“knowing”) ‖ hanja form of 지 (“writing; mark”)
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Hán-Nôm : thức
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chữ Hán form of thức (“consciousness”).
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識
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| 譜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paːʔ) : semantic 言 (“sound”) + phonetic 普 (OC *pʰaːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pou² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phóo • Middle-Chinese : puX
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register; list; table • manual • spectrum • (linear algebra) spectrum (the set of eigenvalues of a matrix) • (music) score • (music) to set (a poem, etc.) to music • (colloquial) grasp; foundation; confidence • (colloquial) airs
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written music • a musical score • a written musical note
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譜 (eumhun 족보 보 (jokbo bo))
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hanja form of 보 (“register, list, table”) • hanja form of 보 (“musical score”)
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Hán-Nôm : phổ • Hán-Nôm : phả
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譜
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| 議
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋrals) : semantic 言 (“talk”) + phonetic 義 (OC *ŋrals). \ Cognate with 儀 (OC *ŋral, “ceremony; appearance”). See there for more.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ji⁵ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gī • Middle-Chinese : ngjeH
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to talk over; to discuss • (literary, or in compounds) to comment • (literary, or in compounds) to criticize; to critique • (literary, or in compounds) opinion; suggestion • (literary, or in compounds) parliament; legislative assembly
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‖ 議(ぎ) • (gi) ‖ 議(ぎ) • (-gi) ‖ 議(はかる) • (Hakaru)
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deliberation • consultation • debate • consideration ‖ discussion; deliberation; debate ‖ Clipping of 議会議員 (gikai giin, “legislature member”). ‖ a male given name
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議 (eumhun 의논할 의 (uinonhal ui))
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hanja form of 의 (“discuss”)
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Hán-Nôm : nghị • Hán-Nôm : nghĩ • Hán-Nôm : ngợi
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議
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| 護
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷraːɡs) : semantic 言 + phonetic 蒦 (). \ Likely cognate with Tibetan འགོགས་པ ('gogs pa, “to prevent; to avert; to repel”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōo • Middle-Chinese : huH
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to protect; to safeguard; to defend; to shelter • to side with (someone); to take sides; to discriminate in favor of; to show prejudice (to a particular party)
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‖ 護(まもる) • (Mamoru)
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safeguard, protect ‖ a male given name
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護 • (ho) · 護 • (ho) (hangeul 호)
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protection, security
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Hán-Nôm : hộ
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護
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| 豫
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : īr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ī • Middle-Chinese : yoH
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Used in 猶豫／犹豫 (yóuyù). • relaxed; comfortable; at ease • content and happy • 16th hexagram of the I Ching • Short for 河南 (Hénán). • Alternative form of 預／预 (“to prevent, to take precautions”) • (archaic) to speculate (to profit from artificially inflated prices); to manipulate the market; to engage in price gouging
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In modern Japanese 予 is used instead.
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豫 • (ye) · 豫 • (ye) (hangeul 예, revised ye, McCune–Reischauer ye, Yale yey)
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Hán-Nôm : dự
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豫
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| 貝
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Characters in the same phonetic series (貝) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – cowrie. \ Cowries were used as money in ancient China (shell money). \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bwap (“snail”); cognate with Jingpho pawp, lapawp (“snail”), Chepang बोप् (bop, “snail”) (STEDT; Starostin; Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, Guo (1945) proposes that it is an ancient loanword from languages of the south (which call it bia). Since the species of sea snail used as decoration and currency—Monetaria moneta (money cowry)—is not native to the eastern seashores of China, he proposes that cowries used by the ancient Chinese dynasties in Central China must have come from the southeastern shores of China and areas further south. Compare Malay bia (“cowry”), Thai เบี้ย (bîia, “cowry shell; money”), Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɓa(a)j (“bean, small weight or coin”) > Khasi sbâi (“cowry; shell; money”), Khmer ពៃ (pɨy, “obsolete small coin”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puè • Middle-Chinese : pajH
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shellfish; cowrie • money; currency • a surname
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‖ 貝(かい) • (kai) ^(←かひ (kafi)?) ‖ 貝(ばい) or 貝(バイ) • (bai) ^(←ばい (bai)?)
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‖ an aquatic shellfish (generally limited to mollusks with calcareous shells such as clams or snails, and excluding crustaceans such as shrimp or crabs) ‖ Babylonia japonica (Japanese babylon or Japanese ivory shell)
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貝 (eumhun 조개 패 (jogae pae))
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hanja form of 패 (“clam, shellfish”)
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Hán-Nôm : bối • Hán-Nôm : buổi • Hán-Nôm : bói • Hán-Nôm : búi • Hán-Nôm : với • Hán-Nôm : mấy • Hán-Nôm : mới • Hán-Nôm : vuối • Hán-Nôm : thói
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chữ Hán form of bối (“seashell”).
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貝
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| 貞
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Pictogram (象形) - a ding (oracle bone script , ; same as 鼎 (OC *kleːŋʔ)). Borrowed for “to divine”. Later 卜 (“to divine”) was added as a semantic component (oracle bone script ; bronze script ）. \ Various comparisons have been proposed. Within Chinese, it has been compared to 偵 (OC *tʰeŋ, “to test; to detect”) (Schuessler, 2007), 正 (OC *tjeŋs, “correct; right”) (Sagart and Ma, 2020). Outside of Chinese, it has been compared to Tibetan དྲང་པོ (drang po, “straight”) (Sagart, 2020b).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsin • Middle-Chinese : trjeng
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virtuous; chaste; pure • loyal; faithful • to divine
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virtue, faithfulness, uprighteousness • chastity
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貞 • (jeong) · 貞 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng, Yale ceng)
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Hán-Nôm : trinh • Hán-Nôm : riêng • Hán-Nôm : tranh
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貞
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| 負
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : ⺈ (“person”) + 貝 (“cowry”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“carry, shoulder”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǔ • Middle-Chinese : bjuwX
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to carry (on the back); to bear (a burden or responsibility) • to rely on; to load; to burden • to betray; to abandon; to repudiate; to go against • to lose; to be defeated • (mathematics, electricity, etc.) negative
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‖ 負(ふ) • (fu)
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(まける) lose; be defeated • (おう) carry • negative ‖ (mathematics) negativity, being negative (less than zero) • (physics) negativity, being negative (of electrical charge of an electron) • negativity, being negative (bad, pessimistic)
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負 (eumhun 질 부 (jil bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“load, burden”) • hanja form of 부 (“carry, bear”)
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Hán-Nôm : phụ
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to betray
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負
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| 財
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zlɯː) : semantic 貝 (“shell”) + phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄞˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsâi • Middle-Chinese : dzoj
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wealth; valuables; riches; money
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‖ 財(たから) • (takara)
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property; riches; wealth ‖ treasure
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財 (eumhun 재물 재 (jaemul jae))
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hanja form of 재 (“wealth, property”)
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Hán-Nôm : tài
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財
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| 貢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːŋs) : phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ) + semantic 貝. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gung³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kòng • Middle-Chinese : kuwngH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : gung³
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to pay tribute • tribute; gift • (historical) to select or recommend talents for the imperial court • (Xiamen Hokkien, historical) a kind of high-grade cloth like silk and satin • a surname ‖ to crawl; to burrow; to writhe • to wander
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‖ 貢(みつぐ) • (Mitsugu) ‖ 貢(みつぎ) • (Mitsugi) ‖ 貢(こう) • (kō) ‖ 貢(こう) • (Kō)
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tribute • support ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name • a surname ‖ tribute • support, a contribution (such as a donation of money) ‖ a male given name
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貢 (eumhun 바칠 공 (bachil gong))
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hanja form of 공 (“give, offer, present”) • hanja form of 공 (“dedicate, devote”)
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canonical : 貢: Hán Việt readings: cống 貢: Nôm readings: cóng • canonical : cống • canonical : gỏng • canonical : gúng • canonical : xống
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貢
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| 貧
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *brɯn) : phonetic 分 (OC *pɯn, *bɯns, “divide”) + semantic 貝 (“money”) – to divide one's money. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-b(u/i)l (“poor”); cognate with Tibetan དབུལ (dbul, “poor”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014). ‖ The same word as 頻／频 (pín, “frequent”) (Xu, 1990).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pîn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pûn • Middle-Chinese : bin ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄣˊ
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poor; impoverished; destitute • to lack; to be deficient in; to be short of ‖ (colloquial) garrulous; talkative
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poverty
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貧 (eumhun 가난할 빈 (gananhal bin))
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hanja form of 빈 (“poverty”)
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Hán-Nôm : bần
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貧
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| 貨
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Characters in the same phonetic series (化) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hŋʷaːls) : phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls) + semantic 貝 (“shell, money”) – valuable goods. \ Related to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “to change”), 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to transform”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hèr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hònn • Middle-Chinese : xwaH
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(literary) money and goods; property • goods; commodities; products • currency • (derogatory) used to refer to a person • (Southern Min) thing; stuff • (obsolete) to bribe • (obsolete) to buy; to purchase • (obsolete) to sell • a surname
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‖ 貨(か) • (ka) ^(←くわ (kwa)?)
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‖ currency • goods • treasure
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貨 • (hwa) · 貨 • (hwa) (hangeul 화, revised hwa, McCune–Reischauer hwa, Yale hwa)
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Hán-Nôm : hóa • Hán-Nôm : hoá
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貨
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| 販
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pans) : semantic 貝 (“cowry”) + phonetic 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan). \ The exoactive of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan, “to return, lit. "to make someone return"”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *par (“to trade; to buy; to sell”), from which Tibetan ཕར (phar, “interest (on money); exchange”) is derived.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuànn • Middle-Chinese : pjonH
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to deal in; to trade in; to traffic • peddler; hawker; street merchant
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marketing • sell • trade
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販 • (pan) · 販 • (pan) (hangeul 판, revised pan, McCune–Reischauer p'an, Yale phan)
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Hán-Nôm : phiến • Hán-Nôm : phán
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販
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| 貪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰl'uːm) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm, “open mouth”) + semantic 貝 (“money”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : taam¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tham • Middle-Chinese : thom
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to be greedy • to be fond of; to have an insatiable desire for • to pursue something (excessively or inappropriately) • to embezzle
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covet • indulge
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貪 • (tam) · 貪 • (tam) (hangeul 탐, revised tam, McCune–Reischauer t'am, Yale tham)
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hanja form of 탐 (“covetousness, avarice, greed”)
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Hán-Nôm : tham
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貪
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| 貫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːn, *koːns) : phonetic 毌 (OC *koːn, *koːns) + semantic 貝 – 毌 may also represent string of coins. \ ;to go through, to pierce \ :Cognate with Burmese ခွင်း (hkwang:, “to pierce through”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːn, *koːns) : phonetic 毌 (OC *koːn, *koːns) + semantic 貝 – 毌 may also represent string of coins. \ ;to go through, to pierce \ :Cognate with Burmese ခွင်း (hkwang:, “to pierce through”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːn, *koːns) : phonetic 毌 (OC *koːn, *koːns) + semantic 貝 – 毌 may also represent string of coins. \ ;to go through, to pierce \ :Cognate with Burmese ခွင်း (hkwang:, “to pierce through”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gun³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǹg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuìnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuàn • Middle-Chinese : kwan • Middle-Chinese : kwanH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwaan³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waan¹
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a string of one thousand coins • to go through; to pierce • one's native place ‖ Alternative form of 慣／惯 (guàn, “to be accustomed to; to be used to”) ‖ Alternative form of 彎／弯 (wān, “to draw a bow”)
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‖ 貫(かん) • (-kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?) ‖ 貫(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?)
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pierce • approximately 3.75 kg (8.33 pounds) (weight) • penetrate • brace ‖ pieces of sushi ‖ an obsolete unit of measure of weight corresponding to 3.75 kilograms • an obsolete unit of currency
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貫 (eumhun 꿸 관 (kkwel gwan))
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hanja form of 관 (“thread, string”)
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Hán-Nôm : quan • Hán-Nôm : quán • Hán-Nôm : quen
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貫
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| 責
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsreːɡ) : phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs) + semantic 貝 (“cowry; money”) – tax; debt. \ Top component now resembles 生 (without the diagonal stroke) – compare 青, 素. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsreːɡ) : phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs) + semantic 貝 (“cowry; money”) – tax; debt. \ Top component now resembles 生 (without the diagonal stroke) – compare 青, 素.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsit • Middle-Chinese : tsreak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaai³
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to demand; to ask for (something) • to demand to; to order to • to blame; to reproach • to interrogate; to question closely • to punish by beating • duty; responsibility • (Hakka) to thrust; to poke with finger • (Mainland China Hokkien) to look into; to investigate ‖ Original form of 債／债 (zhài, “debt; loan”).
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blame • condemn
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責 (eumhun 꾸짖을 책 (kkujijeul chaek)) ‖ 責 (eumhun 빚 채 (bit chae))
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hanja form of 책 (“reproach”) ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 債 (“hanja form of 채 (“debt”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : trách
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責
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| 貯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taʔ) : semantic 貝 (“shellfish”) + phonetic 宁 (OC *da, *daʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyu⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyu² • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyu² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tué • Hokkien · Tai-lo : té • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thír • Middle-Chinese : trjoX
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to store up; to stockpile; to hoard • Alternative form of 佇 (zhù, “to wait for”) • (Min) to put (food) in a container; to ladle out
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savings
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貯 (eumhun 쌓을 저 (ssa'eul jeo))
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hanja form of 저 (“to stack up”)
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|
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貯
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| 貴
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Simplified from 䝿 (臾 → 𠀐). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kluds) : phonetic 臾 (OC *ɡruds, *lo) + semantic 貝 (“money cowrie”). \ From Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan གུས (gus, “respect, reverence, devotion”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuì • Middle-Chinese : kjw+jH
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expensive; costly • precious; valuable • superior; noble • to regard as valuable • (humble) your (to a deity, person or establishment) • Short for 貴州／贵州 (Guìzhōu). • a surname
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‖ 貴(き) • (ki-) ‖ 貴(き) • (-ki) ‖ 貴(あて) • (ate) ^†-nari ‖ 貴(あて) • (ate) ‖ 貴(むち) • (muchi)
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expensive (たかい) • worthful, precious (たかい, とうとい, たっとい) • superior, aristocratic (たかい, とうとい, たっとい, えらい, あてやか) • to esteem (とうとぶ, たっとぶ) ‖ (archaic) added to nouns related to people to indicate superiority • (archaic) added to nouns to indicate respect and possession: your ‖ added after nouns related to people to express love and respect ‖ (archaic) noble, aristocratic, high-born • (archaic) refined, elegant ‖ (archaic) one's own father (by extension of the “noble” meaning) ‖ (archaic) an honorific term for a deity or person
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貴 (eumhun 귀할 귀 (gwihal gwi))
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hanja form of 귀 (“precious”)
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Hán-Nôm : quý • Hán-Nôm : quí • Hán-Nôm : quới
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|
貴
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| 買
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 网 (“net”) + 貝 (“money cowrie”). \ Baxter and Sagart (2014) consider it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : abbreviated phonetic 羅 (*rˤaj) + semantic 貝 (“money cowrie”). \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/m/s-laj ~ *r/s-lej ~ *b-rej (“to buy; to barter”); compare Proto-Karen *breᴬ (“to buy”), Proto-Bodo-Garo *prai¹ (“to buy”), Tibetan རྗེ (rje, “to exchange; to barter”) (Schuessler, 2007; Sagart, 1999, 2011). Benedict (1967, 1972) considers this allofam to be a result of borrowing from Austro-Tai *(m)baḷi several times into Sino-Tibetan languages. \ Alternatively, Haudricourt and Strecker (1991) consider 買 and 賣 to be borrowed from Hmong-Mien, which may have a family of verbs related to possession: *mɛjX (“to buy”, corresponding to 買), *mɛjH (“to buy”, corresponding to 賣), *ʔ-mɛj (“to grasp”), *n-mɛj (“to have”) (Ratliff, 2010). However, Sagart (1995) argues that the direction of borrowing is more likely to be from Chinese to Hmong-Mien because Hmong-Mien does not seem to have a suffix that would give rise to the tone in the word for “to buy”. In addition to these two ways of relating the Chinese word to Hmong-Mien, Ratliff (2010) proposes common inheritance as a third option and maintains that more evidence is needed to determine which of the three explanations are correct. \ The surname only appears among Taiwanese aboriginals and Hui people in Mainland China. The surname is from the Siraya name Takalomay in Taiwan or possibly from the name 買買提／买买提 (Mǎimǎití, “Mehmet”) for Hui people.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄞˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bué • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mái • Middle-Chinese : meaX
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to buy; to purchase • to bribe • to persuade • a surname
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to buy
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買 (eumhun 살 매 (sal mae))
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hanja form of 매 (“buy”) • "Goguryeo" language: *me, “river, water”
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Hán-Nôm : mãi • Hán-Nôm : mạy • Hán-Nôm : mảy • Hán-Nôm : mấy • Hán-Nôm : mới • Hán-Nôm : mái • Hán-Nôm : mải • Hán-Nôm : với
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|
買
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| 貸
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tài • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāi • Middle-Chinese : thojH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thik
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to lend • to borrow • (law, banking, finance) loan • (literary, or in compounds) to forgive; to pardon • (literary, or in compounds) to evade; to shirk (responsibility) ‖ Alternative form of 忒 • Alternative form of 貣／𰷞 (tè)
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to lend
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貸 (eumhun 빌릴 특 (billil teuk)) · 貸 (eumhun 빌릴 대 (billil dae))
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hanja form of 특/대 (“lend”) • hanja form of 특/대 (“borrow”) • hanja form of 특/대 (“pardon”)
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Hán-Nôm : thải • Hán-Nôm : thãi • Hán-Nôm : thảy • Hán-Nôm : thẩy
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貸
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| 費
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯds, *pʰɯds, *bɯds) : phonetic 弗 (OC *pɯd) + semantic 貝 (“cowry”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯds, *pʰɯds, *bɯds) : phonetic 弗 (OC *pɯd) + semantic 貝 (“cowry”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯds, *pʰɯds, *bɯds) : phonetic 弗 (OC *pɯd) + semantic 貝 (“cowry”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯds, *pʰɯds, *bɯds) : phonetic 弗 (OC *pɯd) + semantic 貝 (“cowry”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fai³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pì • Middle-Chinese : phj+jH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fai⁶ • Middle-Chinese : bj+jH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei³ • Middle-Chinese : pijH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ
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to cost; to spend; to expend • to consume; to use; to exhaust • to lavish; to squander; to waste; to lose • fee; bill; charge; dues; toll • loquacious; garrulous; verbose; (of words) superfluous • (Jilu, Lanyin, Jianghuai and Southwestern Mandarin, dialectal Jin, dialectal Wu) naughty; mischievous • (historical) placename in the southwest of modern-day Yutai County, Shandong • a surname ‖ (historical) placename in modern-day Fei County, Shandong • a surname ‖ (historical) Alternative form of 鄪／𰻳 (bì, “name of an ancient county in the State of Lu”) • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 拂 (fú, “to transgress; to violate; to infringe”)
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‖ 費(ひ) • (-hi)
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cost, expense ‖ cost, fee
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費 (eumhun 쓸 비 (sseul bi))
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hanja form of 비 (“spend; cost”)
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Hán-Nôm : phí • Hán-Nôm : phía
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費
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| 貿
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mlus) : phonetic 卯 (OC *mruːʔ) + semantic 貝 (“cowry”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ba̍uh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pa̍uh • Middle-Chinese : muwH
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commerce; trade; barter • mixed • rashly • (Hokkien) to undertake (a job, project, etc.)
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|
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貿 (eumhun 무역할 무 (muyeokhal mu))
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hanja form of 무 (“trade, barter”) • hanja form of 무 (“mixed”) • hanja form of 무 (“rashly”)
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Hán-Nôm : mậu
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|
貿
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| 賀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːls) : phonetic 加 (OC *kraːl) + semantic 貝 (“shellfish money”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ho⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ho³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hō • Middle-Chinese : haH
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to congratulate • a surname
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‖ 賀(が) • (ga) · 賀(いわい) • (iwai)
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congratulate, greet, celebrate ‖ congratulation
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賀 • (ha) · 賀 • (ha) (hangeul 하, revised ha, McCune–Reischauer ha, Yale ha)
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Hán-Nôm : hạ
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賀
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| 賃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nɯms) : phonetic 任 (OC *njɯm, *njɯms) + semantic 貝 (“shell, money”) – a kind of payment. 任 has meaning of “duty, employment”, so connotations of “money paid for employment (hire)” or “money that one has a duty to pay (rent)”.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jam⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : līm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jīm • Middle-Chinese : nrimH
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(obsolete) to employ • (obsolete) wage • to rent • to lease; to rent out
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wage, rent, charge
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賃 • (im) · 賃 • (im) (hangeul 임, revised im, McCune–Reischauer im, Yale im)
|
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Hán-Nôm : nhẫm
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|
賃
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| 資
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsli) : phonetic 次 (OC *sn̥ʰis) + semantic 貝 (“shell-money”) – according to the Shuowen.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi • Middle-Chinese : tsij
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money; fund; wealth; capital • expense; cost; fee • money and goods; property; resources • natural endowments; natural gift • qualifications; certificate • material; matter • grain; cereal • to provide; to support • to aid; to assist • to store up; to amass • to obtain; to acquire • sharp; sharp-edged • (～水) name of a river in Hunan Province • a surname
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‖ 資(し) • (shi)
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fund; capital • property; resources • material ‖ property • talent, gift • material
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資 (eumhun 재물 자 (jaemul ja))
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hanja form of 자 (“wealth, capital, foundation”)
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Hán-Nôm : tư
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資
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| 賊
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Characters in the same phonetic series (則) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zɯːɡ) : phonetic 則 (OC *ʔsɯːɡ) + semantic 戈 (“weapon”). \ This was later reinterpreted as a compound of 貝 (“money”) and 戎 (“weapon”) to produce the modern form. \ Possibly Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan ཇག (jag, “robbery”) (Coblin, 1986). Schuessler (2007) points out that a palatalized consonant in Tibetan does not usually correspond to an unpalatalized one in Chinese; instead, he compares it to Khmer ឆក់ (chɑk, “to snatch; to steal”). \ Possibly cognate with 災 (OC *ʔslɯː, “natural disaster”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Based on evidence from early loans from Chinese, e.g. Lakkia kjak⁸ (“bandit”) and Rục kəcʌ́ːk (“bandit”), Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs the Old Chinese with a *k preinitial. ‖ Clipping of 賊拉／贼拉 (zéilā), borrowed from Korean 第一 (jeil, “first; most, -est”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄟˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsha̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsa̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tse̍rk • Middle-Chinese : dzok ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄟˊ
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to damage; to corrupt; to ruin; to destroy • to harm; to injure • to slander • to murder • murderer • harm; disaster • thief; bandit; robber (Classifier: 個／个 m c) • villain; traitor • to steal • evil; wicked; treacherous • to restrain • ruthless; vicious • (colloquial, dialectal) cunning; wily; sly • a kind of pest that eats the joints of a seedling ‖ (formerly dialectal, including Northeastern Mandarin, increasingly informal) very; particularly; immensely; extremely
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‖ 賊(ぞく) • (zoku)
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‖ thief • rebel
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賊 (eumhun 도둑 적 (doduk jeok))
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hanja form of 적 (“thief”)
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Hán-Nôm : tặc • Hán-Nôm : giặc
|
|
賊
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| 賓
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Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mpin) : phonetic 𡧍 () + semantic 貝. \ From n-nominalization of Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hin (“to give”). Cognate with 嬪 (OC *bin, “to become a bride”), which is an endopassive of 賓 (OC *mpin, “lit, "to be received like a guest"”). ‖ Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mpin) : phonetic 𡧍 () + semantic 貝. \ From n-nominalization of Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hin (“to give”). Cognate with 嬪 (OC *bin, “to become a bride”), which is an endopassive of 賓 (OC *mpin, “lit, "to be received like a guest"”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ban¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pin • Middle-Chinese : pjin ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄣˋ
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visitor; guest • (grammar) object • (Cantonese, anatomy) Short for 賓舟／宾舟 (“penis”). • (Cantonese) Short for 利賓納／利宾纳 (“Ribena”). ‖ Alternative form of 擯／摈 (bìn, “to discard; to reject”)
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Guest, V.I.P.
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賓 (eumhun 손 빈 (son bin))
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hanja form of 빈 (“guest”)
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Hán-Nôm : tân • Hán-Nôm : bân
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賓
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| 賜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sleːɡs) : semantic 貝 (“shell, money”) + phonetic 易 (OC *leːɡs, *leɡ). \ From *s- (extrovert/causative) + 易 (OC *leɡ, “to change”) + *-s (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sù • Middle-Chinese : sjeH
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to give from superior to inferior; to give as a favor; to bestow • a surname
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to give, to bestow • to be given, to be honored with • gift, boon, results
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賜 • (sa) · 賜 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa, Yale sa)
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|
Hán-Nôm : tứ
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賜
|
| 賞
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hjaŋʔ) : phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 貝 (“cowry”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : soeng² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siáng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siúnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siónn • Middle-Chinese : syangX
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(formal) to present as a gift; to bestow; to grant • ^⁜ award; reward • ^⁜ to praise; to acclaim; to commend; to compliment • ^⁜ to see and enjoy; to admire the view; to enjoy the sight of; to appreciate the visuals • a surname: Shang
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‖ 賞(しょう) • (-shō) ‖ 賞(しょう) • (-shō)
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‖ prize ‖ prize, award
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賞 (eumhun 상줄 상 (sangjul sang))
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hanja form of 상 (“prize”)
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Hán-Nôm : thưởng
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賞
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| 賢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡiːn) : phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic 貝 (“money”) – worthy, valuable (like money) ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiân • Middle-Chinese : hen ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : gâu
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virtuous; good; clever; wise; worthy • able; capable ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 𠢕
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‖ 賢(さとる) or 賢(まさる) or 賢(けん) • (Satoru or Masaru or Ken)
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intelligence • clever • quick-witted • sagacious ‖ a male given name
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賢 (eum 현 (hyeon))
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virtuous
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Hán-Nôm : hiền • Hán-Nôm : hèn
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賢
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| 賦
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hù • Middle-Chinese : pjuH
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to bestow upon; to give • to compose or sing • to spread; to disseminate • to collect; to impose; to levy • taxation; revenue • natural endowment • fu, a literature form developed during the Han dynasty that combines prose and poetry, sometimes translated as ode or rhapsody
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‖ 賦(ふ) • (fu)
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levy • ode • prose ‖ fu (Chinese literary form developed during the times of the Han dynasty that combines prose and poetry)
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賦 (eumhun 부세 부 (buse bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“tax”) • hanja form of 부 (“give, endow, bestow”)
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Hán-Nôm : phú
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賦
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| 質
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 斦 + 貝. Zhu Junsheng also interpret this as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) , where he regards 斦 as an original form of 櫍 (OC *tjid). ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zat¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsit • Middle-Chinese : tsyit ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsit • Middle-Chinese : trijH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zat¹
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matter; material; substance • nature; intrinsic quality; essence • quality • (Cantonese, literary, or in compounds) to query; to ask about • (literary, or in compounds) simple; plain • Alternative form of 櫍／𬃊 (zhì) ‖ to pawn • collateral; security; object or person given as a pledge • Alternative form of 贄／贽 (zhì, “gifts to superiors”) • a surname: Zhi ‖ (Cantonese) to stuff; to shove
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‖ 質(しつ) • (shitsu) ‖ 質(しち) • (shichi)
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content • characteristic • natural appearance • confirm • mortgage • (financial, archaic, rare) seven ‖ quality ‖ pawn
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質 (eumhun 바탕 질 (batang jil)) ‖ 質 (eumhun 볼모 질 (bolmo jil)) ‖ 質 (eumhun 폐백(幣帛) 지)
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hanja form of 질 (“matter”) • hanja form of 질 (“nature; disposition”) • hanja form of 질 (“quality”) ‖ hanja form of 질 (“hostage”) ‖ Alternative form of 贄 (“hanja form of 지 (“gift”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : chất • Hán-Nôm : chát • Hán-Nôm : chắc • Hán-Nôm : chặt • Hán-Nôm : chắt • Hán-Nôm : chớt
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質
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| 贈
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zɯːŋs) : semantic 貝 + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zang⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsn̄g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsīng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Middle-Chinese : dzongH
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to give as a present; to present with
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to present with
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贈 • (jeung) · 贈 • (jeung) (hangeul 증, revised jeung, McCune–Reischauer chŭng, Yale cung)
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Hán-Nôm : tặng
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贈
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| 赦
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In the bronze script, it was written as 𢼜, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljaɡs) : phonetic 亦 (OC *laːɡ) + semantic 攴 (“hand holding a stick”). In later scripts, the phonetic component was replaced with 赤 (OC *kʰljaɡ). \ Exoactive (causative) of 釋 (OC *hljaɡ, “to unloose; to release”) (Schuessler, 2007). Also related to 舍 (OC *hljaːʔ, “to let off”) (Wang, 1982), of which there exists a derived reading 舍 (OC *hljaːs, “to let off; to liberate”) that formed a variant relationship with 赦 (OC *hljaɡs), despite not having the same pronunciation in Old Chinese (*-aːs vs *-ags).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sià • Middle-Chinese : syaeH
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to pardon; to forgive • a surname
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to pardon
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赦 • (sa) · 赦 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa, Yale sa)
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canonical : 赦: Hán Việt readings: xá 赦: Nôm readings: tha • canonical : xá • canonical : xóa • canonical : xoá
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Nôm form of tha (“to forgive”).
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赦
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| 跡
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Variant of 迹 using a semantic component with similar meaning; see there for more. Current form is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsleːɡ) : semantic 𧾷 (“foot”) + phonetic 亦 (OC *laːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zik¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zek³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Middle-Chinese : tsjek
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footprint; trace; mark • remains; ruin; vestige • thing done; deed; exploit • (Hokkien) Classifier for a place. • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for marks, prints, and traces.
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‖ 跡(あと) • (ato) ‖ 跡(せき) • (seki) ‖ 跡(と) • (to)
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tracks ‖ evidence of something passing; footsteps, trace, tracks • mark or trace left on something after a certain act is done to it • remains, ruins • family estate or property • precedent, example ‖ footsteps, tracks • trace, mark; remains • family possessions ‖ Used in compound terms such as 跡(と)絶(だ)える (todaeru, “to cut off, sever”), 跡(と)見(み) (tomi, “tracking (in hunting)”), etc.
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跡 • (jeok) · 跡 • (jeok) (hangeul 적)
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Hán-Nôm : tích
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跡
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| 躍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lewɢ) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 翟 (OC *r'aːwɢ, *l'eːwɢ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lewɢ) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 翟 (OC *r'aːwɢ, *l'eːwɢ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄝˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joek⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joek³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : io̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iāu • Middle-Chinese : yak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˋ
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to jump; to leap • a surname: Yue ‖ Only used in 躍躍／跃跃 (tìtì).
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to dance • to leap; to skip
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躍 (eumhun 뛸 약 (ttwil yak))
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hanja form of 약 (“leap”)
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canonical : 躍: Hán Việt readings: dược 躍: Nôm readings: dược • canonical : vược
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chữ Hán form of dược (“leap”).
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躍
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| 車
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Pictogram (象形) – originally a carriage seen from above. In the oracle bone script, there were large wheels on both sides and a sun shade on the top. Later, when Chinese characters were written vertically, the wheels on both sides were simply drawn in strokes and the loading area was marked with a 田 (OC *l'iːŋ). Therefore, it is important to understand that the current character, 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla) is a vertical depiction of a carriage. \ Note that 倝 (OC *kaːns) and 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew) are not derived from 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla). \ Perhaps a loan from an Indo-European language because horse and chariot were introduced into China around 1200 BC from Inner Asia; compare Tocharian A kukäl, Tocharian B kokale (“wagon; cart”) (Mair, 1990; Bauer, 1994). An older variant survives in Mandarin 軲轆／轱辘 (gūlu, “wheel”) (Bauer, 1994). Alternatively, the word is a derivation by k-prefix from 舁 (OC *la, “to lift”) (Baxter and Sagart, 1998); compare the semantic parallel in Tibetan ཐེག་པ (theg pa, “vehicle; carriage”) (OC *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas) and 居 (OC *kas) (Schuessler, 2007). Pronunciation 2 is traditionally regarded as the older pronunciation. \ The sense of lewd content is derived from 老司機／老司机 (lǎosījī). ‖ Pictogram (象形) – originally a carriage seen from above. In the oracle bone script, there were large wheels on both sides and a sun shade on the top. Later, when Chinese characters were written vertically, the wheels on both sides were simply drawn in strokes and the loading area was marked with a 田 (OC *l'iːŋ). Therefore, it is important to understand that the current character, 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla) is a vertical depiction of a carriage. \ Note that 倝 (OC *kaːns) and 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew) are not derived from 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla). \ Perhaps a loan from an Indo-European language because horse and chariot were introduced into China around 1200 BC from Inner Asia; compare Tocharian A kukäl, Tocharian B kokale (“wagon; cart”) (Mair, 1990; Bauer, 1994). An older variant survives in Mandarin 軲轆／轱辘 (gūlu, “wheel”) (Bauer, 1994). Alternatively, the word is a derivation by k-prefix from 舁 (OC *la, “to lift”) (Baxter and Sagart, 1998); compare the semantic parallel in Tibetan ཐེག་པ (theg pa, “vehicle; carriage”) (OC *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas) and 居 (OC *kas) (Schuessler, 2007). Pronunciation 2 is traditionally regarded as the older pronunciation. \ The sense of lewd content is derived from 老司機／老司机 (lǎosījī).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄜ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄜㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshia • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsa • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Middle-Chinese : tsyhae ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : geoi¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ku • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Middle-Chinese : kjo
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(countable) land vehicle; (specifically) car (Classifier: 輛／辆 m; 部 m c; 臺／台 m mn; 架 c; 頂／顶 mn; 張／张 mn-t) • wheeled device, appliance, instrument or apparatus • machine; rig; engine; motor; locomotive; tractor; truck; lorry (Classifier: 部 m; 臺／台 m) • (Cantonese) driving (action of operating a vehicle); driving skills (Classifier: 手 c) • to lathe • to lift water using a 水車／水车 (“old-style machine that is human or animal-powered and lifts water”) • (dialectal, including Cantonese, Wu, Northern Min, Southern Min, Liuzhou Mandarin) to transport using a vehicle • to tailor or sew using a sewing machine • (Cantonese) to hit violently • (dialectal) to turn (one's body, etc.) • (Sichuanese) to rotate; to turn • (Internet slang) pornography; lewd content • Classifier for loads of things carried by a vehicle. • a surname ‖ (xiangqi) chariot; rook (Classifier: 隻／只 c) • (chess) rook
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‖ 車(しゃ) • (-sha) ‖ 車(しゃ) • (sha) ‖ 車(くるま) • (kuruma) (counter 台)
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vehicle ‖ used to count vehicles ‖ vehicle • train car ‖ a car, an automobile, a carriage, a cart • a wheel, a caster • something wheel-shaped • a style of 紋 (mon, “family crest”) • short for various terms: · short for 車海老 (kuruma ebi): a prawn • short for various terms: · short for 車懸 (kuruma-gakari): “wheel formation”, a battle tactic where units attack in staged waves in order to prevent the opponent from resting • short for various terms: · short for 肩車 (kata-guruma): riding on one's shoulders, piggyback • short for various terms: · short for 手車 (te-guruma): a handcart, a wheelbarrow • short for various terms: · short for 車座 (kuruma za): sitting in a circle • (obsolete) during the Edo period, in the red-light district in Ōsaka, a prostitute whose services cost four 匁 (monme) and three 分 (bun) (possibly in reference to the cost of a carriage ride)
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車 (eumhun 수레 차 (sure cha)) ‖ 車 (eumhun 수레 거 (sure geo))
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hanja form of 차 (“car; automobile; vehicle”) • hanja form of 차 (“cart; wheeled machinery”) ‖ (only in compounds) hanja form of 거 (“cart; wheeled machinery”)
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Hán-Nôm : xa • Hán-Nôm : xe • Hán-Nôm : xế
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a car • (xiangqi) any piece labeled with 車; the chariot/rook.
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車
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| 軌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷrɯwʔ) : semantic 車 + phonetic 九 (OC *kuʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄟˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwai² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuí • Middle-Chinese : kwijX
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rut; wheel track • track; path • rail
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軌 (eumhun 수레바퀴 사이 궤 (surebakwi sai gwe))
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hanja form of 궤 (“track, rut, path”)
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Hán-Nôm : quỹ • Hán-Nôm : quẫy • Hán-Nôm : quĩ
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軌
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| 軍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 車 (“chariot”) + phonetic 勹. The phonetic component here is not 勹 (OC *pruː), but the original form of 螾 (OC *lin, *linʔ), which also acts as the phonetic component of 旬 (OC *sɢʷin), 勻 (OC *ɢʷin) and 云 (OC *ɢun). \ The Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 車 (“cart; chariot”) + 勹 (“to surround”). \ Etymology not clear. Perhaps cognate with Tibetan གཡུལ (g.yul, “army; battle”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, it is a derivation from 運 (OC *ɢuns, “to move”), or related to 群 (OC *ɡlun).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kun • Middle-Chinese : kjun
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armed forces; army; troops • corps; army (consisting of two or more divisions) (Classifier: 個／个) • soldiers • (literary) to station • (historical) the punishment of being transported to a remote location for penal servitude • (historical) a kind of first-level administrative division during the Song Dynasty
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‖ 軍(ぐん) • (gun) ‖ 軍(ぐん) • (gun) ‖ 軍(いくさ) • (ikusa)
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‖ an army, corps • the armed forces, military • (military) forces • (historical, military) during the Zhou dynasty, an army of five 師 (shi, “divisions of 2500 soldiers”) totaling 12500 soldiers • (especially in sports) a team ‖ army, soldiers • battle, conflict, fighting, war • team ‖ (archaic) a soldier, warrior; an army • (archaic) archery
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軍 (eumhun 군사 군 (gunsa gun))
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hanja form of 군 (“army; soldier”)
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Hán-Nôm : quân
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軍
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| 軒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰan) : semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰan) : semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hin¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hian • Middle-Chinese : xjon ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˋ
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(historical) a kind of high-fronted, curtained carriage in ancient China, especially used by nobles • high; lofty; airy • (literary) window; door • small room or veranda with windows (formerly used in names of studies, teahouses, restaurants, etc.) • a surname ‖ (historical) meat sliced in large pieces
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‖ 軒(けん) • (-ken)
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‖ counter for buildings like houses
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軒 (eumhun 추녀 헌 (chunyeo heon)) ‖ 軒 (eumhun 고기 저밀 헌 (gogi jeomil heon))
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(literary) hanja form of 헌 (“eaves”) • (literary) hanja form of 헌 (“type of carriage in ancient China”) ‖ (archaic) hanja form of 헌 (“to slice meat in large portions”)
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canonical : 軒: Hán Việt readings: hiên 軒: Nôm readings: hiên • canonical : hen • canonical : hên
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chữ Hán form of hiên (“veranda”).
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軒
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| 軟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njonʔ) : semantic 車 + phonetic 耎 (OC *njonʔ). 耎 turned into 欠 over time.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nuí • Middle-Chinese : nywenX
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soft; flexible; pliable • soft; gentle; mild; relaxed • weak; feeble • (Cantonese, Hokkien) easily moved and swayed; empathic; unable to uphold the initial opinion
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soft; flexible; pliable • soft; gentle; mild • weak; feeble
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軟 • (yeon) · 軟 • (yeon) (hangeul 연, revised yeon, McCune–Reischauer yŏn, Yale yen)
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Hán-Nôm : nhuyễn • Hán-Nôm : nhiễn • Hán-Nôm : nhũn • Hán-Nôm : nhung
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軟
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| 較
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːwɢs, *kreːwɢ) : semantic 車 (“vehicle”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːwɢs, *kreːwɢ) : semantic 車 (“vehicle”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːwɢs, *kreːwɢ) : semantic 車 (“vehicle”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːwɢs, *kreːwɢ) : semantic 車 (“vehicle”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kah • Middle-Chinese : kaewH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gok³ • Middle-Chinese : kaewH • Middle-Chinese : kaewk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˋ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : gaau³
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to compare • comparatively; relatively; rather • than (introduces the object of comparison) • obvious; clear • (Hokkien) more; even more • (Hokkien) no matter how ... (often followed by 嘛 (mā) or 也 (iā)) ‖ horizontal beam on both sides of a carriage; (by extension) carriage • straight • Alternative form of 角 (jué, “to compete; to contend”) ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 校 (xiào, “school”) ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 校 (gaau3, “to adjust”)
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較 (eumhun 견줄 교 (gyeonjul gyo)) · 較 (eumhun 수레 귀 각 (sure gwi gak))
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hanja form of 교 (“compare”) • hanja form of 교 (“comparatively, more”)
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Hán-Nôm : giác • Hán-Nôm : giảo
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較
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| 載
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslɯːʔ, *ʔslɯːs, *zlɯːs) : semantic 車 (“chariot”) + phonetic 𢦏 (OC *ʔslɯː). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslɯːʔ, *ʔslɯːs, *zlɯːs) : semantic 車 (“chariot”) + phonetic 𢦏 (OC *ʔslɯː). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslɯːʔ, *ʔslɯːs, *zlɯːs) : semantic 車 (“chariot”) + phonetic 𢦏 (OC *ʔslɯː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsài • Middle-Chinese : dzojH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄞˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsài • Middle-Chinese : tsojH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄞˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoi² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsáinn • Middle-Chinese : tsojX
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to ride; to travel (by); to take • to carry; to hold; to be loaded with; to transport; to deliver; to escort; to accompany (to a certain place) • to bear (the weight of); to support; to hold up; to uphold; to sustain • to be charged with; to assume (responsibility) • to put into force; to come into effect • to set out; to display • to be in a certain condition • to offer sacrifices to gods or ancestors • to begin; to start • to decorate; to deck out • (in the form of 載…載…) Indicating simultaneous, interspersed, or continually repeated actions. • as well as; also • to be full of; to fill (the road); to be all over • (colloquial) Short for 下載 (“to download”). • vehicle; car; ship • things loaded; loads • affair; cause; undertaking • Classifier for amount loaded by one chariot. • (Eastern Min) would rather; rather ‖ to record; to put down in writing (i.e. “to be conveyed”) • to describe; to depict ‖ Classifier for years. • (numeral) hundred tredecillion (10⁴⁴)
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‖ 載(さい) • (sai)
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‖ a hundred-tredecillion (10⁴⁴)
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載 • (jae) · 載 • (jae) (hangeul 재, revised jae, McCune–Reischauer chae, Yale cay)
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Hán-Nôm : tải
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載
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| 輝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰul) : semantic 光 (“light; bright”) + phonetic 軍 (OC *kun).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fai¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hui • Middle-Chinese : xjw+j
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brightness; lustre; brilliance; radiance; splendour • to shine upon
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‖ 輝(あきら) • (Akira)
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‖ a male given name
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hanja form of 휘 (“shine; brightness”)
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Hán-Nôm : huy
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輝
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| 輩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *puːls) : semantic 車 + phonetic 非 (OC *pɯl).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bui³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puè • Middle-Chinese : pwojH
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people of a certain kind; class; cohort • seniority among generations in a family or clan; position in the family hierarchy • lifetime • a surname: Bei
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people of a certain kind; class, cohort • generation • lifetime
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輩 (eumhun 무리 배 (muri bae))
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hanja form of 배 (“generation, lifetime”) • hanja form of 배 (“class”)
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Hán-Nôm : bối
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輩
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| 輪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *run) : semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 侖 (OC *run). ‖ Short for 窩輪／窝轮 (“warrant”), from English warrant.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄣˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄣˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lûn • Middle-Chinese : lwin ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : leon⁴⁻²
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wheel • Short for 輪船／轮船 (lúnchuán, “steamer; motor ship”). • edge; rim • to take turns • (comparing people's ages) a cycle of Chinese zodiac, twelve years • Classifier for rounds. • Classifier for the sun or the moon. • (slang) Short for 輪姦／轮奸 (lúnjiān, “to gang-rape”). ‖ (Cantonese, finance, in compounds) warrant
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‖ 輪(りん) • (-rin) ‖ 輪(わ) • (wa)
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wheel; ring; loop; hoop; cycle ‖ wheels • flowers ‖ ring; circle • (by extension) linked network
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輪 (eumhun 바퀴 륜 (bakwi ryun), word-initial (South Korea) 바퀴 윤 (bakwi yun))
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hanja form of 륜/윤 (“wheel”)
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Hán-Nôm : luân • Hán-Nôm : lon • Hán-Nôm : luôn
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輪
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| 輸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljo, *hljos) : semantic 車 + phonetic 俞 (OC *l̥ʰus, *lo). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljo, *hljos) : semantic 車 + phonetic 俞 (OC *l̥ʰus, *lo).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : syu¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su • Middle-Chinese : syu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syu³ • Middle-Chinese : syuH
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to transport; to carry; to haul • to lose; to be beaten; to be defeated • (literary) to donate; to contribute • a surname ‖ present, gift, donation • Alternative form of 腧 (“acupoint”)
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to transport; to send • to be inferior to
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輸 (eumhun 보낼 수 (bonael su))
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hanja form of 수 (“to transport; to send”)
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canonical : 輸: Hán Việt readings: thâu 輸: Nôm readings: thua • canonical : thâu
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Nôm form of thua (“to lose”).
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輸
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| 辣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːd) : semantic 辛 + phonetic 束. The latter is an abbreviation of 剌 (OC *raːd). \ Possibly cognate with 厲 (OC *m·rads), 烈 (OC *red).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : laat⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lua̍h
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spicy; hot; peppery; pungent; hot • to be spicy; to be hot; to burn • cruel; vicious • a surname: La
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辣 (eumhun 매울 랄 (mae'ul ral), word-initial (South Korea) 매울 날 (mae'ul nal))
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canonical : 辣: Hán Việt readings: lạt 辣: Nôm readings: lượt • canonical : lát • canonical : lướt • canonical : nhạt • canonical : nhợt
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spicy, scathing, harsh
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辣
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| 辨
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From 辧, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *breːns, *brenʔ) : phonetic 辡 (OC *prenʔ, *brenʔ) + semantic 刀 (“knife”). \ Cognate with 辯 (OC *brenʔ). 辨 (OC *brenʔ, “divide, distinguish, discriminate, dispute”) and its two exopassive derivatives 釆 (“Literally, “(to cause to be) divided” > discriminate, distinguish”) and 瓣 (OC *breːns, “Literally, “what is divided” > piece, section, segment”) belong to the same word-family, which may be related to either 班 (OC *praːn, “to distribute → to arrange, classify → class, group”) or Mizo pʰel (“to split, cut in halves”) (with medial *-r- dropped after labial initials according to Mizo phonotactics) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ From 辧, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *breːns, *brenʔ) : phonetic 辡 (OC *prenʔ, *brenʔ) + semantic 刀 (“knife”). \ Cognate with 辯 (OC *brenʔ). 辨 (OC *brenʔ, “divide, distinguish, discriminate, dispute”) and its two exopassive derivatives 釆 (“Literally, “(to cause to be) divided” > discriminate, distinguish”) and 瓣 (OC *breːns, “Literally, “what is divided” > piece, section, segment”) belong to the same word-family, which may be related to either 班 (OC *praːn, “to distribute → to arrange, classify → class, group”) or Mizo pʰel (“to split, cut in halves”) (with medial *-r- dropped after labial initials according to Mizo phonotactics) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bin⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piǎn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piān • Middle-Chinese : bjenX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢˋ • Middle-Chinese : beanH
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to distinguish; to discriminate ‖ to prepare; to equip • to administer; to govern; to manage
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辨 (eumhun 분별할 변 (bunbyeolhal byeon)) ‖ 辨 (eumhun 갖출 판 (gatchul pan)) · 辨 (eumhun 두루 편 (duru pyeon))
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hanja form of 변 (“distinguish, differentiate, discern”) ‖ hanja form of 판 (“prepare, equip”) • hanja form of 편 (“without exception”)
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Hán-Nôm : biện • Hán-Nôm : bẹn
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辨
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| 辰
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Pictogram (象形) – a kind of agricultural tool used for tilling the fields and removing weeds (Guo, 1931; Qiu, 1992), possibly made of a kind of large clam 蜃 (OC *djɯns, *djɯnʔ, *djins) (Guo, 1931). \ Alternatively, it could be a pictogram (象形) of a person holding onto a cliff – original character of 振 (OC *tjɯn, *tjɯns, “to hold up”) (Shang, 1983). \ ; “to vibrate” \ ; “fifth earthly branch” \ :Smith (2011) agrees with the proposal (e.g. by Guo, 1931) that 辰 (OC dən) initially depicted an agricultural implement made from clams' shells and was the original form of 蜃 (OC dəns, “mollusc, clam”); so he proposes that the fifth earthly branch depicted the moon's second waning-gibbous phase, which looks like a clam. He also suggests that 辰 (chén) also represented the ovoid-shaped rising sun and is thus related to 晨 (chén, “early morning”). \ ; “time” \ ; “heavenly body”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : san⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîn • Middle-Chinese : dzyin
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to vibrate • fifth of twelve earthly branches (地支), variously equated with · (Chinese zodiac) dragon (龍) • fifth of twelve earthly branches (地支), variously equated with · (navigation) a bearing of 120° (between ESE and SE) • fifth of twelve earthly branches (地支), variously equated with · (Chinese calendar) the 3rd lunar month (三月) • fifth of twelve earthly branches (地支), variously equated with · (Chinese calendar) the 5th day or year in a dozen • fifth of twelve earthly branches (地支), variously equated with · (Chinese timekeeping) the 2-hour period between 7 and 9 am • time; day; season • heavenly body; stars • (Chinese astronomy) Alternative name for 心宿 (Xīnxiù, “Heart Mansion (one of Twenty-Eight Mansions)”). • (Chinese astronomy) Alternative name for 北極星／北极星 (Běijíxīng, “North Star”). • Alternative form of 晨 (chén, “early morning”) • a surname
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‖ 辰(たつ) • (Tatsu) ‖ 辰(たつ) • (tatsu) ‖ 辰(しん) • (Shin)
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the dragon as the fifth sign in the Chinese zodiac ‖ the Dragon, the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches ‖ by extension from the zodiac: · the name of the year or day corresponding to the fifth in a cycle of twelve • by extension from the zodiac: · roughly east-southeast, specifically 30° south of due east (i.e. a bearing of 120°) • by extension from the zodiac: · the hour of the dragon, specifically 7:00 AM to 9:00 AM; sometimes treated as 8:00 AM to 10:00 AM instead • by extension from the zodiac: · alternate name for 三月 (sangatsu, “the month of March”) ‖ the Dragon, the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches
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辰 (eumhun 별 진 (byeol jin)) · 辰 (eumhun 다섯째 지지 진 (daseotjjae jiji jin)) ‖ 辰 (eumhun 때 신 (ttae sin))
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hanja form of 진 (“name of a star”) • hanja form of 진 (“the Dragon, the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”) ‖ hanja form of 신 (“time”)
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Hán-Nôm : thìn • Hán-Nôm : thần • Hán-Nôm : thì
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chữ Hán form of Thìn (“fifth of the twelve earthly branches”).
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辰
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| 農
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In its current form, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 曲 + 辰 (“field”). Top unrelated to 曲, and previously two hands, one on either side of a bundle 田 – a farmer bringing goods to market, from the field 辰. \ Probably Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with 耨 (OC *noːɡs, *nuːɡ, “hoe, rake; to weed”), possibly derived from it with the terminative suffix *-ŋ for action with a goal, i.e. "to get a field hoed" > "cultivated"; compare 亡 (OC *maŋ, “to disappear”) from 無 (OC *ma, “(there is) no”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Huang (2000), Norman (1983) and Zhou (1986) hypothesised that this is the same etymon as 儂 (OC *nuːŋ, “person, I, me”). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lông • Middle-Chinese : nowng
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to cultivate; to farm • land cultivation; farming; agriculture • farmer; grower • (Catholicism) Nun • a surname
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‖ 農(のう) • (nō)
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agriculture, farming ‖ agriculture, farming • a farmer
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農 (eumhun 농사 농 (nongsa nong))
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hanja form of 농 (“agriculture”)
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Hán-Nôm : nông • Hán-Nôm : nong • Hán-Nôm : nôn • Hán-Nôm : núng
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農
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| 迅
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Characters in the same phonetic series (卂) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sins, *sɯns) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 卂 (OC *sins, *tods). \ Compare with Burmese မြန်ဆန် (mranhcan, “quick, speedy, prompt”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seon³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìn • Middle-Chinese : sinH • Middle-Chinese : swinH
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quick; rapid • quickly; rapidly
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swift; fast
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迅 • (sin) · 迅 • (sin) (hangeul 신, revised sin, McCune–Reischauer sin, Yale sin)
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quick, hasty, rapid, sudden
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迅
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| 迭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'iːɡ) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 失 (OC *hliɡ). ‖ Glottalization of earlier 第, ultimately from 是 or 然. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dit⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍t • Middle-Chinese : det ‖ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tue̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : te̍h
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to alternate; to change • repeatedly; again and again • in time; timely ‖ (Shanghainese, somewhat dated) this ‖ (Southern Min) Only used in 狹迭／狭迭.
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transfer • alternation
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迭 • (jil) · 迭 • (jil) (hangeul 질, revised jil, McCune–Reischauer chil, Yale cil)
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canonical : 迭: Hán Việt readings: điệt • canonical : tuyển 迭: Nôm readings: điệt • canonical : dập • canonical : giật • canonical : dặt • canonical : dật • canonical : dắt • canonical : dệt
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chữ Hán form of điệt (“alternate, take turns”).
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迭
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| 逢
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‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fung⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâng • Middle-Chinese : bjowng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pung⁴ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pung⁴
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to meet with; to encounter • to meet face-to-face • (literary) to pander to • (obsolete) big • a surname • (Eastern Min) any ‖ (obsolete) Used in 逢逢 (“sound of drums”). • (obsolete) Alternative form of 蓬 (péng) ‖ a surname
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meeting; rendezvous
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逢 (eumhun 만날 봉 (mannal bong))
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hanja form of 봉 (“come upon, happen to meet”) • hanja form of 봉 (“flatter”)
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Hán-Nôm : phùng • Hán-Nôm : buồng
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逢
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| 連
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 辶 (“to walk”) + 車 (“chariot”) – man-drawn carriage. \ According to Duan Yucai, 聯／联 (lián) and 連 are two characters for a same word, with the former used in the Zhou dynasty and the latter in the Han dynasty. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-rjan (“equal; to place in a row; to align; row”); related to 聯 (OC *ɡ·ron) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lên • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâm • Middle-Chinese : ljen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄢˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄢˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄢˋ
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(historical) man-drawn carriage • to link; to join; to connect • to ally with; to unite • to involve; to implicate • to simultaneously gain • to include; including; counting • continuously; successively; one after one; repeatedly • from; counting from • and; with • together; with each other • hard; difficult; tough • full; entire; whole • (used in the 連…都/也… structures for emphasis) even; paradoxically • affinity; relationship by marriage • (military) company (consisting of platoons (排) and forming part of a battalion (營)) • (grammar) Short for 連詞／连词 (liáncí, “conjunction”). • a surname ‖ difficult ‖ ^‡ to reach • to remove ‖ Only used in 連石／连石.
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‖ 連(れん) • (ren) ‖ 連(れん) • (-ren) ‖ 連(むらじ) • (Muraji)
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take along; lead; join; connect • (used as a suffix) party; company; group; set ‖ (of paper) a ream • (poetry) a stanza; a verse ‖ a group of people • amount of times consecutively ‖ (historical) the second-lowest of the 八色の姓 (Yakusa no Kabane, “eight hereditary titles promulgated by Emperor Tenmu”)
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連 (eumhun 잇닿을 련 (itda'eul ryeon), word-initial (South Korea) 잇닿을 연 (itda'eul yeon))
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hanja form of 련/연 (“take along; lead; join; connect”)
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Hán-Nôm : liên • Hán-Nôm : liền
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連
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| 進
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 辵 (“walk”) + 隹 (“short-tail bird”). A bird can only walk forward not backward, hence implying "forward". Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslins) : semantic 辵 + abbreviated phonetic 閵 (OC *rins). \ Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsìn • Middle-Chinese : tsinH
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to advance; to move forward • to enter; to go into; to come into • (used after a verb) into; in • to receive; to admit; to recruit • to give; to offer (advice) • to score (a goal) • to eat; to drink • Classifier for rows of houses within an old-style residential compound. • 20th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "advance" (𝌙)
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‖ 進(すすむ) • (Susumu)
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advance, make progress, enter ‖ a male given name
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進 (eumhun 나아갈 진 (naagal jin)) ‖ 進 (eumhun 선사 신 (seonsa sin))
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‖
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Hán-Nôm : tiến • Hán-Nôm : Tiến
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進
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| 遊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lu) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 斿 (OC *lu). \ From Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan རྒྱུ་ (rgyu, “to go; to walk; to move; to wander”), Lepcha ᰚᰪ (yŭ), Rawang yɨ (“to flow”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Same word as 游 (OC *lu, “to swim”). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iû • Middle-Chinese : yuw
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to travel; to tour • to wander; to roam • to play • to walk • to associate with, to have contact with • to persuade, to convince • to move freely • Alternative form of 游 (yóu, “to swim”)
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to play
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遊 • (yu) · 遊 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)
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Hán-Nôm : du
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遊
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| 運
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Characters in the same phonetic series (軍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢuns) : semantic 辵 (“motion”) + phonetic 軍 (OC *kun). \ STEDT relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *wal (“round; circular”), which is also connected to the following: \ * 圓 (OC *ɢon, “round”) \ * 圜 (OC *ɡʷraːn, “round”) \ * 旋 (OC *sɢʷans, “to revolve; to return”) \ * 環 (OC *ɡʷraːn, “ring”) \ * 還 (OC *ɡʷraːn, “to return”) \ * 院 (OC *ɦŋons, “courtyard”). \ 暈 (OC *ɢuns, “halo”) is the same word (Schuessler, 2007). It is possibly related to 雲 (OC *ɢun, “cloud”) (ibid.). \ Additionally, Karlgren (1933) relates it to 圍 (OC *ɢʷɯl, “to surround”), and Wang (1982) to 回 (OC *ɡuːl, “to return”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ūn • Middle-Chinese : hjunH
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to move; to revolve • to transport; to carry; to ship • to use; to utilize • fortune; luck; fate • a surname • (Philippine Hokkien) to stroll; to saunter; to go for a walk
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‖ 運(うん) • (un) ‖ 運(うん) • (un)
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to drive • to manage, to run • to ship, to transport • luck, fortune ‖ luck, fortune ‖ move • carry; transport • put to work; operate • luck; fate
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運 (eumhun 옮길 운 (omgil un))
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hanja form of 운 (“to move, to shift, to transfer”)
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Hán-Nôm : vận • Hán-Nôm : nảy • Hán-Nôm : vần • Hán-Nôm : vẩn • Hán-Nôm : vặn • Hán-Nôm : vờn
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運
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| 過
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kloːl, *kloːls) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 咼 (OC *kʰʷroːl). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-ka-j (“to go, to stride”) (STEDT). Related to 跨 (OC *kʰʷraː, *kʰʷraːʔ, *kʰʷraːs, *kʰʷaːs, “to pass over”) and 騎 (OC *ɡral, *ɡrals, “to ride”). ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gwo³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwo¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄛˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄛ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kèr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ko • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kua • Middle-Chinese : kwa • Middle-Chinese : kwaH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄛ • Middle-Chinese : kwa ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wo⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wo⁶
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to cross; to pass; to go across; to pass through • (of time) to pass by; to pass • to spend time; to live • to transfer; to move to • to cause to go through • to go over; to look at carefully; to go through • to exceed; to surpass; to be over • excessive; undue; overboard • to pass an exam • verbal complement · indicating passing by; over; by • verbal complement · indicating a change in direction; over; away • verbal complement · indicating an excess in degree or amount; past; through; by • verbal complement · indicating superiority; better than • verbal complement · (Cantonese) indicating that an event is worthwhile • (chiefly literary or Cantonese) adjectival complement indicating an excess in degree or amount; more ... than • particle indicating that an event or state has occurred already; ever; already • (Cantonese, Gan) particle indicating repetition of an event; again • too; excessively • fault; blemish; mistake • (Cantonese, chiefly university slang) to pass • (literary) to pay a visit; to visit; to call on • (euphemistic) to die; to pass away • (Cantonese, dated) used to indicates the target or recipient of an action: to • (Cantonese) · Classifier for occurrences: time ‖ name of a creek • name of an ancient state in modern Shandong • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 輠／𰺍 • Alternative form of 禍／祸 (huò)
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‖ 過(か) • (ka) ^(←くわ (kwa)?) ‖ 過(か) • (ka-) ^(←くわ (kwa)?)
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mistake • excess, too much ‖ fault; error; mistake • the past • excess ‖ (chemistry) super-, over-; per
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過 (eumhun 지날 과 (jinal gwa)) · 過 (eumhun 재앙 화 (jaeang hwa))
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hanja form of 과 (“last, past, have been, in time, later”) • 허물 과; an error, a fault, a misstep, a slip, a mistake. • 기름통 과; an oil cask, an oilcan.
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Hán-Nôm : qua • Hán-Nôm : quá • Hán-Nôm : góa • Hán-Nôm : goá • Hán-Nôm : quớ • Hán-Nôm : quở
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chữ Hán form of qua (“to pass; to go over”). • chữ Hán form of quá (“too (much); over”).
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過
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| 達
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːd, *daːd) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 羍 (OC *tʰaːd). \ Note that inner component is not 幸 – these are not related, and there is an extra stroke in 達 (two horizontal strokes at the bottom, not one). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dat (“live; alive”). Cognate with Tibetan སྡོད (sdod, “to stay; to sit; to live”) and Proto-Lolo-Burmese *dat (“alive”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːd, *daːd) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 羍 (OC *tʰaːd). \ Note that inner component is not 幸 – these are not related, and there is an extra stroke in 達 (two horizontal strokes at the bottom, not one). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dat (“live; alive”). Cognate with Tibetan སྡོད (sdod, “to stay; to sit; to live”) and Proto-Lolo-Burmese *dat (“alive”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːd, *daːd) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 羍 (OC *tʰaːd). \ Note that inner component is not 幸 – these are not related, and there is an extra stroke in 達 (two horizontal strokes at the bottom, not one). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dat (“live; alive”). Cognate with Tibetan སྡོད (sdod, “to stay; to sit; to live”) and Proto-Lolo-Burmese *dat (“alive”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ta̍t • Middle-Chinese : dat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taat³ • Middle-Chinese : that ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˋ
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(literary, or in compounds) to lead to; to go to • (literary, or in compounds) to reach; to arrive at • to achieve; to attain • (literary, or in compounds) to thoroughly understand; to understand • (literary, or in compounds) to express; to convey • (literary, or in compounds) current; general; common • (literary, or in compounds) optimistic; philosophical • (literary, or in compounds) illustrious; influential; intelligent • (literary, or in compounds) everywhere; all over • (literary, or in compounds) onomatopoeia for the collision of objects • (Dungan) father • 15th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "reach" (𝌔) • (～縣) Da County (modern-day Dachuan District in Dazhou, Sichuan) • a surname ‖ Only used in 挑達／挑达 (tāotà, “coming and going freely; frivolous”). ‖ slippery; smooth
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‖ 達(たち) • (-tachi)
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‖ plural marker • attached to the name of the representative of a group to refer to that whole group • (archaic, possibly obsolete) honorific suffix
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達 (eumhun 통달할 달 (tongdalhal dal))
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hanja form of 달 (“to reach; to arrive at”) • hanja form of 달 (“achieve; to attain”)
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Hán-Nôm : đạt
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達
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| 違
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯl) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 韋 (OC *ɢʷɯl).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : wai⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uî • Middle-Chinese : hjw+j
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to disobey, to violate • ^† to leave; to depart; to go away from • ^† to be separated by (a distance of); to be apart by • ^† to dodge; to avoid
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‖ 違(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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to differ, to vary • to be incorrect, to make a mistake • to run counter to, to go against, to defy ‖ differ; vary • go against; run counter to; disobey
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違 • (wi) · 違 • (wi) (hangeul 위, revised wi, McCune–Reischauer wi, Yale wi)
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Hán-Nôm : vi
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違
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| 遠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷanʔ, *ɢʷans) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 袁 (OC *ɢʷan). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-wəj-n (“far”) (STEDT). Cognate with Proto-Lolo-Burmese *wəj² (“far”), whence Burmese ဝေး (we:, “far”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷanʔ, *ɢʷans) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 袁 (OC *ɢʷan). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-wəj-n (“far”) (STEDT). Cognate with Proto-Lolo-Burmese *wəj² (“far”), whence Burmese ဝေး (we:, “far”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hn̄g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hňg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huīnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uán • Middle-Chinese : hjwonX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uān • Middle-Chinese : hjwonH
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distant; remote; far • not intimate; distant • profound • (intensifier in a comparison) much; by far ‖ to distance oneself from; to keep at a distance • a surname
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‖ 遠(とお) • (tō-) ^(←とほ (tofo)?) ‖ 遠(おち) • (ochi) ^(←をち (woti)?) ‖ 遠(おと) • (oto) ^(←をと (woto)?) ‖ 遠(えん) • (en) ^(←ゑん (wen)?) ‖ 遠(おん) • (on) ^(←をん (won)?)
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distant, far • temporally long • unfriendly, keep away • deep, profound • estranged • Tōtōmi Province ‖ distant, far-off ‖ (archaic) a distant place • (archaic) a time far from the present · the distant past • (archaic) a time far from the present · the far-off future ‖ (archaic) a distant place • (archaic) a time far from the present · the distant past • (archaic) a time far from the present · the far-off future ‖ distant; far; remote (in time or space) • distant (in relationship); estranged • deep; profound • Abbreviation of 遠江国 (Tōtōmi no kuni, “Tōtōmi Province”). ‖ distant; far; remote (in time, space, or relationship)
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遠 (eumhun 멀 원 (meol won))
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hanja form of 원 (“distant; far”)
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Hán-Nôm : viễn • Hán-Nôm : vẻn • Hán-Nôm : viển • Hán-Nôm : vỏn
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遠
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| 適
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjeɡ, *hljeɡ, *teːɡ) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 啻 (OC *hljeɡs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjeɡ, *hljeɡ, *teːɡ) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 啻 (OC *hljeɡs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjeɡ, *hljeɡ, *teːɡ) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 啻 (OC *hljeɡs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjeɡ, *hljeɡ, *teːɡ) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 啻 (OC *hljeɡs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjeɡ, *hljeɡ, *teːɡ) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 啻 (OC *hljeɡs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Middle-Chinese : syek • Middle-Chinese : tsyek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dik¹ • Middle-Chinese : tek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tik¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaak⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dik⁶
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to go; to proceed (to a place) · to incline towards; (of the popular feeling) to tend towards; to turn towards • to go; to proceed (to a place) · (of a girl) to get married; to marry • to go; to proceed (to a place) · to follow; to submit to; to comply with • to go; to proceed (to a place) · to fit; to suit; to accord with • to go; to proceed (to a place) • towards; to • to get; to obtain · to control; to restrict; to moderate • to get; to obtain · to regulate; to adjust; to measure • to get; to obtain · to meet; to encounter • fitting; proper; suitable; appropriate · good; fine; adequate • fitting; proper; suitable; appropriate · happy; joyful; contented • fitting; proper; suitable; appropriate · at ease; comfortable; cosy • by chance; as it happens; as luck would have it · occasionally; from time to time • by chance; as it happens; as luck would have it · if; assuming • by chance; as it happens; as luck would have it · just (now); only • by chance; as it happens; as luck would have it • (historical) collar of the mourning gown • a surname ‖ to devote; to dedicate (to one thing) • Alternative form of 嫡 (dí, “legal wife; legal wife's son”) ‖ Only used in 適適／适适 (“frightened; at a loss”). ‖ Alternative form of 謫／谪 (zhé, “to blame; to punish; to banish; fault”) ‖ Alternative form of 敵／敌 (dí, “enemy; to rival”)
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suitable, appropriate, fit • Alternative spelling of 嫡: direct; legitimate • Alternative spelling of 敵: enemy
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適 • (jeok, cheok) · 適 • (jeok, cheok) (hangeul 적, 척, revised jeok, cheok, McCune–Reischauer chŏk, ch'ŏk, Yale cek, chek)
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Hán-Nôm : thích • Hán-Nôm : thách • Hán-Nôm : thếch
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適
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| 遭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsluː) : semantic 辶 (“movement”) + phonetic 曹 (OC *zluː) – to meet with (on the road).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zou¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsoo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tso • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsau • Middle-Chinese : tsaw
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to come across; to meet with; to encounter • to suffer; to be subjected to; passive voice marker (for negative events) • Classifier for number of occurrences of events: times; turns
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To meet with; To encounter by chance; To come across (unfavorably) • To encounter a bad experience. • To have an accident
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遭 (eumhun 만날 조 (mannal jo))
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hanja form of 조 (“meet”)
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Hán-Nôm : tao
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遭
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| 遮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjaː) : semantic 辶 (“road”) + phonetic 庶 (OC *hljaɡs, “numerous”) \ ; “umbrella” ‖ See 這／这 (zhè). ‖ Probably a contraction of 這搭／这搭 (chit-tah) (Li, 1999). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄜ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄜˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsia • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jia • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia • Middle-Chinese : tsyae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ze¹ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsia • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiô ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiah
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(literary, or in compounds) to block; to obstruct • to hide; to cover up; to conceal • (Cantonese, Hakka) umbrella; parasol (Classifier: 把 c; 支 h) • Alternative form of 庶 (shù) ‖ this ‖ (Hokkien) here ‖ (Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) so; such
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intercept • interrupt • obstruct
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遮 (eumhun 가릴 차 (garil cha)) ‖ 遮 (eumhun 이 저 (i jeo))
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‖
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Hán-Nôm : già • Hán-Nôm : dà
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遮
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| 遷
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cin¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshian • Middle-Chinese : tshjen
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to ascend; to go up (to) • to promote; to be promoted (to a post) • to move (one's abode); to relocate; to migrate • to change; to shift; to transfer • to banish; to send into exile • to banish from the court • to die; to decease • to disperse • (～州) (historical) Qian Prefecture • a surname: Qian
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transition, move, change
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遷 (eumhun 옮길 천 (omgil cheon))
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move • change
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Hán-Nôm : thiên
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遷
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| 選
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sqʰonʔ, *sqʰons) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 辵 + phonetic 巽 (OC *sqʰuːns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suán • Middle-Chinese : sjwenX • Middle-Chinese : sjwenH
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to choose; to pick; to select • to elect • election
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‖ 選(せん) • (sen)
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‖ selection • choice • choosing • replacement for the less-common character 籤 in Sino-Japanese compounds such as 抽籤 ("drawing lots")
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選 (eumhun 가릴 선 (garil seon))
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hanja form of 선 (“selection”) • hanja form of 선 (“choice”) • hanja form of 선 (“elect”) • hanja form of 선 (“distinguish”)
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Hán-Nôm : tuyển
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選
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| 遺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lul, *luls) : semantic 辶 (“move”) + phonetic 貴 (OC *kluds). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lul, *luls) : semantic 辶 (“move”) + phonetic 貴 (OC *kluds).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uî • Middle-Chinese : ywij ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Middle-Chinese : ywijH
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to lose; to lose track of • to omit; to leave out • to abandon; to forgo; to abolish; to annul • to forget; to fail to remember • to lack; to be short of • to leave behind; to leave over; to hand down • to bequeath; to leave behind at one's death; to leave in will • left by the deceased • to emit; to discharge (involuntarily) • something lost; lost articles; lost property ‖ (literary) to bestow; to offer as a gift • to hand over; to turn over; to pay
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‖ 遺(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?) ‖ 遺(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?) ‖ 遺(ゆい) • (yui)
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‖ something fallen, something lost or left behind ‖ be left, remain • leave behind after one's death, bequeath • leave behind, forget • give, present • let leak ‖ leave behind after death
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遺 • (yu) · 遺 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)
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Hán-Nôm : di
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遺
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| 還
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷraːn, *sɢʷan) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 睘 (OC *ɡʷeŋ) – to go back; to return. \ ; “to return” \ ; "still; also" ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷraːn, *sɢʷan) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 睘 (OC *ɡʷeŋ) – to go back; to return. \ ; “to return” \ ; "still; also" ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷraːn, *sɢʷan) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 睘 (OC *ɡʷeŋ) – to go back; to return. \ ; “to return” \ ; "still; also"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huân • Middle-Chinese : hwaen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄞˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâi ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syun⁴ • Middle-Chinese : zjwen
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to return to a place; to go back to a place • to return an object; to give back • to do or give something in return • (Cantonese) to treat separately • (Malaysian Hokkien, Singapore Hokkien, obsolete in Philippine Hokkien) to pay • a surname ‖ still; yet; indicates that the phenomenon or observation still exists or the action is still ongoing • also; as well • even more; indicates an increase from a certain level or a supplement • (before adjectives, mostly positive) passably; (surprisingly) quite • (often in rhetorical questions) indicates condition and contrast, interchangeable with 都 (dōu); even • indicates unexpectedness; really • indicates past events; emphasising earliness • (Hakka, usually in exclamation) very ‖ Alternative form of 旋 (“to rotate; to turn around”) • nimble; agile • immediately
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‖ 還(かん) • (kan)
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‖ to return
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還 • (hwan, seon) · 還 • (hwan, seon) (hangeul 환, 선)
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Hán-Nôm : hoàn
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還
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| 邑
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Characters in the same phonetic series (邑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 囗 (“enclosure; city wall”) + 卪 (“kneeling person”). \ Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Schuessler (2007) proposes two possible etymologies: \ * From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *Ɂip (“shelter”), whence also 葺 (OC *ʔsib, *sʰib, *zib, “thatch”); \ * Related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-jim ~ k-jum (“house”), whence Burmese အိမ် (im), Tibetan ཁྱིམ (khyim).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ip • Middle-Chinese : 'ip
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state; country; nation • capital; capital city • city; town • area; district • Original form of 悒 (yì, “to worry; anxious”).
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‖ 邑(ゆう) • (yū) ^(←いふ (ifu)?) ‖ 邑(おおざと) • (ōzato) ^(←おほざと (ofozato)?)
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capital; capital city • a type of administrative division ‖ eup (an administrative division in Korea like a town) ‖ the "large village" radical, radical 163
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邑 (eumhun 고을 읍 (go'eul eup))
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(geography) hanja form of 읍 (“Town or eup, an administrative division larger and more populous than a "리" (village) but smaller and less populous than a "군" (county) or "시" (city)”)
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Hán-Nôm : ấp • Hán-Nôm : óp • Hán-Nôm : ốp • Hán-Nôm : phấp • Hán-Nôm : ọp
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chữ Hán form of ấp (“hamlet”).
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邑
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| 郎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːŋ) : phonetic 良 (OC *raŋ) + semantic 邑 (“county; town”). \ STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b/m-laŋ (“penis; male; husband”), including Burmese လင် (lang, “husband”) as a descendant. \ However, Zev Handel considers comparison to this root to be improbable since the meaning of "husband; young man" is not attested in early texts. These senses seem to develop from "an official's title", which was a metonymic extension of "veranda or corridor (of a palace or mansion)" (later written as 廊) (Schuessler, 2007). Schuessler (2007) suggests that the Burmese word is a loan from Chinese. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâng • Middle-Chinese : lang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Lông • Middle-Chinese : lang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lông
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(historical) an official's title • (archaic, laudatory) man; male adult • (archaic) A term of address used by women for their husband or lover: darling; love • (archaic) A term of address used by servants for their master: sir; master • father • young person • someone else's son • soldier • (dated) man of a particular occupation • A term of address for a poor, lowly person. • (literary or dialectal Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Gan, Xiang, Northern Min) son-in-law (daughter's husband) ‖ (historical) Lang (a town in the state of Lu, near modern Qufu, Shandong, China) • (historical) Lang (a town in the state of Lu, in the northeastern part of modern Yutai, Shandong, China) • a surname ‖ Only used in 屎殼郎／屎壳郎 (shǐkelàng).
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‖ 郎(ろう) • (-rō)
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son ‖ suffixes certain male names
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郎 (eumhun 사내 랑 (sanae rang), word-initial (South Korea) 사내 낭 (sanae nang))
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hanja form of 랑 (“man”) • hanja form of 낭 (“man (South Korea)”)
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Hán-Nôm : lang • Hán-Nôm : lặng • Hán-Nôm : lảng • Hán-Nôm : loang • Hán-Nôm : sang • Hán-Nôm : loen • Hán-Nôm : loẻn
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郎
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| 郡
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Perhaps related to Tibetan ཁུལ (khul, “district; province”) (Gong, 1995).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwan⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kūn • Middle-Chinese : gjunH
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(historical) An administrative subdivision of imperial China of various status over the centuries, usually translated as commandery or prefecture • a kind of administrative division · (in Japan) district (second level division that has no administrative power since 1926, only serves as geographical reference) • a kind of administrative division · (in North and South Korea) county (second level division covering rural areas) • a kind of administrative division · (in the UK) shire (former administrative area of Britain) • a kind of administrative division · (in Vietnam) quận • a surname
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‖ 郡(ぐん) • (gun) ^(←ぐん (gun)?)
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county • district ‖ county, district
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郡 (eumhun 고을 군 (go'eul gun))
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hanja form of 군 (“county; district”)
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Hán-Nôm : quận • Hán-Nôm : quặn • Hán-Nôm : quấn • Hán-Nôm : quẩn • Hán-Nôm : quạnh
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urban district (quận)
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郡
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| 郵
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 垂 (“far, remote”) + 阝 (“city”) – "relay station".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iû • Middle-Chinese : hjuw
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postal; mail • post office
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mail • stagecoach stop
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郵 • (u) · 郵 • (u) (hangeul 우)
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Hán-Nôm : bưu • Hán-Nôm : bươu
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郵
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| 酉
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Pictogram (象形) — an ancient vase used in making and storing fermented millet alcoholic drink. See 酒. \ ;"wine; wine vessel" \ ; "tenth earthly branch" \ : As for 酉 (yǒu)'s association with the chicken, Norman (1985) proposes that Chinese and Thai forms derived from Viet-Muong *rə̆k ~ *ruk, truncated from Proto-Vietic *r-kaː (“chicken”), yet Ferlus (2013) thinks this correspondence unlikely. Possibly, 酉 (yǒu) was arbitrarily associated with the chicken, just like 辰 (chén) with the dragon. \ ;“unitary”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iú • Middle-Chinese : yuwX
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an alcoholic drink vessel • tenth of twelve earthly branches (十二支) • rooster (鷄) of Chinese zodiac • the period from 17:00 to 19:00 • (mathematics) unitary
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‖ 酉(とり) • (Tori) ‖ 酉(ゆう) • (Yū) ^(←いう (iu)?)
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sake radical (さけづぐり) • "bird of the zodiac" radical (ひよみのとり, とりへん) • rooster (tenth sign of the Chinese zodiac) ‖ the Rooster, the tenth of the twelve Earthly Branches ‖ the Rooster, the tenth of the twelve Earthly Branches
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hen • full • old; ancient • irrigate
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Hán-Nôm : dấu • Hán-Nôm : dậu • Hán-Nôm : giấu • Hán-Nôm : giậu
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chữ Hán form of Dậu (“tenth of the twelve earthly branches”).
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酉
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| 酪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ) : phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ) + semantic 酉 (“alcohol; fermented drink”) \ Unknown. Possibly from a Central Asian language; compare Mongolian айраг (ajrag, “fermented milk of mares”), Uzbek pishloq (“cheese”) and Turkish ayran (“yoghurt mixed with water”). The phonetic similarity between Chinese 酪 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ, “milk”), Ancient Greek γάλα (gála, “milk”) and Latin lac (“milk”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵlákts (“milk”) is worth noting (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lou⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍k • Middle-Chinese : lak
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junket • paste • (literary, obsolete) vinegar • (literary, obsolete) wine; liquor
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酪 • (rak>nak) · 酪 • (rak>nak) (hangeul 락>낙)
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Hán-Nôm : lộ
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酪
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| 酬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dju) : semantic 酉 (“liquor vessel; liquor”) + phonetic 州 (OC *tju)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siû • Middle-Chinese : dzyuw
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(literary) to propose a toast; to toast • to reward; to repay • reward; payment; remuneration • friendly exchange • to realize; to fulfill
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repay • reward
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酬 • (su) · 酬 • (su) (hangeul 수)
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Hán-Nôm : thù • Hán-Nôm : thò
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酬
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| 酵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kruːs) : semantic 酉 + phonetic 孝 (OC *qʰruːs) – fermenting in a vessel, making alcoholic drink. 孝 is composed of “young + old”, hence connotations of “aging (in a vase), fermentation”. \ In some lects, the pronunciation of 酵 (jiào) is the same as that of 孝 (xiào). This is the result of dubanbian (讀半邊／读半边 (dúbànbiān)).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haau¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaau³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hàu • Middle-Chinese : kaewH
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yeast • to yeast • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) dough with yeast
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酵 (eumhun 삭힐 효 (sakhil hyo)) · 酵 (eumhun 삭힐 교 (sakhil gyo))
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hanja form of 효 (“yeast”)
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Hán-Nôm : diếu • Hán-Nôm : giếu • Hán-Nôm : dáo • Hán-Nôm : giáo
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酵
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| 酷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰuːɡ) : semantic 酉 (“alcoholic drink vessel”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ). \ Original meaning was “cruel”. The sense “cool” is a phono-semantic matching of English cool. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khok • Middle-Chinese : khowk ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : khok
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(literary, of alcohol) strong; intense • cruel; brutal; savage • extremely; to an extreme degree • (Mandarin, slang) cool; awesome ‖ (Quanzhou, Xiamen, Taiwanese and Philippine Hokkien, business) to drive a hard bargain; to economically take advantage of; to exploit economically; to penny-pinch; to profiteer; to swindle; to cheat; to be stingy/miserly with (such as overpricing to favor sellers or undervaluing to favor buyers)
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‖ 酷(こく) • (koku) ^(←こく (koku)?)-na (adnominal 酷(こく)な (koku na), adverbial 酷(こく)に (koku ni)) ‖ 酷(こく) • (koku)
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cruel, severe • extremely ‖ cruel, severe, harsh, merciless • extremely, excessively ‖ cruelty, severity, harshness, mercilessness
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酷 (eumhun 심할 혹 (simhal hok))
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hanja form of 혹 (“cruel”)
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Hán-Nôm : khốc
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酷
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| 酸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sloːn) : semantic 酉 + phonetic 夋 (OC *sʰlun). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *suːr ~ *swaːr (“sour; be acid”) (STEDT). Cognate with Mizo thûr (“acid; sour”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suan • Middle-Chinese : swan
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sour; tart • (chemistry) acid • (Siyi Yue, Fuqing Eastern Eastern Min) vinegar • sick at heart; grieved; sad • Alternative form of 痠 (suān, “aching; sore; stiff”) • stingy; miserly • narrow-minded; pedantic • spoiled; rancid • to satirize; to ridicule • (Internet slang) jealous; envious • a surname
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‖ 酸(さん) • (san) ‖ 酸(す) • (su)
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sour • (chemistry) acid ‖ sourness (quality or condition) • (chemistry) acid ‖ Alternative spelling of 酢 (“vinegar”)
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酸 • (san) · 酸 • (san) (hangeul 산, revised san, McCune–Reischauer san, Yale san)
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Hán-Nôm : toan
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(chemistry, biochemistry) acid
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酸
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| 醉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsuds) : semantic 酉 (“alcoholic drink”) + phonetic 卒 (OC *ʔsuːd, *sʰuːd, *ʔsud).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuì • Middle-Chinese : tswijH
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to become drunk; to become intoxicated • to intoxicate; to make someone drunk • to be fascinated with; to be enchanted by; to be crazy about; to be addicted to • to marinate in cooking wine
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醉 (eum 취 (chwi))
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Hán-Nôm : túy • Hán-Nôm : tuý • Hán-Nôm : xúy • Hán-Nôm : xuý
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醉
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| 醒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs) : semantic 酉 (“alcohol”) + phonetic 星 (OC *sleːŋ). \ Cognate with 清 (OC *sʰleŋ, “clear”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : seng² • Cantonese · Jyutping : sing² • Cantonese · Jyutping : sing¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshínn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshénn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : síng • Middle-Chinese : seng • Middle-Chinese : sengX • Middle-Chinese : sengH
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to sober up • to awaken; to wake up • to be awake • to realize; to become aware of • to decant (wine, etc.) • (Cantonese) clever; intelligent; sharp • (Cantonese) to gift
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to wake up • to become sober, to be disillusioned
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醒 (eumhun 깰 성 (kkael seong))
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hanja form of 성 (“waking up; being sober”)
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Hán-Nôm : tỉnh
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醒
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| 醜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰjuʔ) : phonetic 酉 (OC *luʔ) + semantic 鬼 (“ghost, demon”) - demons are ugly in Chinese culture.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiú • Middle-Chinese : tsyhuwX
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ugly; homely; hideous • shameful; disgraceful • shame; disgrace • (obsolete) evil • (obsolete) person or thing of the same kind • (obsolete) to be similar
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‖ 醜(しゅう) • (shū)
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ugly • shameful, disgraceful ‖ ugliness
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醜 (eum 추 (chu))
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ugly looking, homely • disgraceful
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Hán-Nôm : xấu • Hán-Nôm : xổ • Hán-Nôm : xú • Hán-Nôm : xũ • Hán-Nôm : sú
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醜
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| 采
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) . Two forms can be found in oracle bone script: \ # 爪 (“hand”) + 果 (“fruit”) – a hand (爪) picking fruits from a tree (果 (guǒ)). \ # 爪 (“hand”) + 木 (“tree”) – a hand (爪) picking from a tree (木 (mù)). \ The current glyph is of composition 2. \ Uncertain. Several etymologies have been proposed: \ * From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa-n (“child; grandchild; nephew; niece”), whence Tibetan བཙའ (btsa', “to fruit, bear, bring forth”), བཙས (btsas, “to harvest, to reap”), possibly as well as 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs), 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007); \ * Related to Tibetan ཚོད་མ (tshod ma, “vegetables”) (Schuessler, 2007); \ * Related to 穡 (OC *s.rək, “to reap; harvest”) (Baxter, 1992; Sagart, 1999; Baxter and Sagart, 2014). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) . Two forms can be found in oracle bone script: \ # 爪 (“hand”) + 果 (“fruit”) – a hand (爪) picking fruits from a tree (果 (guǒ)). \ # 爪 (“hand”) + 木 (“tree”) – a hand (爪) picking from a tree (木 (mù)). \ The current glyph is of composition 2. \ Uncertain. Several etymologies have been proposed: \ * From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa-n (“child; grandchild; nephew; niece”), whence Tibetan བཙའ (btsa', “to fruit, bear, bring forth”), བཙས (btsas, “to harvest, to reap”), possibly as well as 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs), 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007); \ * Related to Tibetan ཚོད་མ (tshod ma, “vegetables”) (Schuessler, 2007); \ * Related to 穡 (OC *s.rək, “to reap; harvest”) (Baxter, 1992; Sagart, 1999; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄞˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : coi² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshái • Middle-Chinese : tshojX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄞˋ
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to pick; to pluck; to gather; to collect • to pick; to choose; to select • to mine; to dig • to drag; to pull • color • colored silk • literary talent • luster • beautiful in words but poor in content; using colorful language to cover up flaws • expression; spirit; complexion • wager; stake • lucky (in gambling) • oak • to heed; to pay attention to • official position • vine; creeper • thing • to exploit; to gain • to accept • currency • tomb • a surname ‖ fief • Alternative form of 菜 (cài)
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‖ 采(さい) • (sai)
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a die, dice ‖ a die, dice
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采 • (chae) · 采 • (chae) (hangeul 채, revised chae, McCune–Reischauer ch'ae, Yale chay)
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采
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| 針
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kjum, *kjums) : semantic 釒 (“metal”) + phonetic 十 (OC *ɡjub). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra(p/m) (“needle”); compare Tibetan ཁབ (khab), Burmese အပ် (ap) (STEDT; Hill, 2017).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiam • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsam • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsim • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tserm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsem • Middle-Chinese : tsyim • Middle-Chinese : tsyimH
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(countable) needle (Classifier: 根 m; 枚 m; 枝 c mn; 眼 c) • needle-like object; pin; brooch; hand (of a clock or watch); tack • injection • acupuncture • to poke; to sting • (Cantonese) to pick on; to aim at someone personally • (Cantonese) spy; informer; probe (Classifier: 條／条 c) • Classifier for the number of injections. • Classifier for the number of stitches.
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‖ 針(はり) • (hari) ‖ 針(はり) • (-hari) ‖ 針(はり) • (Hari) ‖ 針(しん) • (shin)
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‖ a sewing needle • a sewing pin • any slender, pointed object resembling or similar in use to a needle: · a phonograph needle (in record players) • any slender, pointed object resembling or similar in use to a needle: · a needle used in medical injections • any slender, pointed object resembling or similar in use to a needle: · a knitting needle • any slender, pointed object resembling or similar in use to a needle: · a stinger (in insects) • any slender, pointed object resembling or similar in use to a needle: · a staple (wire fastener) • any slender, pointed object resembling or similar in use to a needle: · (botany) a thorn • any slender, pointed object resembling or similar in use to a needle: · (fishing) a hook, fishhook • (by extension) a hand or pointer (in clocks, watches, meters, compasses, etc.) • embroidery, needlework • (figurative) malice ‖ counter for stitches ‖ a placename • a surname ‖ sewing needle • Alternative spelling of 鍼 (shin): acupuncture • pointed beam
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針 (eumhun 바늘 침 (baneul chim)) ‖ 針 (eumhun 바느질할 침 (baneujilhal chim))
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hanja form of 침 (“needle (used in sewing)”) [noun] • hanja form of 침 (“needle-like object (any slender, pointy object resembling a needle)”) [noun] • Alternative form of 鍼 (“hanja form of 침 (“needle (used in acupuncture)”)”) ‖ hanja form of 침 (“sewing; needlework”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : châm • Hán-Nôm : chăm • Hán-Nôm : chảm • Hán-Nôm : găm • Hán-Nôm : kim • Hán-Nôm : trâm
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針
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| 鈍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *duːns) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 屯 (OC *duːn, *tun). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-t(u/i)l (“dull; blunt”). Compare Tibetan རྟུལ (rtul, “dull; blunt”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : deon⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tūn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǔn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tùn • Middle-Chinese : dwonH
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dull; blunt; not sharp • dull-witted; dim-witted; slow-witted; stupid • a surname • (Northern Wu) to satirise; to mock; to disparage
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‖ 鈍(にび) • (nibi) ‖ 鈍(なまくら) • (namakura) -na (adnominal 鈍(なまくら)な (namakura na), adverbial 鈍(なまくら)に (namakura ni)) ‖ 鈍(なまくら) • (namakura) ‖ 鈍(のろ) • (noro) -na (adnominal 鈍(のろ)な (noro na), adverbial 鈍(のろ)に (noro ni)) ‖ 鈍(のろ) • (noro)
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dull, blunt (of edge) • dull, stupid, slow, slow-witted (of senses) ‖ short for 鈍色 (nibiiro): dark gray ‖ (uncommon) dull of edge, unable to cut well • (uncommon) dull of mind, lazy, insipid ‖ a blunt blade • a lazy person, a dullard ‖ mentally slow, dull-witted, stupid • physically slow, slow of action ‖ dullard, dimwit
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鈍 (eumhun 무딜 둔 (mudil dun))
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hanja form of 둔 (“blunt, obtuse”) • hanja form of 둔 (“dull”) • hanja form of 둔 (“flat”) • hanja form of 둔 (“dull-witted”)
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Hán-Nôm : độn
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鈍
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| 鉛
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khen, “solid; hard”). \ * Per Liu (2022), it is from Wu, in which the character 鉛／铅 is used to denote an etymon meaning "tinplate" with this velar pronunciation. As for further etymology, Liu suggested it an Indo-European-sourced borrowing, cf. English can (“metal container”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lon) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 㕣 (OC *lon) – a kind of metal. \ Most varieties have a pronunciation derived from a velar initial. \ * Schuessler (2007) see it a re-etymologization towards 掔 (MC khean|khen, “solid; hard”). \ * Per Liu (2022), it is from Wu, in which the character 鉛／铅 is used to denote an etymon meaning "tinplate" with this velar pronunciation. As for further etymology, Liu suggested it an Indo-European-sourced borrowing, cf. English can (“metal container”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iân • Middle-Chinese : ywen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iân • Middle-Chinese : ywen
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(chemistry) lead (Pb) • lead (in a pencil); graphite ‖ Used in 鉛山／铅山 (Yánshān).
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‖ 鉛(なまり) • (namari) (uncountable) ‖ 鉛(えん) • (en)
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‖ lead (chemical element) ‖ lead (chemical element)
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鉛 • (yeon) · 鉛 • (yeon) (hangeul 연)
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canonical : 鉛: Hán Việt readings: duyên 鉛: Nôm readings: ven • canonical : diên • canonical : duyên
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chữ Hán form of duyên (“lead”).
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鉛
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| 銀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋrɯn) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋul ~ (d-)ŋur. Cognate with Tibetan དངུལ (dngul), Burmese ငွေ (ngwe).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gîn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gîrn • Middle-Chinese : ngin
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silver • silvern; made of silver • silvery; silver-colored; lustrous; white; shiny • cash; money; currency • (Cantonese, Teochew, Hainanese, Zhao'an Hakka) Classifier for money: yuan; dollar; buck • a surname
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‖ 銀(ぎん) • (gin) ‖ 銀(ぎん) • (gin) ‖ 銀(しろがね) • (shirogane) ‖ 銀(かね) • (kane)
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‖ silver (lustrous, white, metallic element; symbol Ag) • Short for 銀貨 (ginka): a silver coin • Short for 銀色 (gin'iro): silvery, silver-colored • (shogi) Short for 銀将 (ginshō): a silver general • (sports, etc.) Short for 銀メダル (gin medaru): a silver medal • (historical) Short for 丁銀 (chōgin): an Edo-period silver coin in the shape of a sea cucumber • Short for 銀煙管 (gin kiseru): a silver 煙管 (kiseru, “tobacco pipe”) • Short for 銀葉 (gin'yō): a censer • Short for 銀蜻蜓 (gin'yanma): the lesser emperor, Anax parthenope • any other object made of silver ‖ silver • silvery, silver-colored • (by extension) cash, money • Short for 銀行 (ginkō): bank ‖ silver (lustrous, white, metallic element) • silvery, silver-colored • a silver thread • silver paint or lacquer • a silver coin ‖ a metal • money
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銀 (eumhun 은 은 (eun eun))
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hanja form of 은 (“silver; silver-colored”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngân
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silver; silvery, silver-colored • bank; cash, money, currency
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銀
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| 銅
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Characters in the same phonetic series (同) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːŋ) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 同 (OC *doːŋ). \ Since metals are typically associated with color, the word is probably related to 彤 (OC *l'uːŋ, “red”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ The word "copper" occurs in some Southeast Asian languages with initial l- (Sagart, 1999). Examples include Zhuang luengz, Bouyei luangz and Bu-Nao Bunu loŋ², which are early loans from Chinese. \ Tibetan དོང་ཙེ (dong tse, “Chinese copper coin”) was borrowed from Chinese 銅子／铜子 (tóngzǐ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tâng • Middle-Chinese : duwng
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(chemistry) copper (Cu) • bronze • a surname
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‖ 銅(どう) • (dō) ‖ 銅(あかがね) • (akagane) ‖ 銅(あか) • (aka)
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‖ copper, Cu ‖ copper, Cu ‖ copper, Cu
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銅 (eumhun 구리 동 (guri dong))
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hanja form of 동 (“copper”) • hanja form of 동 (“Vietnamese dong”)
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canonical : 銅: Hán Việt readings: đồng 銅: Nôm readings: đòng • canonical : đồng
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chữ Hán form of đồng (“copper”).
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銅
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| 銘
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *meːŋ) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 名 (OC *meŋ, “name”) – to engrave in metal.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ming⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ming⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bîng • Middle-Chinese : meng
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inscription • to inscribe; to engrave
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‖ 銘(めい) • (mei)
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inscription ‖ inscription
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銘 (eumhun 새길 명 (saegil myeong))
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hanja form of 명 (“inscribe, engrave”) • hanja form of 명 (“unforgettably”)
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Hán-Nôm : minh • Hán-Nôm : triệu
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銘
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| 鋼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːŋ, *klaːŋs) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 岡 (OC *klaːŋ). \ Along with 剛 (OC *klaːŋ, “hard, firm, stiff”), derived from the terminative of 固 (OC *kaːs, “firm, solid, hard”), literally "having become solid, hard" (Schuessler, 2007). \ For the identity of the unknown preinitial *C reconstructed by Baxter & Sagart (2014), compare the pre-syllable *t- of Proto-Vietic *t-kaːŋ, its reflex. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːŋ, *klaːŋs) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 岡 (OC *klaːŋ). \ Along with 剛 (OC *klaːŋ, “hard, firm, stiff”), derived from the terminative of 固 (OC *kaːs, “firm, solid, hard”), literally "having become solid, hard" (Schuessler, 2007). \ For the identity of the unknown preinitial *C reconstructed by Baxter & Sagart (2014), compare the pre-syllable *t- of Proto-Vietic *t-kaːŋ, its reflex.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gong³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gong¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǹg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong • Middle-Chinese : kang • Middle-Chinese : kangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gong³
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steel ‖ hard; strong; tough • to sharpen; to whet; to strop
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‖ 鋼(はがね) • (hagane)
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‖ steel (metal produced from iron)
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鋼 (eumhun 강철/굳셀 강 (gangcheol/gutsel gang))
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hanja form of 강 (“steel”) • hanja form of 강 (“hard; strong”)
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Hán-Nôm : cương • Hán-Nôm : gang • Hán-Nôm : cang
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鋼
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| 錦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krɯmʔ) : phonetic 金 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 帛.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gam² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kím • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gím • Middle-Chinese : kimX
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brocade; tapestry; polychrome woven silk. • embroidered • bright and beautiful
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‖ 錦(にしき) • (nishiki)
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brocade ‖ brocade (generic name for weaving fabrics with various colored threads) • a word expressing beauty (for example, colors or patterns)
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錦 (eumhun 비단 금 (bidan geum))
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hanja form of 금 (“brocade”)
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Hán-Nôm : cẩm • Hán-Nôm : gấm
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錦
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| 錯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ) – grindstone. \ ; "whetstone, grindstone" \ ; "criss-cross, interlocking, alternating, ornate" \ ; "lake" \ ; "cerium" ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ) – grindstone. \ ; "whetstone, grindstone" \ ; "criss-cross, interlocking, alternating, ornate" \ ; "lake" \ ; "cerium" ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ) – grindstone. \ ; "whetstone, grindstone" \ ; "criss-cross, interlocking, alternating, ornate" \ ; "lake" \ ; "cerium" ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ) – grindstone. \ ; "whetstone, grindstone" \ ; "criss-cross, interlocking, alternating, ornate" \ ; "lake" \ ; "cerium"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : co³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄛˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshò • Middle-Chinese : tshuH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cok³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshok • Middle-Chinese : tshak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cou³ • Middle-Chinese : tshuH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ
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wrong; erroneous; incorrect • bad; poor; inferior; substandard • to make a mistake; to blunder; to err • error; mistake; fault • (in lake names of Tibet) lake ‖ to inlay with gold, silver, etc. • to grind; to polish • (alt. form 厝) coarse whetstone; grindstone • to mix; to blend • to be in disorder; disorderly • to criss-cross; interlocking • to separate; to stagger • to turn ‖ Alternative form of 措 (cuò, “to place; to carry out”) • Alternative form of 措 (cuò, “to abandon; to cease; to reject”) ‖ (chemistry, obsolete) Alternative name for 鈰／铈 (shì, “cerium”).
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mix, blend • err, mistake; make an error
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錯 • (chak, jo) · 錯 • (chak, jo) (hangeul 착, 조)
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Hán-Nôm : thó • Hán-Nôm : thác • Hán-Nôm : thố • Hán-Nôm : thộ • Hán-Nôm : xác
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錯
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| 鎖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *soːlʔ) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 𧴪 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄛˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : só • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sóo • Middle-Chinese : swaX
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(countable) lock (something used for fastening) (Classifier: 把 m c) • lock-shaped thing • (computing) lock (mutex or other token restricting access to a resource) • chain • (transitive) to lock; to lock up • to seal; to close; to seal off • to lockstitch • a surname: Suo
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‖ 鎖(くさり) • (kusari) ‖ 鎖(とざし) • (tozashi) ‖ 鎖(つがり) • (tsugari) ‖ 鎖(さ) • (sa) ‖ 鎖(じょう) • (jō) ^(←ぢやう (dyau)?) ‖ 鎖(じょう) • (-jō) ^(←ぢやう (dyau)?)
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‖ a chain ‖ the closing and locking of a door or gate • a door or gate so closed and locked • a bar or other device used to lock a door or gate ‖ a connection, linkage, or continuation • (rare) a chain • a string of items tied together • the part of the opening of a drawstring bag through which the string is passed ‖ a chain, linkage, or continuation • a lock or barrier ‖ (pitch 0) a metal bar used to lock shut a gate, door, chest, or other opening • (pitch 0) a key used to lock or unlock such an opening • (pitch 1) a pill or tablet ‖ counter for pills or tablets
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鎖 • (swae) · 鎖 • (swae) (hangeul 쇄)
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Hán-Nôm : tỏa • Hán-Nôm : toả • Hán-Nôm : khóa • Hán-Nôm : khoá • Hán-Nôm : sõa • Hán-Nôm : soã • Hán-Nôm : tủa • Hán-Nôm : xõa • Hán-Nôm : xoã • Hán-Nôm : tuở • Hán-Nôm : tỏe • Hán-Nôm : toẻ • Hán-Nôm : sỏa • Hán-Nôm : soả
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鎖
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| 鏡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraŋs) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 竟 (OC *kraŋs). \ Probably cognate with 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “bright”), 影 (OC *qraŋʔ, “shadow”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007; Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Gong (2019) identifies the unknown preinitial *C in the reconstruction by Baxter and Sagart (2014) with *s based on evidence from Old Vietnamese, and further posits that it is an instrumental noun derived by prefixation of *s- to the verb 映 (OC *qraŋs, “to reflect”), which is itself a denominal derived from 影 (OC *qraŋʔ, “shadow; image”). \ Alternatively, it may be derived from 亮 (OC *raŋs, “to shine”) with the nominalising *k- prefix (Schuessler, 2007; apud Baxter, p.c.). \ STEDT compares 鏡, 景 and 亮, among others, to Proto-Kuki-Chin *klaaŋ-I, *klaan-II (“to shine; light; bright”). \ This word is relatively late and is perhaps re-etymologized from the nearly identical earlier word 監 (OC *kraːms), 鑑 (OC *kraːms, “mirror”) (Schuessler, 2007), which Wang (1982) treats as cognate. Gong (2019) considers 鏡 to be an unrelated neologism replacing 鑑.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǐn • Middle-Chinese : kjaengH
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(now in compounds or dialectal) mirror; reflecting glass (Classifier: 塊／块 c) • (physics, in compounds) lens; -scope • (in compounds) spectacles; glasses • (Cantonese) Short for 鏡頭／镜头 (jìngtóu, “camera lens”). (Classifier: 支 c) • ^† to mirror; to reflect • ^† to perceive; to observe clearly • ^† to use for reference; to draw lessons from • ^† clear • a surname
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‖ 鏡(かがみ) • (kagami) ‖ 鏡(かがみ) • (Kagami) ‖ 鏡(きょう) • (kyō) ^(←きやう (kyau)?) ‖ 鏡(きょう) • (Kyō) ^(←きやう (kyau)?)
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‖ a mirror (smooth reflecting surface) • Short for 鏡餅 (kagami mochi): a set of mochi rice cakes used in New Year celebrations • Short for 鏡物 (kagamimono): • (theater) Short for 鏡板 (kagami ita): the panel at the back of a noh stage that is painted with an image of an old pine tree • the barrelhead or lid of a sake barrel ‖ a placename • a surname • a female given name ‖ mirror • speculum • pattern, model, example ‖ a female given name • a surname
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鏡 (eumhun 거울 경 (geoul gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“mirror, lens”) • hanja form of 경 (“glass, glasses”)
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Hán-Nôm : kính • Hán-Nôm : kẻng • Hán-Nôm : gương • Hán-Nôm : kiếng
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鏡
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| 鐘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjoŋ, *tjoŋ) : semantic 金 + phonetic 童 (OC *doːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiong • Middle-Chinese : tsyowng
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bell (Classifier: 架; 座) • clock (Classifier: 架; 座) • time measured in hours and minutes • (Cantonese) hour (Classifier: 個／个; 粒; 句) • (Cantonese, in general) time • (Cantonese, colloquial) time, services of prostitutes • (historical) metal ceremonial percussion instrument hung from a rack and struck with a mallet • Alternative form of 鍾／钟 (zhōng, “unit of capacity”) • a surname
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‖ 鐘(かね) • (kane) ‖ 鐘(しょう) • (shō)
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‖ bell ‖ bell
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鐘 (eumhun 쇠북 종 (soebuk jong))
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Hán-Nôm : chung • Hán-Nôm : chuông
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鐘
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| 長
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Pictogram (象形) – originally long hair; compare 彡. \ Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”). \ Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin. \ See 張 for more. ‖ Pictogram (象形) – originally long hair; compare 彡. \ Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”). \ Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin. \ See 張 for more. ‖ Pictogram (象形) – originally long hair; compare 彡. \ Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”). \ Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin. \ See 張 for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tônn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiônn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiâng • Middle-Chinese : drjang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiáng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiúnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiónn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiáunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiáng • Middle-Chinese : trjangX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tióng • Middle-Chinese : drjangH
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long (of distance) • length • long (in space); far; distant • long (of time); lasting • everlasting; permanent • constantly; frequently • straight; perfectly straight • upright; right; good; fine • strength; advantage; merit • skill; specialism • to excel in • (Mainland China Hokkien) to take advantage of someone • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) segment of time or object • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) regularly; often; frequently • a surname ‖ to begin to grow; to grow; to develop • (transitive, with 得 (de), of a person's appearance) to look; to appear • (transitive) to increase; to enhance • (intransitive) to increase; to go up • to nourish • old (of age) • senior; elder • leader; master; chief; head • eldest; oldest • to exalt; to honor • to wield; to be in control of ‖ (archaic) length; measure of length • (archaic, Min) to be left over; surplus, residue
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‖ 長(ちょう) • (chō) ^(←ちやう (tyau)?) ‖ 長(ちょう) • (Chō) ^(←ちやう (tyau)?) ‖ 長(おさ) • (osa) ^(←をさ (wosa)?) ‖ 長(おさ) • (Osa) ^(←をさ (wosa)?) ‖ 長(なが) • (naga-) ‖ 長(なが) • (Naga) ‖ 長(つかさ) • (tsukasa) ‖ 長(つかさ) • (Tsukasa) ‖ 長(たき) • (taki) ‖ 長(たけ) • (take) ‖ 長(たけ) • (Take) ‖ 長(たける) • (Takeru) ‖ 長(ひさし) • (Hisashi)
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long, lengthy • long time • growing, increasing • excellent, great • comfortable, relaxing • elder, old, senior • chief, head, leader • Short for 長門国 (Nagato no kuni): Nagato Province ‖ chief, head, leader • strong point • (music) major ‖ a surname ‖ chief, head, leader ‖ a place name • a surname ‖ long ‖ a surname ‖ a manager, a headman, a foreman • an official • government service ‖ a surname • a unisex given name ‖ height ‖ height ‖ a surname ‖ a surname • a male or female given name ‖ a surname • a male or female given name
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長 (eumhun 길 장 (gil jang)) ‖ 長 (eumhun 어른 장 (eoreun jang))
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Hanja form of 장 (“long; lengthy”). [prefix] ‖ Hanja form of 장 (“head; chief; manager”). [noun, suffix] • Hanja form of 장 (“to grow; to develop”). [affix]
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canonical : 長: Hán Việt readings: trường • canonical : trưởng • canonical : tràng 長: Nôm readings: tràng • canonical : trường • canonical : dài • canonical : chường • canonical : trành • canonical : trườn
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長
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| 門
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Characters in the same phonetic series (門) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : a gate. Compare 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “(one) door”), which is half of this character. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-muːr (“mouth; lip; to hold in mouth; to chew; face; gills”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan མུར་བ (mur ba, “to masticate”), Tibetan མུར་འགྲམ (mur 'gram, “jawbone; cheek”), Mizo hmûi (“lips; upper lip”) and 吻 (OC *mɯnʔ, “lips; corner of the lips”). \ ; “-gate”
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mun⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄣˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄣˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bûn • Middle-Chinese : mwon
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gate; door; entrance; opening; portal (Classifier: 扇 m mn; 道 m c; 度 c; 條／条 c; 隻／只 c; 片 mn) • valve; switch • way of doing something; knack • family • school; sect; school of thought; tradition • class; category • (taxonomy) phylum; division • (logic, electronics) logic gate • Classifier for lessons, subjects, branches of technology, and languages. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • Classifier for livelihoods, trades, skills, businesses, etc. • Classifier for thoughts, ideas, or emotions, particularly those forming a system or complex. • Classifier for marriage, romantic, or family relations. • Classifier for large guns. • -gate (a suffix combined with keywords to form the names of scandals) • (anatomy) hilum of an organ • a surname
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‖ 門(もん) • (mon) ‖ 門(もん) • (-mon) ‖ 門(もん) • (mon) ‖ 門(かど) • (kado) ‖ 門(かど) • (Kado)
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‖ a gate • (religion) a sect, school of thought • (biology) a phylum, division • Short for 門限 (mongen): a curfew ‖ counter for cannons or large guns ‖ doorway, exit and entrance • clan, family, kin • teaching institution • set of academic doctrines • Used in Sanskrit transliterations ‖ a gate, portal • an entrance, gateway, opening • a clan, family, kin ‖ a surname
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門 (eumhun 문 문 (mun mun))
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hanja form of 문 (“gate; door; gateway; portal”)
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Hán-Nôm : môn • Hán-Nôm : món • Hán-Nôm : mon
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chữ Hán form of môn (“subject, discipline; door, entrance”).
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門
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| 閉
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 門 (“door”) + abbreviated 材 (“material; timber”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pì • Middle-Chinese : pejH • Middle-Chinese : pet
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to shut; to close • to obstruct; to block up
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close, shut
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閉 • (pye, byeol) · 閉 • (pye, byeol) (hangeul 폐, 별, revised pye, byeol, McCune–Reischauer p'ye, pyŏl, Yale phyey, pyel)
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Hán-Nôm : bế • Hán-Nôm : bấy • Hán-Nôm : bé
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閉
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| 開
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 門 (“door”) + 一 (“latch”) + 廾 (“a pair of hands”) — a pair of hands opening a latched door. 一 and 廾 are combined into 开 since the seal script. \ Compare 闢. \ According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “door”), Tibetan ཁ (kha, “mouth”), Tibetan སྒོ (sgo, “door”). \ The word is possibly a colloquial variant of 闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls) (Schuessler, 2007). Proto-Mien *kʰu̯ɔiᴬ (“to open”) (whence Iu Mien kʰɔi¹) and Thai ไข (kǎi) are Chinese loans (Ratliff, 2010). ‖ Borrowed from English K (“karat”). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khui • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khai • Middle-Chinese : khoj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ke¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khe ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄞ ‖
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to open; to unlatch; to unfasten • to start; to turn on; to switch on • to make an opening; to open up • (of a flower) to open out; to bloom • (of a frozen river) to thaw • to begin; to start • to start; to set up; to open • to remove (a ban or restriction) • to boil (bubble and turn to vapour) • to write out (a prescription, check, invoice, etc.) • to book (a hotel room) • to operate/run a business • to hold (a meeting, exhibition, etc.) • to pay • to operate; to drive (a vehicle) • apart; away • (informal) Short for 開除／开除 (kāichú, “to fire; to sack; to discharge; to dismiss”). • (informal) to eat up • (Cantonese, archaic) Progressive aspect particle, used to express that an event is/was in progress. • (Cantonese) Inceptive and continuous aspect particle, used to express that an event has started and continues on for a while. • (Cantonese) Habitual aspect particle. • (Cantonese) Converbal aspect particle used to express a condition or rationale. • (Chinese phonetics) Short for 開口／开口 (kāikǒu, “open-mouthed”). • (Hokkien) to spend (money) • a surname ‖ karat (measure of gold purity) ‖ (physics) Short for 開爾文／开尔文 (kāi'ěrwén, “kelvin”). ‖ (dialectal Cantonese, dialectal Hakka) Perfective aspect particle.
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‖ 開(かい) • (kai)
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open ‖ open • start; beginning
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開 (eumhun 열 개 (yeol gae))
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hanja form of 개 (“open”)
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canonical : 開: Hán Việt readings: khai 開: Nôm readings: khơi • canonical : khui
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(literary) chữ Hán form of khai (“to open, to start, to begin”). • Nôm form of khui (“to open, to pry open”).
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開
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| 閑
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‖ Probably cognate with 介 (OC *kreːds, “to increase; to become great”) and perhaps derived from 嘏 (OC *kraːʔ, “large; great”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haan⁴ • Middle-Chinese : hean ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haan⁴ • Middle-Chinese : hean
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fence; bar; railings • stable (building for horses) • rule; law; limit; norm • to restrict; to restrain • Alternative form of 嫻／娴 (xián, “to be familiar; to be skilled; to be practised”) • to block; to guard against • 4th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "barrier" (𝌉) ‖ (obsolete) large; great
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‖ 閑(かん) • (kan) ‖ 閑(かん) • (kan) ‖ 閑(のど) • (nodo) -na (adnominal 閑(のど)な (nodo na), adverbial 閑(のど)に (nodo ni))
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‖ tranquil; calm; quiet • free time; leisure • unimportant; useless ‖ free time; leisure ‖ (archaic) tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful
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閑 (eumhun 한가할 한 (han'gahal han))
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Hán-Nôm : nhàn • Hán-Nôm : hèn
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閑
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| 間
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 門 (“door”) + 日 (“sun”). Originally 閒, moonlight (月) peeking through a door (門) – interstice; space. \ The two pronunciations are related, with Pronunciation 2 (間 (OC *kreːns)) being the exoactive of Pronunciation 1 (間 (OC *kreːn)). \ Related to: \ * 隙 (OC *kʰraɡ, “crack; chink”), 澗 (OC *kreːns, *kraːns, “ravine; brook (between mountains)”) (Wang, 1982); \ * 閒 (OC *ɡreːn, “lazy; leisure”) (Karlgren, 1957; Baxter, 1992). \ Externally, likely related to Mizo kâr (“space between; interval”), Burmese ကြား (kra:, “in-between; interval; interim”), အကြား (a.kra:, “gap; break”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 門 (“door”) + 日 (“sun”). Originally 閒, moonlight (月) peeking through a door (門) – interstice; space. \ The two pronunciations are related, with Pronunciation 2 (間 (OC *kreːns)) being the exoactive of Pronunciation 1 (間 (OC *kreːn)). \ Related to: \ * 隙 (OC *kʰraɡ, “crack; chink”), 澗 (OC *kreːns, *kraːns, “ravine; brook (between mountains)”) (Wang, 1982); \ * 閒 (OC *ɡreːn, “lazy; leisure”) (Karlgren, 1957; Baxter, 1992). \ Externally, likely related to Mizo kâr (“space between; interval”), Burmese ကြား (kra:, “in-between; interval; interim”), အကြား (a.kra:, “gap; break”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 門 (“door”) + 日 (“sun”). Originally 閒, moonlight (月) peeking through a door (門) – interstice; space. \ The two pronunciations are related, with Pronunciation 2 (間 (OC *kreːns)) being the exoactive of Pronunciation 1 (間 (OC *kreːn)). \ Related to: \ * 隙 (OC *kʰraɡ, “crack; chink”), 澗 (OC *kreːns, *kraːns, “ravine; brook (between mountains)”) (Wang, 1982); \ * 閒 (OC *ɡreːn, “lazy; leisure”) (Karlgren, 1957; Baxter, 1992). \ Externally, likely related to Mizo kâr (“space between; interval”), Burmese ကြား (kra:, “in-between; interval; interim”), အကြား (a.kra:, “gap; break”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : king • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kainn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kan • Middle-Chinese : kean ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàn • Middle-Chinese : keanH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˇ
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within a definite time period or place • among; between • a moment; a little while; instant • room; chamber • section of a room; lateral space between two pairs of pillars • Classifier for smallest units of housing, such as rooms and shopfronts. • (chiefly Cantonese) Classifier for buildings in general, including schools, banks, cinemas, hospitals, shops, factories. • a surname ‖ opening; gap; break • estrangement; alienation; hostility • spy; secret agent • to keep away from; to keep apart • to separate; to partition • to alternate; to do something alternately • to be mixed up with; to be intermingled • to sow discord • to blame; to reproach • intermittently; sometimes • in secret; clandestinely ‖ (obsolete) Variant pronunciation of the classifier sense. • (obsolete) Used in place names.
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‖ 間(かん) • (kan) ‖ 間(かん) • (kan) ‖ 間(かん) • (-kan)
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‖ space; interval; among; between • extent; scope • hidden; invisible • Alternative spelling of 閑 (kan, “free time”) ‖ interval ‖ suffixes some expressions of time to tell duration rather than time or date
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間 (eumhun 사이 간 (sai gan))
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hanja form of 간 (“between”)
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Hán-Nôm : gian • Hán-Nôm : dán • Hán-Nôm : gián
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間
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| 閣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːɡ) : semantic 門 (“gate”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gok³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kok • Middle-Chinese : kak ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : koh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kó
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chamber; pavilion • cabinet • (Hong Kong, only used in names) apartment building ‖ (Hokkien) again • (Hokkien) still; yet • (Taiwanese Hokkien) also; as well; furthermore; in addition; moreover • (Taiwanese Hokkien) on the contrary; to the contrary; instead; rather; as a matter of fact • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) Emphatic final particle used to make requests
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tower • tall building • palace
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閣 (eumhun 집 각 (jip gak))
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hanja form of 각 (“chamber; pavilion”) • hanja form of 각 (“cabinet”)
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Hán-Nôm : các • Hán-Nôm : gác
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閣
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| 阻
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsraʔ, *ʔsras) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsóo • Middle-Chinese : tsrjoX • Middle-Chinese : tsrjoH
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(transitive or ditransitive) to impede, to hinder, to block, to obstruct • obstacle; barrier
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to block, thwart • steep
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阻 • (jo) · 阻 • (jo) (hangeul 조, revised jo, McCune–Reischauer cho, Yale co)
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Hán-Nôm : trở
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阻
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| 陣
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Derivation from 敶, itself derived from an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 東 (“sack?”) + 東 + 攴; later, one 東 was abbreviated, and a 阜 added on the left.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zan⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tīn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsūn • Middle-Chinese : drinH
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short moment of time • formation • Classifier for short periods of an event: spell; burst; gust ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • (military) column, row or file of troops • (Cantonese) beam; crossbeam (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (Cantonese, vehicles) wheelbase • (Cantonese) Alternative form of 𠹻 (zam6, “classifier for smells”)
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‖ 陣(じん) • (jin) ^(←ぢん (din)?) ‖ 陣(じん) • (-jin) ^(←ぢん (din)?)
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‖ battle formation • camp ‖ group, team
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陣 (eum 진 (jin))
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Hán-Nôm : trận • Hán-Nôm : giận • Hán-Nôm : trặn • Hán-Nôm : chận • Hán-Nôm : chặn • Hán-Nôm : chiến
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battle, fight
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陣
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| 陪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯː) : semantic 阜 (“soil mountain”) + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs) \ The 阜 suggests, by extension from the meaning of “pile up soil”, to join up with, to be close to: to accompany.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puê • Middle-Chinese : bwoj
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to keep someone company; to accompany; to go with • (literary, or in compounds) to help; to assist
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obeisance
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陪 • (bae) · 陪 • (bae) (hangeul 배, revised bae, McCune–Reischauer pae, Yale pay)
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Hán-Nôm : bồi
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陪
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| 陰
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According to Shuowen, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qrɯm) : semantic 阜 + phonetic 侌 (). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r(u/i)m (“dark; shade; dusk; twilight”); compare Tibetan རུམ (rum, “darkness”), Jingpho rim (“to be dusk”) (Benedict, 1972; Bodman, 1980; STEDT). \ Schuessler (2007) compares it instead to Burmese အုံ့ (um., “to become overcast”), Adi mugyum (“shade; shadow”), Lepcha ᰠᰨᰌᰤᰪᰮ (so-dyŭm, “shade”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jam¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : im • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iam • Middle-Chinese : 'im
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cloudy; overcast; gloomy • hidden; secret • negative • the Moon • shade; shadow • north of a mountain or south of a river • back side • of the nether world; of ghosts • (philosophy) "female" principle; yin in yin-yang • in intaglio • treacherous; deceitful; cheating • (dialectal) to deceive; to trick; to trap • (Chinese phonetics, of a syllable) open; not having a consonant coda • (Cantonese) bangs; fringe • genitalia (of humans) • a surname
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‖ 陰(かげ) • (kage) ‖ 陰(いん) • (in) ‖ 陰(いん) • (in) ‖ 陰(ほと) • (hoto)
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shade • dark, gloomy • hidden, invisible • negative, yin (in contrast to yang) ‖ shadow, shade • hidden side ‖ shade; shadow • shadow of the sun; (figuratively) time • hidden; invisible; secret • genitalia • negative; “female”; quiescent; minus • (philosophy) yin • north side of mountain; south side of water • the moon ‖ (philosophy) yin • (literary) shady area; (陰に) in the shade; secretly; in private ‖ female genitalia • (by extension) male genitalia
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陰 (eumhun 그늘 음 (geuneul eum)) ‖ 陰 (eumhun 침묵할 암 (chimmukhal am))
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hanja form of 음 (“dark; shady”) ‖ (archaic) hanja form of 암 (“to be silent”)
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Hán-Nôm : âm • Hán-Nôm : ơm
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chữ Hán form of âm (“yin”).
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陰
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| 陳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'iŋ, *l'iŋs) : semantic 阜 (“mound”) + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ) – to display; to arrange. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tîn • Middle-Chinese : drin ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tân • Middle-Chinese : drin
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to exhibit; to display • to explain • old; ancient ‖ (～國) (historical) state of Chen (vassal state during the Zhou dynasty) • (～朝) (historical) Chen dynasty (557–589), the fourth and last of the Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period • a surname, listed tenth in the Baijiaxing: Chen, Chan, Chun, Chin, Tan
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‖ 陳(ちん) • (Chin) ‖ 陳(ひね) • (hine)
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display • plead ‖ Chen dynasty • Chen (state) ‖ aging
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陳 • (jin) · 陳 • (jin) (hangeul 진, revised jin, McCune–Reischauer chin, Yale cin)
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To spread, to lay out, to unfold.
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Hán-Nôm : trần
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Chữ Hán form of Trần (“a surname from Chinese.”).
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陳
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| 陷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡroːms) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 阜 (“row of hills”) + phonetic 臽 (OC *kʰloːmʔ, *ɡroːms, “person falling into trap”). \ Originally written 臽.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hām • Middle-Chinese : heamH
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to submerge; to sink; to plunge • to be captured • to breach; to break through; to make a breakthrough • trap (device designed to catch animals) • to frame; to entrap; to set up; to bring up someone on false charges • to sink • fault; defect; drawback
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fall into • cave in • fall (castle) • slide into
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陷 (eumhun 빠질 함 (ppajil ham))
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hanja form of 함 (“fall into”)
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Hán-Nôm : hãm • Hán-Nôm : hẳm • Hán-Nôm : hỏm • Hán-Nôm : hoắm • Hán-Nôm : hóm
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陷
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| 陸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *m·ruɡ) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 坴 (OC *m·ruɡ). \ Perhaps related to Proto-Wa (*[ʔ]rok, "dry land") (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k • Middle-Chinese : ljuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : luk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍k
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land; continent; mainland • land route; surface transport • Short for 中國大陸／中国大陆 (Zhōngguó dàlù, “mainland China”). • Short for 陸軍／陆军 (lùjūn, “army”). • a surname: Lu ‖ (financial) Alternative form of 六 (“six”) ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 碌 (le̍k, “tired; to become tired (from something)”)
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‖ 陸(ろく) • (roku) -na (adnominal 陸(ろく)な (roku na), adverbial 陸(ろく)に (roku ni)) ‖ 陸(ろく) • (roku) ‖ 陸(ろく) • (roku) ‖ 陸(りく) • (riku)
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land • (financial, archaic) six ‖ flat, not steep • straightforward, uncomplicated, straight, correct • (mostly used in negative expressions) correct, right, complete, sufficient, satisfactory, proper • peaceful, tranquil, serene (said of one's surroundings) • even-tempered, easygoing, relaxed ‖ flatness • straightforwardness, uncomplicatedness, straightness, correctness • (mostly used in negative expressions) correctness, rightness, completeness, sufficientness, satisfactoriness, properness • peacefulness, tranquility, serenity (said of one's surroundings) • an even temper, easygoingness, relaxedness ‖ (financial, archaic) the number six, 6 (used only in legal documents, otherwise 六) ‖ land (as opposed to sea or other bodies of water)
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陸 (eumhun 뭍 륙 (mut ryuk), word-initial (South Korea) 뭍 육 (mut yuk)) ‖ 陸 (eumhun 여섯 륙 (yeoseot ryuk), word-initial (South Korea) 여섯 육 (yeoseot yuk))
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hanja form of 륙/육 (“(dry) land”) [affix] ‖ (financial) Alternative form of 六 (“hanja form of 륙/육 (“six”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : lục
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陸
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| 陽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 阜 (“hill”) + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ, “sunshine”) – sun shining on a hill. \ Either Sino-Tibetan or a Mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) Wanderwort; compare Burmese လင်း (lang:, “bright”), Lepcha ᰣᰦᰜᰩᰵ (a-lóṅ, “reflective light”), Thai ปลั่ง (bplàng, “bright; shiny”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ STEDT provisionally sets up Proto-Kuki-Chin *klaaŋ-I, klaan-II (“shine; light; bright”) and compares it to the following: \ * 陽 (OC *laŋ, “sunshine”) \ * 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “bright; scenery”) \ * 鏡 (OC *kraŋs, “mirror”) \ * 亮 (OC *raŋs, “bright”) \ * 章 (OC *kjaŋ, “brilliant, splendid; rule; emblem; display (v.)”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iûnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iônn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâng • Middle-Chinese : yang
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(philosophy) “male” principle; yang in yin-yang • sun • male genitals • open; overt • positive • positive · (neologism) to be tested positive for COVID-19 • convex; in relief • human world; this world • (Chinese phonetics, of a syllable) closed with a nasal consonantal coda • south side of mountain or north side of river • (literary) to feign; to pretend • a surname
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‖ 陽(ひ) • (hi) ‖ 陽(よう) • (yō) ^(←やう (yau)?) ‖ 陽(よう) • (yō) ^(←やう (yau)?)
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the sun • yang (in contrast to yin) ‖ Alternative spelling of 日: sun, sunshine ‖ sun; sunlight; light • yang (in yin-yang) • positive; plus; male • open; overt ‖ yang (in yin-yang) • open (visible space)
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陽 (eumhun 볕 양 (byeot yang))
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hanja form of 양 (“sky; the sun; sun light; morning”) • hanja form of 양 (“male; yang (in contrast to yin)”)
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Hán-Nôm : dương
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陽
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| 隅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋo) : semantic 𨸏 (“mound”) + phonetic 禺 (OC *ŋo, *ŋos).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁶ • Middle-Chinese : ngju
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corner; nook; remote place • edge; border
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corner • nook
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隅 • (u) · 隅 • (u) (hangeul 우, revised u, McCune–Reischauer u, Yale wu)
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Hán-Nôm : ngung • Hán-Nôm : ngong
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隅
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| 隊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'uːds) : semantic 阜 + phonetic 㒸 (). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'uːds) : semantic 阜 + phonetic 㒸 (). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deoi⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deoi⁶⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuī • Middle-Chinese : dwojH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuī ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : deoi²
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group; team • (military) army unit • line; queue (Classifier: 條／条 c) • Short for 少年先鋒隊／少年先锋队 (shàonián xiānfēngduì, “Young Pioneers of China”). • Classifier for people or objects in groups or rows: group of; line of; row of ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 墜／坠 (zhuì, “to fall; to be ruined; to fall apart”) ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 㨃 (deoi²)
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team
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隊 (eumhun 떼 대 (tte dae))
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hanja form of 대 (“team”)
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Hán-Nôm : đội • Hán-Nôm : đỗi • Hán-Nôm : đòi • Hán-Nôm : đụi • Hán-Nôm : dội • Hán-Nôm : dụi • Hán-Nôm : đọi • Hán-Nôm : đôi • Hán-Nôm : giọi • Hán-Nôm : nhụi
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隊
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| 階
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kriːl) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 皆 (OC *kriːl).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaai¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kai • Middle-Chinese : keaj
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stair; step • (figurative) rank; degree; level; seniority; order of precedence • (figurative) phase; stage (serially-ordered division of time, level of completion, etc.) • (music) scale • (mathematics) order; degree (quantity signifying various concepts in mathematics, chiefly integer-valued) • (mathematics) order; degree (quantity signifying various concepts in mathematics, chiefly integer-valued) · (graph theory) the number of vertices in a graph • a surname
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‖ 階(かい) • (kai) ‖ 階(かい) • (-kai)
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storey; story; floor ‖ step; stair; storey • class; rank; level ‖ floors, storeys (of a building)
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階 (eumhun 섬돌 계 (seomdol gye))
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hanja form of 계 (“steps, stairs”) • hanja form of 계 (“rank, degree”)
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Hán-Nôm : giai
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階
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| 隙
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Possibly related to 間 (OC *kreːn, *kreːns, “space, gap”) (Wang, 1982). \ Outside of Chinese, compare Proto-Kuki-Chin *kak (“to crack; to rend; to split”), Jingpho [script needed] (kaʔ³¹, “to crack”) (Sagart, 2017).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwik¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiak • Middle-Chinese : khjaek
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crack; crevice; gap • free time; spare time • opportunity (to take advantage of) • enmity; resentment; grudge
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隙 (eumhun 틈 극 (teum geuk))
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hanja form of 극 (“crack; crevice; gap”)
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canonical : 隙: Hán Việt readings: khích 隙: Nôm readings: khích
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隙
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| 際
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsleds) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 祭 (OC *ʔsreːds, *ʔsleds).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsè • Middle-Chinese : tsjejH
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border; boundary; juncture • between • moment • to associate • to be on the occasion of • to be one's lot
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‖ 際(さい) • (sai) ‖ 際(きわ) • (kiwa) ^(←きは (kifa)?)
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occasion • side • edge • verge • dangerous • adventurous • incident • time • when ‖ time; occasion ‖ moment prior to something
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際 (eumhun 즈음 제 (jeueum je)) · 際 (eumhun 가 제 (ga je))
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hanja form of 제 (“occasion”) • hanja form of 제 (“border”)
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Hán-Nôm : tế
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際
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| 雁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋraːns) : phonetic 厂 (OC *hŋaːnʔ, *hŋaːns) + semantic 人 + semantic 隹. \ Ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa-n (“goose”) (tentatively reconstructed); cognate with Tibetan ངང་པ (ngang pa), Burmese ငန်း (ngan:). \ Related to 鵝 (OC *ŋaːl, “domestic goose”); both 鵝 and 雁 likely reflect an earlier liquid final (Schuessler, 2007; cf. Baxter and Sagart's reconstruction). Alternatively, it may derive from 鵝 with nominalizing suffix *-n, but this Chinese-internal derivation is problematic in light of the cognates in Tibeto-Burman (Schuessler, 2007; Alves, 2015b); but see Hill (2019) also, as noted in the etymology of 鵝. \ Possible relationship with Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”) has been noted by some (Mayrhofer, 1976; Alves, 2015b).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gān • Middle-Chinese : ngaenH
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wild goose (as opposed to a domesticated goose – 鵝／鹅 (é)) (Classifier: 隻／只 m c) • ^† Synonym of 鵝／鹅 (é) • ^† Alternative form of 贗／赝 (yàn, “fake; false”)
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‖ 雁(がん) or 雁(ガン) • (gan) ‖ 雁(かり) • (kari)
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wild goose ‖ wild goose ‖ wild goose • cry of a wild goose
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雁 (eumhun 기러기 안 (gireogi an))
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wild goose, whose skein flies in wedge or cuneiform, in contrast with 鵝 (거위 아, geowi-a), the domestic goose that would not fly at all.
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Hán-Nôm : nhạn
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雁
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| 雇
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˋ • Middle-Chinese : huX
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migratory birds
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to employ; employment
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雇 (eumhun 품 팔 고 (pum pal go))
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hanja form of 고 (“employment”)
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Hán-Nôm : cố
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雇
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| 雌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰe) : phonetic 此 (OC *sʰeʔ) + semantic 隹.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshî • Middle-Chinese : tshje
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(formal) female (describing animals and plants) • (literary) weak; delicate
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‖ 雌(めす) or 雌(メス) • (mesu) ‖ 雌(め) • (me) ‖ 雌(めん) • (men) ‖ 雌(し) • (shi)
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‖ a female (plant or animal) • (vulgar) a female person; bitch • an internal socket ‖ a female (plant or animal) ‖ a female (plant or animal) ‖ female (plant or animal) • effeminate
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雌 • (ja) · 雌 • (ja) (hangeul 자, revised ja, McCune–Reischauer cha, Yale ca)
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Hán-Nôm : thư
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雌
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| 離
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːls, *rel, *rels) : phonetic 离 (OC *rel, *r̥ʰel) + semantic 隹 (“bird”) – black-naped oriole (Oriolus chinensis). This sense is preserved in the compound 離黃. \ Phonetically borrowed for the sense "to depart". ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːls, *rel, *rels) : phonetic 离 (OC *rel, *r̥ʰel) + semantic 隹 (“bird”) – black-naped oriole (Oriolus chinensis). This sense is preserved in the compound 離黃. \ Phonetically borrowed for the sense "to depart". ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːls, *rel, *rels) : phonetic 离 (OC *rel, *r̥ʰel) + semantic 隹 (“bird”) – black-naped oriole (Oriolus chinensis). This sense is preserved in the compound 離黃. \ Phonetically borrowed for the sense "to depart". ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːls, *rel, *rels) : phonetic 离 (OC *rel, *r̥ʰel) + semantic 隹 (“bird”) – black-naped oriole (Oriolus chinensis). This sense is preserved in the compound 離黃. \ Phonetically borrowed for the sense "to depart". ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːls, *rel, *rels) : phonetic 离 (OC *rel, *r̥ʰel) + semantic 隹 (“bird”) – black-naped oriole (Oriolus chinensis). This sense is preserved in the compound 離黃. \ Phonetically borrowed for the sense "to depart". ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːls, *rel, *rels) : phonetic 离 (OC *rel, *r̥ʰel) + semantic 隹 (“bird”) – black-naped oriole (Oriolus chinensis). This sense is preserved in the compound 離黃. \ Phonetically borrowed for the sense "to depart".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lî • Middle-Chinese : lje ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Middle-Chinese : ljeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Middle-Chinese : lejH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˇ
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to leave; to depart • to go away • to separate • (colloquial) to divorce • away from • ☲, the 3rd of the 8 trigrams • ䷝, the 30th of the 64 I Ching hexagrams • ^† Alternative form of 罹 (lí, “to suffer; to be hit with; to encounter”) • ^† Alternative form of 縭／缡 (lí) • a surname ‖ Used in 離支／离支 (lìzhī, “lychee”). • (obsolete) to reject; to discard ‖ Alternative form of 麗／丽 (“to adhere; to attach to”) ‖ Only used in 離跂／离跂. ‖ Alternative form of 螭 (chī, “a kind of dragon”) • Alternative form of 离 (“a kind of legendary beast”) ‖ Only used in 離瞀／离瞀.
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separate, detach, digress
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離 (eumhun 떠날 리 (tteonal ri), word-initial (South Korea) 떠날 이 (tteonal i)) ‖ 離 (eumhun 교룡(蛟龍) 치) · 離 (eumhun 맹수(猛獸) 치) ‖ 離 (eumhun 붙을 려 (buteul ryeo), word-initial (South Korea) 붙을 여 (buteul yeo)) · 離 (eumhun 나란히 할 려 (naranhi hal ryeo), word-initial (South Korea) 나란히 할 여 (naranhi hal yeo))
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hanja form of 리/이 (“to leave”) • hanja form of 리/이 (“separation; departure”) • hanja form of 리/이 (“division”) ‖ (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 螭 (“hanja form of 치 (“a kind of dragon”)”) • (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 离 (“hanja form of 치 (“a kind of legendary beast”)”) ‖ (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 麗 (“hanja form of 려/여 (“to adhere”)”) • (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 儷 (“hanja form of 려/여 (“in pair”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : li • Hán-Nôm : ly • Hán-Nôm : le • Hán-Nôm : lè • Hán-Nôm : lì • Hán-Nôm : lìa • Hán-Nôm : lia
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離
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| 難
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns) : abbreviated phonetic 暵 (OC *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns) + semantic 隹 (“bird”) – a type of bird. Phonetically borrowed for other senses. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-n/t (“ill, pain, difficult, evil spirit”). \ Cognate with Tibetan མནར (mnar, “to suffer; suffering”), ན (na, “to be sick, ill”), ནན་ཏེ (nan te, “sick, ill”), ནད (nad, “disease, suffering”), Burmese နာ (na, “to suffer pain, to be ill”), နတ် (nat, “nat (spirit), evil spirit”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns) : abbreviated phonetic 暵 (OC *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns) + semantic 隹 (“bird”) – a type of bird. Phonetically borrowed for other senses. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-n/t (“ill, pain, difficult, evil spirit”). \ Cognate with Tibetan མནར (mnar, “to suffer; suffering”), ན (na, “to be sick, ill”), ནན་ཏེ (nan te, “sick, ill”), ནད (nad, “disease, suffering”), Burmese နာ (na, “to suffer pain, to be ill”), နတ် (nat, “nat (spirit), evil spirit”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lân • Middle-Chinese : nan ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lān • Middle-Chinese : nanH
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difficult; hard; troublesome • bad; unpleasant • to feel difficult; to find difficult • to make things difficult for; to put someone in a difficult position • difficulty; something which is difficult; issue • 79th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "difficulties" (𝍔) • Alternative form of 戁／𫺷 (nǎn, “to dread; to fear”) • Alternative form of 攤／摊 (“sacrificial rites for getting rid of bogeys”) ‖ disaster; calamity; catastrophe • revolt; attack • enmity; foe • to blame; to scold; to reproach • to keep out; to ward off; to refuse • to argue; to debate
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‖ 難(なん) • (nan)
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difficult ‖ difficulty
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難 (eumhun 어려울 난 (eoryeoul nan))
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hanja form of 난 (“difficulty”)
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Hán-Nôm : nan • Hán-Nôm : nạn • Hán-Nôm : nản • Hán-Nôm : nần • Hán-Nôm : nàn
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難
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| 雲
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢun) : semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 云 (OC *ɢun, “cloud”). Originally written 云, with the 雨 radical added to 云 to distinguish from the borrowed sense of “to speak”. \ Very few outside cognates exist. Starostin compares it with Mizo vân (“sky, the skies, heaven”) and Karbi inghun (“cloud”). \ Alternatively, this is a derivation from a root meaning “to revolve”. Compare 運 (OC *ɢuns, “to move”), 回 (OC *ɡuːl, “to whirl, to circle”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : în • Middle-Chinese : hjun
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cloud (Classifier: 片 m; 朵 m; 嚿 c) • (computing) cloud • (figurative) many; numerous • Short for 雲南／云南 (Yúnnán, “Yunnan”). • a surname
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‖ 雲(くも) • (kumo) ‖ 雲(くも) • (Kumo) ‖ 雲(うん) • (un) ‖ 雲(うん) • (un) ‖ 雲(うん) • (Un)
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‖ a cloud (visible mass of water droplets or other related material suspended in the air) • (by extension) of how clouds are widely spread: · something spreading over like clouds in the sky • (by extension) of how clouds are widely spread: · something clouded, foggy, or gloomy • (by extension) of how clouds are high above in the sky: · the sky, heavens • (by extension) of how clouds are high above in the sky: · a person or object of higher rank or status • (by extension) of how clouds are high above in the sky: · something clouded, obscure, or unusual • (by extension) the smoke during cremation that is thought to be the soul of the deceased person ascending into the heavens • a style of 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with a design of cloud(s), usually associated with major Buddhist temples ‖ a surname ‖ cloud • (figuratively) high, tall, far-off, or distant • (historical) Short for 出雲国 (Izumo-no-kuni): Izumo Province ‖ (rare) a mochi rice cake ‖ a female given name • a surname
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雲 (eumhun 구름 운 (gureum un))
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hanja form of 운 (“cloud”)
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canonical : 雲: Hán Việt readings: vân
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chữ Hán form of vân (“cloud”).
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雲
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| 電
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'iːns) : semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 申 (OC *hlin); also ideogrammic (會意／会意) : 雨 + 申 (“lightning”). \ Sino-Tibetan or area word; compare Proto-Mien *liŋ (“lightning”), Chepang प्लीङ्हसा (pliŋh‑, “to flash; to shine brightly”) (Benedict, 1976; Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiān • Middle-Chinese : denH
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(uncountable) lightning • (uncountable) electric power or energy; electricity • electric; electrical • (dialectal, countable) battery (Classifier: 粒 c; 嚿 c) • (colloquial, uncountable) romantic attraction; chemistry • Short for 電話／电话 (diànhuà, “telephone; phone call”). • Short for 電報／电报 (diànbào, “telegram”). • Short for 電臺／电台 (diàntái, “broadcasting station; radio station”). • (transitive) to give an electric shock to • (figuratively, of a person) energy • to make a telephone call • to send a telegram • ^† fast; speedy
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‖
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lightning • electricity ‖
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電 (eumhun 번개 전 (beon'gae jeon))
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hanja form of 전 (“electricity; electric”) [affix]
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canonical : 電: Hán Việt readings: điện
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chữ Hán form of điện (“lightning, electricity”).
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電
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| 霧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *moɡs, *moːŋ) : semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 務 (OC *moɡs). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007) or its allofam *r-məw (“sky; heavens; clouds”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan རྨུ་བ (rmu ba, “fog”), རྨུགས་པ (rmugs pa, “dense fog”), Burmese မြူ (mru, “minute particle; haze; fog”). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bū • Middle-Chinese : mjuH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : bū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bǔ ‖
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fog; mist • vapour; fine spray • (Hokkien) blurry • (Internet slang) A particle placed at the end of a sentence to indicate that the poster is joking. (used with parentheses) ‖ (Hokkien, Teochew) to spray; to spit (a liquid, often after keeping the liquid in one's mouth) • (Hokkien) to gush upwards; to overflow from a container ‖ (Northern Min) Alternative form of 露 (“fog; mist”)
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‖ 霧(きり) • (kiri)
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‖ mist, fog
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霧 (eumhun 안개 무 (an'gae mu))
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hanja form of 무 (“fog; mist”)
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Hán-Nôm : vụ • Hán-Nôm : mù
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霧
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| 青
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 生 (“growth of plants”) + 丹 (“cinnabar”). Cinnabar was used for dyeing, and by extension, came to imply “color” in general, giving the combined meaning “color of growing plants” → “blue-green”. \ In the modern glyph, the top component is reduced to 龶, and the bottom component resembles the unrelated 月 (yuè, “moon”). \ The second-round simplified form of the character is based on the calligraphic form of the character. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). Cognate with 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “to live”), 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ, “green; blue”), 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “surname”). Note 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ) may be an old dialect variant of 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 生 (“growth of plants”) + 丹 (“cinnabar”). Cinnabar was used for dyeing, and by extension, came to imply “color” in general, giving the combined meaning “color of growing plants” → “blue-green”. \ In the modern glyph, the top component is reduced to 龶, and the bottom component resembles the unrelated 月 (yuè, “moon”). \ The second-round simplified form of the character is based on the calligraphic form of the character. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). Cognate with 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “to live”), 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ, “green; blue”), 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “surname”). Note 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ) may be an old dialect variant of 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshenn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : senn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sing • Middle-Chinese : tsheng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zing¹ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshinn
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blue-green; blue (of sky, stone etc.); green (of grass, plants, mountain etc.) • blue-green ("grue")-colored items · green grass • blue-green ("grue")-colored items · crops that have not yet ripened • black (of hair, cloth, silk thread etc.) • (Southern Min) green • (Hong Kong) lime green • young; adolescent • Short for 青年 (qīngnián). • (literary, obsolete) east • (literary, obsolete) spring • Short for 青海 (Qīnghǎi, “Qinghai Province”). • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 菁 (jīng) ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 鮮／鲜 (chhiⁿ) · fresh • (Hokkien) Alternative form of 鮮／鲜 (chhiⁿ) · (of clothes) bright; pretty; neat
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‖ 青(あお) • (ao) ^(←あを (awo)?) ‖ 青(あお) • (ao-) ^(←あを (awo)?) ‖ 青(あお) • (Ao) ^(←あを (awo)?) ‖ 青(せい) • (sei) ‖ 青(せい) • (Sei) ‖ 青(しい) • (shii)
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blue, cyan, azure • (obsolete, poetic) green • immature, unripe, young • publication, record • east ‖ blue · one of three primary colors • blue · a shade of blue to blue green • (dated) green • Short for 青信号 (aoshingō): green light (traffic light color, as the color of plants) • the black, bluish color of a horse's hair; also, such a horse • (card games) Short for 青短, 青丹 (aotan): one of the three hanafuda cards bearing a blue 短冊 (tanzaku, “narrow card used for poetry”); a 役 (yaku) of the three aotan cards, worth 3 points • (card games) a blue card in 天正カルタ (Tenshō karuta) • Short for 青本 (aohon): • Short for 青銭 (aosen): ‖ unripe, young ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ the color blue ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ (rare, archaic, mythology) a beast that looks like a weasel, and is said to have lived in present-day Fukuoka and Yamaguchi prefectures • (rare, archaic, mythology) a beast that looks like a wolf, and is said to have appeared around Mount Yoshino
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青 (eumhun 푸를 청 (pureul cheong))
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Alternative form of 靑 (“blue; green”)
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canonical : 青: Hán Việt readings: thanh 青: Nôm readings: thanh • canonical : thênh • canonical : xanh
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green • blue
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青
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| 靴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hʷa) : semantic 革 (“leather”) + phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄝ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hia • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hio • Middle-Chinese : xjwa
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boot (footwear)
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靴 • (hwa) · 靴 • (hwa) (hangeul 화, McCune–Reischauer hwa, Yale hwa)
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(가죽 신 화, gajuk-sin-): footwear made of leather
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Hán-Nôm : ngoa
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靴
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| 韓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːn) : phonetic 倝 (OC *kaːns) + semantic 韋 (“surround”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hân • Middle-Chinese : han
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(obsolete) fence surrounding a well; puteal • (～國) Han, a minor state that existed during the Western Zhou Dynasty and early Spring and Autumn period • (～國) Han, an ancient Chinese state during the Warring States period of ancient China • (astronomy) The star Zeta Ophiuchi in traditional Chinese astronomy, named for the state • a surname • (historical) common designation of Mahan, Byeonhan, and Jinhan, three ancient tribal federations located on the southern part of the Korean Peninsula • Short for 韓國／韩国 (Hánguó, “Korea (especially South Korea)”).
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‖ 韓(かん) • (Kan) ‖ 韓(から) • (Kara)
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Korea, Korean ‖ Korea (now especially South Korea) • (historical) Han (ancient Chinese county, viscounty, and kingdom of the Zhou dynasty) • (historical) Short for 三韓 (Sankan, “Samhan”). ‖ Alternative spelling of 唐 (Kara), specifically referring to Korea.
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韓 (eumhun 한국(韓國) 한 (Han'guk han)) · 韓 (eumhun 나라 이름 한 (nara ireum han)) ‖ 韓 • (Han) (hangeul 한)
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hanja form of 한 (“Korea, the Republic of Korea”) • hanja form of 한 (“a surname.”) • (historical) hanja form of 한 (“Han (ancient Chinese county, viscounty, and kingdom of the Zhou dynasty)”) • (historical) hanja form of 한 (“common designation of Mahan, Byeonhan, and Jinhan”) ‖ (in news headlines) Short for 韓(한)國(국) (Han-guk, “(South Korea) South Korea”).
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Hán-Nôm : hàn
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Korea
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韓
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| 韻
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯns) : semantic 音 + phonetic 員 (OC *ɢon, *ɢun).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wan⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wan⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ūn • Middle-Chinese : hjunH
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sweet music; melodious tune • (linguistics) rhyme; rime; final sound of a syllable (in a syllabic language) • (linguistics) rhyme group (in a rime dictionary) • appeal; charms; taste • to articulate (in Chinese music)
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‖ 韻(いん) • (in) ^(←ゐん (win)?) ‖ 韻(いん) • (in) ^(←ゐん (win)?)
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rhyme • vowel sound ‖ rhyme • (phonetics) final • (phonetics) a rhyme group in Chinese rhyme dictionaries, consisting of kanji sharing the same or similar finals ‖ rhyme; final • echo; reverberation; lingering charm • elegance; taste • poetry
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韻 • (un) · 韻 • (un) (hangeul 운, revised un, McCune–Reischauer un, Yale wun)
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rhyme • vowel
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Hán-Nôm : vận • Hán-Nôm : vần
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韻
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| 響
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaŋʔ) : phonetic 鄉 (OC *qʰaŋ) + semantic 音 (“sound”). ‖ From 向 (MC xjangH, “to face; towards”) (Chan, 1998; Chan and Cheung, 2019).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiáng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiúnn • Middle-Chinese : xjangX ‖
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to make a sound; to make a noise • (of sounds) loud and clear; resonant • famous; reputable • having a great impact • sound • echo • news; messages • (Cantonese) to tell; to declare • Classifier for sounds. ‖ (Cantonese) to be at • (Cantonese) at; in
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‖ 響(ひびき) • (Hibiki)
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echo, resonance, reverberate • sound ‖ a female given name
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響 • (hyang) · 響 • (hyang) (hangeul 향)
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Hán-Nôm : hướng • Hán-Nôm : hưởng
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響
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| 頂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teːŋʔ) : phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ) + semantic 頁 (“head”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“upper part”) (STEDT). The sense “damn” is a clipping of 頂你個肺／顶你个肺 (ding² nei⁵ go³ fai³).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tíng • Middle-Chinese : tengX
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top of the head; crown • top; peak • to carry on the head • to prop up; to support (from below) • to substitute; to replace • to retort; to talk back • to butt; to strike (with the head) • to withstand; to confront • most; exceedingly; best • Classifier for objects with a top, such as hats and palanquins. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • (Southern Min) Classifier for vehicles. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • (Southern Min) in front; ahead; above; before; previously • (chiefly Mainland China, Internet slang) to "bump" a forum thread to raise its profile; like; upvote • (Cantonese, mildly vulgar) damn!
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‖ 頂(いただき) • (itadaki)
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top, peak • to receive ‖ the top
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頂 (eumhun 정수리 정 (jeongsuri jeong))
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hanja form of 정 (“crown or top of the head”) • hanja form of 정 (“topmost point; peak”)
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Hán-Nôm : đính • Hán-Nôm : đảnh • Hán-Nôm : đỉnh • Hán-Nôm : điếng • Hán-Nôm : đuểnh
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頂
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| 頃
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 匕 + 頁 (“head”). \ The head is askew, the original meaning of 傾／倾 (qīng). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : king² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khíng • Middle-Chinese : khjwiengX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : king¹ • Middle-Chinese : khjwieng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄟˇ
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A unit of area equal to 100 畝／亩 (mǔ) or 6.67 hectares. • (literary) short while • (literary) just now; just • (literary) about; circa (after dates) ‖ Original form of 傾／倾 (qīng). ‖ Alternative form of 跬 (“half a step”)
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頃 (eumhun 반걸음 규 (ban'georeum gyu)) · 頃 (eumhun 넓이 경 (neolbi gyeong))
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hanja form of 규 (“moment, half a step”) • hanja form of 규 (“measurement of area equal to 100 mu or 6.7 hectares”) • hanja form of 경 (“width”)
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Hán-Nôm : khoảnh • Hán-Nôm : khỉnh • Hán-Nôm : cảnh
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頃
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| 項
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡroːŋʔ) : phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ) + semantic 頁 (“head”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǎng • Middle-Chinese : haewngX
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nape of neck • neck • item • Classifier for items, tasks, principles, clauses, etc. • sum of money • (mathematics) term • (law) count (charge) • (Hakka) on; above • a surname: Xiang
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‖ 項(こう) • (kō) ^(←かう (kau)?)
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‖ section • (mathematics) term • (linguistics) argument
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項 (eumhun 항목(項目) 항 (hangmok hang))
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hanja form of 항 (“clause, section; item (in a list)”) [noun] • hanja form of 항 (“(mathematics) term”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : hạng • Hán-Nôm : háng • Hán-Nôm : hảng
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項
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| 順
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢljuns) : phonetic 川 (OC *kʰjon) + semantic 頁. \ Shuowen considers it to be an Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 川 (“river”) + 頁 (“head”) - flowing in the river, i.e. following/obeying the river's current. Compare the English phrase go with the flow.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sūn • Middle-Chinese : zywinH
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to follow; to go along with • to obey; to submit to • smooth; successful • to make smooth • (colloquial) to bring (something extra) back while one was at it; to pilfer • (literary, or in compounds) harmonious; peaceful; conflict-free • to suit; to fit; to agree with • cisgender • (chemistry) cis-
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‖ 順(じゅん) • (jun) ‖ 順(じゅん) • (Jun) ‖ 順(じゅん) • (-jun)
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order, sequence • obedience ‖ order, sequence, turn ‖ a male given name ‖ order, sequence
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順 (eumhun 순할 순 (sunhal sun))
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hanja form of 순 (“obedience”)
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Hán-Nôm : thuận • Hán-Nôm : thộn
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順
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| 須
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Pictogram (象形) : 彡 (“hair”) + 頁 (“head”) – a head with hair on its side – beard; whiskers — original character of 鬚 (OC *so). Originally a single picture, but abstracted in the seal script into a compound. \ ; “to wait”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si • Middle-Chinese : sju
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must; have to; should • (alt. form 䇓／𰩧, 𩓣) ^† to wait • (alt. form 需) ^† to need • (literary) to halt; to bring to an end • (literary) to use • (literary, or in compounds) short moment • a surname: Xu
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mandatory, necessary • moment, short while • kanji used to transliterate Buddhist terms borrowed from Sanskrit
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須 • (su) · 須 • (su) (hangeul 수, revised su, McCune–Reischauer su, Yale swu)
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Hán-Nôm : tua • Hán-Nôm : tu
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須
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| 領
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reŋʔ) : phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs) + semantic 頁. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/m-liŋ (“neck”) (STEDT, Schuessler 2007). Cognate with Tibetan མཇིང་པ (mjing pa, “neck”), Mizo ring (“neck”), Burmese လည် (lany, “neck”). Semantics: "neck, collar" > ("to take by the neck" > ) "to lead, to guide" (Schuessler 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ling⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leng⁵ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : líng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niá • Middle-Chinese : ljengX
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^† neck • collar (Classifier: 條／条 c) • main point • to lead; to guide • to get; to receive • to understand • Classifier for items such as clothes, mats and screens. • a surname
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‖ 領(りょう) • (ryō) ‖ 領(りょう) • (-ryō)
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jurisdiction • dominion • territory • fief • reign ‖ territory of a country ‖ of a territory, belonging to a country
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領 (eumhun 거느릴 령 (geoneuril ryeong), word-initial (South Korea) 거느릴 영 (geoneuril yeong))
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hanja form of 령/영 (“leading; dominion; jurisdiction”)
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Hán-Nôm : lĩnh • Hán-Nôm : lãnh • Hán-Nôm : lảnh • Hán-Nôm : lỉnh • Hán-Nôm : lểnh • Hán-Nôm : lễnh • Hán-Nôm : lính
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領
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| 頭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doː) : phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs) + semantic 頁 (“head”). \ Replaced earlier 首 (MC syuwX, “head”) due to homophony with 手 (ɕɨuX, “hand”) (Sagart, 1999). \ Several etymologies have been proposed: \ * From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-bu-s (“head”) or its allofam *du (“head”); compare Tibetan དབུ (dbu, “head”), Burmese ဦး (u:, “head”), Nuosu ꀑ (o, “head”), Proto-Loloish *ʔ-du² (“head”) (Benedict, 1972; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT; Starostin). \ * Contraction of 髑髏 (OC *doːɡ roː, “skull”) (Wu, 2006). \ * From Proto-Mon-Khmer *duul() (“to carry on one's head”), whence Khmer ទូល (tul); this is phonologically plausible since final consonants are often lost after a long vowel in loanwords (Schuessler, 2007). \ * A variant of 豆 (OC *doːs, “a kind of vessel”), as skulls could have been used as drinking recipients; compare French tête (“head”) from Latin testa (“pot; jug”) and German Kopf (“head”) from Middle High German kopf (“drinking vessel”) (Maréchal, 1994; Sagart, 1999). However, Schuessler (2007) notes that 豆 (*doːs) seems like a tone C (去聲) derivation from 頭 (*doː), which may have originally meant “skull”. \ * Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs the Old Chinese with a *m- prefix for human body parts, deriving it from 兜 (*toː, “helmet; hood”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doː) : phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs) + semantic 頁 (“head”). \ Replaced earlier 首 (MC syuwX, “head”) due to homophony with 手 (ɕɨuX, “hand”) (Sagart, 1999). \ Several etymologies have been proposed: \ * From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-bu-s (“head”) or its allofam *du (“head”); compare Tibetan དབུ (dbu, “head”), Burmese ဦး (u:, “head”), Nuosu ꀑ (o, “head”), Proto-Loloish *ʔ-du² (“head”) (Benedict, 1972; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT; Starostin). \ * Contraction of 髑髏 (OC *doːɡ roː, “skull”) (Wu, 2006). \ * From Proto-Mon-Khmer *duul() (“to carry on one's head”), whence Khmer ទូល (tul); this is phonologically plausible since final consonants are often lost after a long vowel in loanwords (Schuessler, 2007). \ * A variant of 豆 (OC *doːs, “a kind of vessel”), as skulls could have been used as drinking recipients; compare French tête (“head”) from Latin testa (“pot; jug”) and German Kopf (“head”) from Middle High German kopf (“drinking vessel”) (Maréchal, 1994; Sagart, 1999). However, Schuessler (2007) notes that 豆 (*doːs) seems like a tone C (去聲) derivation from 頭 (*doː), which may have originally meant “skull”. \ * Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs the Old Chinese with a *m- prefix for human body parts, deriving it from 兜 (*toː, “helmet; hood”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiô • Middle-Chinese : duw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄊㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thô • Middle-Chinese : duw
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(anatomy) head (Classifier: 個／个 m c) • hair; hairstyle • beginning or end • top; tip; end • chief; boss; leader (person that leads or directs) • remnant; end • first; leading • (used before a classifier or a numeral) first • (Hakka, Southern Min, dated in Mainland China) station • side; aspect • (Cantonese) area; location • (Teochew) at the same time; simultaneously • (Cantonese) plug; connector; short for 插頭／插头. • Classifier for livestock. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • (dialectal) Classifier for other animals. • (Northern Min) Classifier for flowers. • (Cantonese) Classifier for number of pieces of dried seafood (e.g. abalones) in one catty. • (Cantonese) Classifier for number of abalones in one can. ‖ Suffix that forms nouns. · Added to a noun. • Suffix that forms nouns. · Added to a locative word. • Suffix that forms nouns. · Added to a verb to form an abstract noun. • Suffix that forms nouns. · Added to an adjective to form an abstract noun.
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‖ 頭(あたま) • (atama) ‖ 頭(かしら) • (-kashira) ‖ 頭(かしら) • (kashira) ‖ 頭(かぶり) • (kaburi) ‖ 頭(かぶ) • (kabu) ‖ 頭(つぶり) • (tsuburi) ‖ 頭(つむり) • (tsumuri) ‖ 頭(つむ) • (tsumu) ‖ 頭(こうべ) • (kōbe) ^(←かうべ (kaube)?) ‖ 頭(どたま) • (dotama) ‖ 頭(ず) • (zu) ^(←づ (du)?) ‖ 頭(とう) • (-tō) ‖ 頭(とう) • (tō)
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head • counter for large animals ‖ head (body part) • (anatomy, archaic, possibly obsolete) the fontanelle part of the skull ‖ a head, as when counting people, or cattle or other livestock ‖ 頭: the head as a whole • 頭: boss, leader • 頭: top part of a Chinese character • 頭, 首: the head of a doll ‖ head ‖ (obsolete) head ‖ head ‖ head • hair of the head ‖ head ‖ head ‖ (derogatory) head ‖ head ‖ counter for certain relatively large animals, or for livestock animals; "head" • counter for insects (used only in biology) ‖ head
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頭 (eumhun 머리 두 (meori du)) ‖ ‖ 頭(つぃぶる) (cïburu)
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Hanja form of 두 (“head”). ‖ 頭 \ • 頭 \ ‖ head
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Hán-Nôm : đầu
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(anatomy) a head
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頭
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| 頻
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According to Shuowen, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 頁 (“head”) + abbreviated 渉 (“ford”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pan⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pîn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phîn • Middle-Chinese : bjin
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frequent; incessant • frequently; again and again • (physics) Short for 頻率／频率 (pínlǜ, “frequency”).
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repeatedly, recur
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頻 • (bin) · 頻 • (bin) (hangeul 빈, revised bin, McCune–Reischauer pin, Yale pin)
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Hán-Nôm : tần • Hán-Nôm : từng
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頻
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| 題
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deː, *deːs) : phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ) + semantic 頁 (“head”) – “forehead”. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deː, *deːs) : phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ) + semantic 頁 (“head”) – “forehead”.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuê • Middle-Chinese : dej ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ • Middle-Chinese : dejH
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forehead • title • question; quiz; problem (Classifier: 道 m; 條／条 c) • Classifier for questions. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • to sign; to write; to inscribe • Alternative form of 提 (“to mention”) • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 睇 (“to look at; to scrutinize”) • ^‡ Alternative form of 㼵 (dì, “small basin”)
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‖ 題(だい) • (dai) ‖ 題(だい) • (-dai) ‖ 題(だい) • (-dai)
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forehead • title • question • issue ‖ title • theme • issue • problem ‖ questions on a test ‖ question on a test • (calligraphy) calligraphy by […]
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題 (eumhun 제목 제 (jemok je))
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hanja form of 제 (“title”)
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Hán-Nôm : đề
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題
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| 額
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɡraːɡ) : phonetic 客 (OC *kʰraːɡ) + semantic 頁 (“head”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋa-k (“forehead; cockscomb”). \ This word is only attested during Han and later. Wang (1982) suggested that it is cognate with 顏 (OC *ŋraːn, “face”), whereas Schuessler (2007) considers it a semantic extension of 詻 (OC *ŋɡraːɡ, “to face”). \ The relationship to Proto-Mon-Khmer *[t₁]ʔah (“forehead”), whence Khmer ថ្ងាស (thngaah), is unclear. ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaak⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaak⁶⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hia̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gia̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gi̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gia̍k • Middle-Chinese : ngaek ‖ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˋ
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(anatomy) forehead • top part • horizontal inscribed board; tablet; plaque • amount; quantity; number • a surname ‖ (Shanghainese) Alternative form of 個／个 (“possessive particle”) ‖ (Mandarin) Alternative form of 呃 (“an interjection said when hesitating in speech”)
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‖ 額(がく) • (gaku)
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forehead • amount • frame ‖ framed picture • sum, amount
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額 (eumhun 이마 액 (ima aek))
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hanja form of 액 (“forehead”) • hanja form of 액 (“amount”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngạch • Hán-Nôm : nghệch • Hán-Nôm : nghách • Hán-Nôm : nghạch
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額
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| 願
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷans) : phonetic 原 (OC *ŋʷan) + semantic 頁.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guān • Middle-Chinese : ngjwonH
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to desire; to want: to wish • desire; wish; ambition • (religion, Buddhism) vow • to be willing; to be ready; to do willingly • (Hakka) addiction
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‖ 願(がん) • (gan) ^(←ぐわん (gwan)?) ‖ 願(がん) • (gan) ^(←ぐわん (gwan)?)
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request, wish • prayer ‖ desire; wish • pray ‖ a prayer
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願 (eumhun 원할 원 (wonhal won))
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hanja form of 원 (“desire, want”) • hanja form of 원 (“wish”) • hanja form of 원 (“ambition”)
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Hán-Nôm : nguyện • Hán-Nôm : nguyền
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願
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| 類
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ruːls, *ruds) : phonetic 頪 (OC *roːds) + semantic 犬. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rus (“bone”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luī • Middle-Chinese : lwijH
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class; group; kind; category • Classifier for types of things: type, kind, sort • (set theory) class • (object-oriented programming) class
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‖ 類(るい) • (rui)
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kind, sort, type, class, genus, order, family • similar example, parallel ‖ kind, sort, type, the like • a similar thing, parallel • (taxonomy) a conventional grouping that corresponds to a class or an order • (logic) Short for 類概念 (ruigainen).
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類 (eumhun 무리 류 (muri ryu), word-initial (South Korea) 무리 유 (muri yu))
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hanja form of 류/유 (“kind, sort, type, class, genus, order, family”) • hanja form of 류/유 (“similar example, parallel”)
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Hán-Nôm : loại • Hán-Nôm : loài • Hán-Nôm : nòi
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類
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| 顧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷaːs) : phonetic 雇 (OC *kʷaːs, *ɡʷaːʔ) + semantic 頁.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kòo • Middle-Chinese : kuH
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to turn around and look; to look back • to look at • to visit; to call on • to patronize • to take into consideration; to consider • to look after; to take care of; to attend to • to treasure; to care for • (literary) but • (literary) on the contrary; instead • a surname
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‖ 顧(こ) or 顧(コ) • (-ko)
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look back, turn back, turn around • remember, review, examine ‖ looks back, double-takes (often as 一(いっ)顧(こ) (ikko)) • (figurative, chiefly in the negative) care, concern; amount one cares
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顧 (eumhun 돌아볼 고 (dorabol go))
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hanja form of 고 (“look back, look after”) • hanja form of 고 (“reflect on”)
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Hán-Nôm : cố • Hán-Nôm : quáy
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trying
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顧
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| 風
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Characters in the same phonetic series (凡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *plum, *plums) : phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + semantic 虫 (“insects”). Ancient Chinese people thought that insects appear with wind. (Insects refer to any kind of animal, such as tigers (大蟲)). \ In the oracle bone script, the character 鳳 (OC *bums, “male fenghuang”) was phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums). The right part of the bronze inscription of the character consists of phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) at the top, and three parts depicting the fur on the tail of the male fenghuang at the bottom. Subsequent forms of 風 are based on the right part of its bronze inscription, with two of the three threads of "fur" removed for simplification. The 虫 in the Chu script and Qin script of 風 was likely a result of further simplification of the "fur". Shuowen misinterpreted the character 風 by associating it with insects. (Li, 2012) \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *buŋ (“wind”) (STEDT). Velar nasal final -ŋ, restored later in Middle Chinese (Schuessler, 2007), is preserved in cognates like Proto-Central Naga *m-puŋ, Jingpho mabung, nbung, Drung nvmbeung. \ Pronunciations 1, 2, and 3 are all cognates; with both 2 and 3 evolving from *prəm-s, exoactive (with causative suffix -s) of *prəm (Schuessler, 2007). It is unclear how Old Chinese *prəm is related to Tibetan རླུང (rlung) and Proto-Tai *C̬.lɯmᴬ. \ Korean 바람 (baram) may have been borrowed from Chinese (Zhao, 2007). The Chinese word has a wide range of extended meanings, and interestingly many of these have exact parallels in the Korean item. Compare Chinese 風流 and 風騷 with Korean 바람둥이 (baramdung'i). \ Cognate with: \ * 飛廉 (OC *pɯl ɡ·rem, “wind god”) \ * 蜚蠊 (OC *pɯlʔ/bɯls ɡ·rem, “cockroach”) (note the preservation of the -r- infix in Old Chinese through disyllabification, also 嵐 (OC *b·ruːm), 葻 (OC *b·uːm)) \ * 瘋 (OC *plum, “mad, insane”) \ * 諷 (OC *plums, “to mock, to advise”) \ * 帆 (OC *bom, *boms, “sail”) \ The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was irregular, driven by dissimilation of the initial and coda bilabial consonants. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (凡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *plum, *plums) : phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + semantic 虫 (“insects”). Ancient Chinese people thought that insects appear with wind. (Insects refer to any kind of animal, such as tigers (大蟲)). \ In the oracle bone script, the character 鳳 (OC *bums, “male fenghuang”) was phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums). The right part of the bronze inscription of the character consists of phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) at the top, and three parts depicting the fur on the tail of the male fenghuang at the bottom. Subsequent forms of 風 are based on the right part of its bronze inscription, with two of the three threads of "fur" removed for simplification. The 虫 in the Chu script and Qin script of 風 was likely a result of further simplification of the "fur". Shuowen misinterpreted the character 風 by associating it with insects. (Li, 2012) \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *buŋ (“wind”) (STEDT). Velar nasal final -ŋ, restored later in Middle Chinese (Schuessler, 2007), is preserved in cognates like Proto-Central Naga *m-puŋ, Jingpho mabung, nbung, Drung nvmbeung. \ Pronunciations 1, 2, and 3 are all cognates; with both 2 and 3 evolving from *prəm-s, exoactive (with causative suffix -s) of *prəm (Schuessler, 2007). It is unclear how Old Chinese *prəm is related to Tibetan རླུང (rlung) and Proto-Tai *C̬.lɯmᴬ. \ Korean 바람 (baram) may have been borrowed from Chinese (Zhao, 2007). The Chinese word has a wide range of extended meanings, and interestingly many of these have exact parallels in the Korean item. Compare Chinese 風流 and 風騷 with Korean 바람둥이 (baramdung'i). \ Cognate with: \ * 飛廉 (OC *pɯl ɡ·rem, “wind god”) \ * 蜚蠊 (OC *pɯlʔ/bɯls ɡ·rem, “cockroach”) (note the preservation of the -r- infix in Old Chinese through disyllabification, also 嵐 (OC *b·ruːm), 葻 (OC *b·uːm)) \ * 瘋 (OC *plum, “mad, insane”) \ * 諷 (OC *plums, “to mock, to advise”) \ * 帆 (OC *bom, *boms, “sail”) \ The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was irregular, driven by dissimilation of the initial and coda bilabial consonants. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (凡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *plum, *plums) : phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + semantic 虫 (“insects”). Ancient Chinese people thought that insects appear with wind. (Insects refer to any kind of animal, such as tigers (大蟲)). \ In the oracle bone script, the character 鳳 (OC *bums, “male fenghuang”) was phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums). The right part of the bronze inscription of the character consists of phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) at the top, and three parts depicting the fur on the tail of the male fenghuang at the bottom. Subsequent forms of 風 are based on the right part of its bronze inscription, with two of the three threads of "fur" removed for simplification. The 虫 in the Chu script and Qin script of 風 was likely a result of further simplification of the "fur". Shuowen misinterpreted the character 風 by associating it with insects. (Li, 2012) \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *buŋ (“wind”) (STEDT). Velar nasal final -ŋ, restored later in Middle Chinese (Schuessler, 2007), is preserved in cognates like Proto-Central Naga *m-puŋ, Jingpho mabung, nbung, Drung nvmbeung. \ Pronunciations 1, 2, and 3 are all cognates; with both 2 and 3 evolving from *prəm-s, exoactive (with causative suffix -s) of *prəm (Schuessler, 2007). It is unclear how Old Chinese *prəm is related to Tibetan རླུང (rlung) and Proto-Tai *C̬.lɯmᴬ. \ Korean 바람 (baram) may have been borrowed from Chinese (Zhao, 2007). The Chinese word has a wide range of extended meanings, and interestingly many of these have exact parallels in the Korean item. Compare Chinese 風流 and 風騷 with Korean 바람둥이 (baramdung'i). \ Cognate with: \ * 飛廉 (OC *pɯl ɡ·rem, “wind god”) \ * 蜚蠊 (OC *pɯlʔ/bɯls ɡ·rem, “cockroach”) (note the preservation of the -r- infix in Old Chinese through disyllabification, also 嵐 (OC *b·ruːm), 葻 (OC *b·uːm)) \ * 瘋 (OC *plum, “mad, insane”) \ * 諷 (OC *plums, “to mock, to advise”) \ * 帆 (OC *bom, *boms, “sail”) \ The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was irregular, driven by dissimilation of the initial and coda bilabial consonants.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : png • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puinn • Middle-Chinese : pjuwng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fung³ • Middle-Chinese : pjuwngH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fung³ • Middle-Chinese : pjuwngH
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wind (Classifier: 陣／阵 m; 股 m) • to air-dry • (in compounds) air-dried • general mood; custom • demeanour • cultivation; moralisation • style; manner • (in compounds) scene; scenery • news; information • love; affection; to become sexually attracted; to copulate • dissolute; promiscuous • ungrounded; baseless • one of the three sections of Shijing, consisting of ballads • (in general) folk song; ballad • (obsolete) Alternative form of 瘋／疯 (fēng, “mad; insane”) • (traditional Chinese medicine) one of the "Six Excesses" (六淫) that cause diseases in traditional Chinese medicine • (traditional Chinese medicine) a type of diseases that are typically acute • (Cantonese) rumour • (Cantonese) Short for 颱風／台风 (“typhoon”). (Classifier: 個／个 c; 隻／只 c) • (Hokkien) minty • (Philippine Hokkien) spicy • (Magong Hokkien) fuel gas; gas • a surname. Feng; Fung ‖ (obsolete) to blow; to fan • (obsolete) to influence; to reform a misguided person through persuasion ‖ Alternative form of 諷／讽 (fěng, “to criticize; to mock; to ridicule; to satire”) • Alternative form of 諷／讽 (fěng, “to advise in mild tone and indirect manner”)
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‖ 風(かぜ) • (kaze) ‖ 風(て) • (te) ‖ 風(ふう) • (fū) ‖ 風(ふう) • (fū)
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wind • custom, influence • transmission • satire • gossip • Alternative spelling of 諷 (fū): recite • appearance, form, style • taste, charm • poetry, folk song • illness, sickness • drooping ‖ wind (movement of air) • airs • a style ‖ element in compounds related to wind ‖ element in compounds related to wind ‖ a style
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風 (eumhun 바람 풍 (baram pung))
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hanja form of 풍 (“wind”) • hanja form of 풍 (“look; style”)
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Hán-Nôm : phong • Hán-Nôm : phông
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chữ Hán form of phong (“wind; manner; style”). • chữ Hán form of Phong (“a male given name”).
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風
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| 飛
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Characters in the same phonetic series (飛) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : a bird flying upwards. \ In its modern form, resembles a tasseled 升 (shēng). \ * Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bjar ~ *p(i/u)r (“to fly”) → Tibetan འཕུར ('phur), Burmese ပျံ (pyam, “to fly”). \ * Proto-Mon-Khmer *par (“to fly”) → Old Mon ပဝ် (pɔ); Proto-Vietic *pər (“to fly”), whereas Vietnamese bay. \ Cognate with Old Chinese 翂 (*pɯn, “appearance of birds flying slowly”) and Old Chinese 奮 (*pɯns, “spread wings and fly”). \ ; “fare” \ ; “femto-”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : per • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hui • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hue • Middle-Chinese : pj+j
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(intransitive, of insects, birds, etc.) to fly • (intransitive) to fly (on an aircraft) • (transitive) to fly (on an aircraft) to • to float in the sky; to hover • to volatilize • fast; rapid; swiftly • very; extremely • groundless; unfounded • unexpected; accidental • (Cantonese) to remove • (Cantonese) to skip; to disregard, miss or omit part of a continuation • (Cantonese) to dump; to end a romantic relationship with • (Cantonese) ticket; fare (Classifier: 張／张 c) • (Cantonese) Classifier for cigarettes. • (mahjong) Classifier for number of possible winning tiles. • (Cantonese, by extension) Classifier for number of possible choices. • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to fizzle out; to fail; to fall through • femto- (SI unit prefix)
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‖ 飛(ひ) • (hi) ‖ 飛(ひ) • (hi)
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‖ fly, flying • flight • overhead • high • fast, rapid, swift • Short for 飛騨国 (Hida-no-kuni): Hida Province ‖ (shogi) Abbreviation of 飛車 (hisha): a flying chariot piece, with movement corresponding to the rook in Western chess • (baseball) Short for 飛球 (hikyū): a fly ball
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飛 (eumhun 날 비 (nal bi))
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hanja form of 비 (“to fly”)
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Hán-Nôm : phi • Hán-Nôm : bay
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chữ Hán form of phi (“gallop; plane”). • Nôm form of bay (“to fly high”).
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飛
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| 飢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kril) : semantic 食 + phonetic 几 (OC *krilʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Middle-Chinese : kjij
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hunger; starving • (fossil word or archaic) famine • Alternative form of 饑／饥 (“crop failure; famine”)
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‖ 飢(き) • (ki) ‖ 飢(え) • (e) ^(←ゑ (we)?)
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‖ hungry; starve ‖ (obsolete) Synonym of 飢え (ue, “hunger; starvation”)
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飢 (eumhun 주릴 기 (juril gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“hunger, starving”) • hanja form of 기 (“hungry”) • hanja form of 기 (“famine”)
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Hán-Nôm : cơ • Hán-Nôm : ki
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飢
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| 飯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bonʔ, *bons) : semantic 食 (“food”) + phonetic 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan). \ Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *puuŋ (“cooked rice”), whence Mon ပုၚ် (pɜŋ, “cooked rice”) (Ferlus, 1988). \ Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive derivation of pronunciation 2, meaning "what is eaten" (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bonʔ, *bons) : semantic 食 (“food”) + phonetic 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan). \ Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *puuŋ (“cooked rice”), whence Mon ပုၚ် (pɜŋ, “cooked rice”) (Ferlus, 1988). \ Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive derivation of pronunciation 2, meaning "what is eaten" (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Borrowed from English fan. Doublet of 粉絲／粉丝 (fěnsī).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pn̄g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pňg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puīnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huān • Middle-Chinese : bjonH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan⁶ • Middle-Chinese : bjonX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan⁶
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any cooked grain (rice, millet, etc.) • (particularly) cooked rice (Classifier: 碗 m c h mn) • meal (Classifier: 頓／顿 m mn; 餐 m c) • (dialectal) noodles • (Mainland China Hokkien) egg clusters shaped like rice balls (of some animals) ‖ (obsolete) to eat • (obsolete) to give food to; to let someone eat; to feed ‖ (neologism, slang) fans
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‖ 飯(はん) • (han) ‖ 飯(いい) • (ii) ^(←いひ (ifi)?) ‖ 飯(いい) • (Ii) ^(←いひ (ifi)?) ‖ 飯(めし) • (meshi) ‖ 飯(めし) • (Meshi) ‖ 飯(まま) • (mama) ‖ 飯(まんま) or 飯(まま) • (manma or mama)
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cooked grains (rice, etc.) • meal ‖ ‖ (archaic) cooked grains, especially cooked rice ‖ a surname ‖ cooked grains, especially cooked rice • (informal) a meal ‖ a surname ‖ (Tsugaru) cooked rice • (childish) Alternative form of 飯 (manma) ‖ (childish) cooked rice
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飯 (eumhun 밥 반 (bap ban))
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hanja form of 반 (“meal, rice”)
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Hán-Nôm : phạn • Hán-Nôm : phằn
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rice
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飯
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| 飽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pruːʔ) : semantic 食 (“food”) + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː). \ For etymology 2, the 食 radical specifies its dietary use (instead of just being a generic wrap). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : páu • Middle-Chinese : paewX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pau
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full (after meal) • full; replete; abounding (in) • plump • to satisfy • to embezzle ‖ Alternative form of 包 (“bun; bread”)
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tired
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飽 (eumhun 배부를 포 (baebureul po))
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hanja form of 포 (“full”)
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Hán-Nôm : bão
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飽
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| 飾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljɯɡ) : phonetic 飤 (OC *ljɯɡs) + semantic 巾 (“cloth”). \ The 人 has changed shape into 𠂉.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Middle-Chinese : syik
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to decorate; to adorn • ornament; decorations; adornments • to cover up; to deceive • to play the role of • to polish • 61st tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "embellishment" (𝍂)
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decoration, ornament, adorn, embellish
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飾 • (sik) · 飾 • (sik) (hangeul 식, revised sik, McCune–Reischauer sik, Yale sik)
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canonical : 飾: Hán Việt readings: sức
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飾
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| 養
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laŋʔ, *laŋs) : phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ, “sheep”) + semantic 食 (“to feed”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-klawŋ (“to guard; to tend cattle; to graze; to be at leisure”), whence Tibetan སྐྱོང (skyong, “to keep; to nurture”) (STEDT). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laŋʔ, *laŋs) : phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ, “sheep”) + semantic 食 (“to feed”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-klawŋ (“to guard; to tend cattle; to graze; to be at leisure”), whence Tibetan སྐྱོང (skyong, “to keep; to nurture”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iáng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iúnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iónn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiūnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiōnn • Middle-Chinese : yangX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng⁶ • Middle-Chinese : yangH
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to raise; to rear • to support; to provide for; to bring up • to give birth to • to rest; to convalesce • to maintain • to cultivate; to form • to let one's hair grow • to support; to help • (in compounds) foster; adoptive • accomplishment; cultivation • 81st tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "fostering" (𝍖) ‖ to support and provide for (parents or elder relatives)
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‖ 養(よう) • (yō) ^(←やう (yau)?)
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‖ to raise; to rear; to bring up • to support
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養 (eumhun 기를 양 (gireul yang))
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hanja form of 양 (“to raise”)
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Hán-Nôm : dưỡng • Hán-Nôm : dẳng • Hán-Nôm : dường
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養
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| 餓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːls) : semantic 食 + phonetic 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mwat ~ *ŋ(w)at (“hungry; thirsty”). Cognate with Burmese မွတ် (mwat) and ငတ် (ngat).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ngo⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngōo • Middle-Chinese : ngaH
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hungry • to starve someone
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‖ 餓(が) • (ga)
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hungry ‖ hungry; hunger
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餓 • (a) · 餓 • (a) (hangeul 아)
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hungry • greedy for • hunger
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Hán-Nôm : ngạ • Hán-Nôm : nga • Hán-Nôm : ngã
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chữ Hán form of ngạ (“hunger, hungry”).
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餓
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| 館
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːnʔ, *koːns) : semantic 飠 + phonetic 官 (OC *koːn).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gun² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuán • Middle-Chinese : kwanH
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accommodation • shop • mansion • building or place for cultural activities • (historical) government office • (historical) traditional Chinese private school where classical literature and Confucianism used to be taught • (historical) factory (as a foreign trade emporium)
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‖ 館(やかた) • (yakata) ‖ 館(たて) • (tate) ‖ 館(たち) • (tachi) ‖ 館(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?) ‖ 館(かん) • (-kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?) ‖ 館(むろつみ) • (murotsumi)
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‖ a roofed structure on a boat, shaped like a house • a house-shaped structure on a cart, such as a caravan • a temporary house, a temporary shelter • a mansion, a manor house, an estate • (honorific, archaic) a form of address or reference for a noble • Clipping of 屋形船 (yakata-bune): a houseboat ‖ a large building • a mansion, a villa, an estate • (honorific, archaic) a form of address or reference for a noble • a small castle or fort ‖ a large building • a mansion, a villa, an estate • (honorific, archaic) a form of address or reference for a noble • a small castle or fort ‖ a large building • a mansion, a villa, an estate • a movie theatre ‖ a hall, a building, a section of a building, a house ‖ (rare, archaic) lodgings along a stagecoach route, an inn
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館 (eumhun 객사 관 (gaeksa gwan))
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hanja form of 관 (“hotel, inn, public building”)
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Hán-Nôm : quán
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a shop (for foods and drinks) • (only in compounds) a hall, a building
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館
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| 馬
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Pictogram (象形) – a horse with its head facing the left, showing a flowing mane in the wind. In the bronze inscriptions, the head was often simplified into an eye (目 (mù)). The legs eventually evolved into four dots (灬 (huǒ), unrelated to 火 (huǒ)). \ Contrast with 鹿 (lù, “deer”), which saw a very different development, and 𢊁 (as in 薦／荐 (jiàn)), which is a hybrid: it has the legs of 馬 (灬 (huǒ)) but the head of 鹿 (lù). \ “Horse” – from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ. The sense of “big” is derived from “horse”; compare the English uses of horse. \ For the insect prefix sense, see 螞／蚂. It has converged with the sense of “big”. \ The surname is popularly known to be prevalent among Hui Muslims, where it is likely derived from Arabic مُحَمَّد (muḥammad, “Muhammad”), although the surname 馬 itself predates Islam.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bée • Hokkien · Tai-lo : má • Middle-Chinese : maeX
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horse (Classifier: 匹 m c; 隻／只 m c mn) • horse-shaped • (xiangqi) knight; horse (sometimes only on the black side) • (chess) knight • (Cantonese) horse race (Classifier: 場／场 c) • Original form of 碼／码 (mǎ, “chip for counting”). • big (prefix for nouns) • (Southwestern Mandarin, including Sichuanese) to bully • (Sichuanese) to keep a straight face • (Cantonese, slang) subordinate • Prefix for names of insects, also written as 螞. • Short for 馬祖／马祖 (Mǎzǔ, “Matsu”). • Short for 馬來西亞／马来西亚 (Mǎláixīyà, “Malaysia”). • (Mainland China) Short for 馬克思／马克思 (Mǎkèsī, “Marx”). • Short for 馬列主義／马列主义 (Mǎlièzhǔyì, “Marxism-Leninism”). • a surname
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‖ 馬(うま) or 馬(ウマ) • (uma) (counter 匹) ‖ 馬(むま) • (muma) ‖ 馬(んま) • (nma) ‖ 馬(んーま) • (nnma) ‖ 馬(ば) • (ba)
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horse ‖ a horse • (shogi) a promoted bishop • a sawhorse: a four-leg stand made of wood or iron for supporting other materials ‖ (obsolete) a horse ‖ (Fukui) a horse ‖ (Kagoshima) a horse ‖ horse
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馬 (eumhun 말 마 (mal ma)) · 馬 (eumhun 성 마 (seong ma))
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hanja form of 마 (“horse (in compounds)”)
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canonical : 馬: Hán Việt readings: mã 馬: Nôm readings: mựa • canonical : mã • canonical : mở • canonical : mứa • canonical : mả • canonical : mỡ • canonical : ngựa ‖ romanization : mã ‖ romanization : mứa ‖ romanization : mựa ‖ romanization : mả ‖ romanization : mở ‖ romanization : ngựa
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‖ chữ Hán form of mã (“horse”). • chữ Hán form of mã (“(xiangqi) a knight; any piece labeled with 馬”). ‖ Nôm form of mứa (“excessive”). ‖ Nôm form of mựa (“(obsolete) don't”). ‖ Nôm form of mả (“tomb; grave”). ‖ Nôm form of mở (“to open”). ‖ Alternative form of 馭 (“Nôm form of ngựa (“horse”).”)
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馬
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| 騎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡral, *ɡrals) : semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 奇 (OC *kral, *ɡral) – to ride horseback \ Wanderwort in the E/SE Asian Sprachbund. The STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gi (“to ride; to sit astride; to sit (horse)”), and comments that "many of the TB forms seem to be borrowings from Chinese 騎". \ Outside Sino-Tibetan, cognates are also found in Hmong-Mien, Tai-Kadai and some Mon-Khmer languages. Benedict (1975) surmises that this is an ancient loan into Proto-Sino-Tibetan from Austro-Tai: \ ... but these [Tibeto-Burman] forms appear to involve old loans from AT [Austro-Tai] with typical loss of an original medial *w (Thai *khwi ~ *gwi). \ while Peiros (1998), Sagart (2006), Schuessler (2007) (who suggests that 騎 (OC gai, “to ride”) is possibly endopassive "let oneself be carried (on the back of an animal)" of 荷 (OC gâiʔ, “to carry”)) and Pittayaporn (2014) think the directionality of borrowing is reversed. The following excerpt is taken from Sagart's review (2006) of Matisoff's book Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (2003): \ The collection of forms under Matisoff's high-vowelled *gyi 'ride' are from TB languages in contact with Chinese (Lolo-Burmese, Qiangic, Tujia): they are best regarded as late loans from Chinese. ... The idea that the Chinese vocabulary of agriculture, metallurgy, horse-riding etc. might contain numerous loans from an early SEA language is simply not to be taken seriously in view of modern Asian archaeology (Bellwood 1997), quite apart from the fact that it makes no linguistic sense (Sagart 1999 for metal names). Yet Matisoff's book is scattered with observations telling the reader that words like 'writing brush' and 'ride' just discussed may well be loans from Austro-Tai into ST (188; 504). \ Below lists some cognates for "to ride" found in various languages in this Sprachbund. \ * Lolo-Burmese: *gyi ~ dzyi: Burmese စီး (ci:), Nuosu ꋩ (zzy, “to ride; to bear (a rider)”), ꊪ (zy, “to cause to ride”) \ * Southwestern Tai: *kʰwiːᴮ: Thai ขี่ (kìi), Lao ຂີ່ (khī), Zhuang gwih \ * Hmong-Mien: *ɟej: White Hmong caij \ * Mon-Khmer: West Bahnaric *ɟih, Khmer ជិះ (cih), Vietnamese cưỡi \ Also compare Proto-Austronesian *sakay (“catch a ride, join a group, ride on something”). \ Pronunciation 2 is a Late Old Chinese general purpose derivation from Pronunciation 1 (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡral, *ɡrals) : semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 奇 (OC *kral, *ɡral) – to ride horseback \ Wanderwort in the E/SE Asian Sprachbund. The STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gi (“to ride; to sit astride; to sit (horse)”), and comments that "many of the TB forms seem to be borrowings from Chinese 騎". \ Outside Sino-Tibetan, cognates are also found in Hmong-Mien, Tai-Kadai and some Mon-Khmer languages. Benedict (1975) surmises that this is an ancient loan into Proto-Sino-Tibetan from Austro-Tai: \ ... but these [Tibeto-Burman] forms appear to involve old loans from AT [Austro-Tai] with typical loss of an original medial *w (Thai *khwi ~ *gwi). \ while Peiros (1998), Sagart (2006), Schuessler (2007) (who suggests that 騎 (OC gai, “to ride”) is possibly endopassive "let oneself be carried (on the back of an animal)" of 荷 (OC gâiʔ, “to carry”)) and Pittayaporn (2014) think the directionality of borrowing is reversed. The following excerpt is taken from Sagart's review (2006) of Matisoff's book Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (2003): \ The collection of forms under Matisoff's high-vowelled *gyi 'ride' are from TB languages in contact with Chinese (Lolo-Burmese, Qiangic, Tujia): they are best regarded as late loans from Chinese. ... The idea that the Chinese vocabulary of agriculture, metallurgy, horse-riding etc. might contain numerous loans from an early SEA language is simply not to be taken seriously in view of modern Asian archaeology (Bellwood 1997), quite apart from the fact that it makes no linguistic sense (Sagart 1999 for metal names). Yet Matisoff's book is scattered with observations telling the reader that words like 'writing brush' and 'ride' just discussed may well be loans from Austro-Tai into ST (188; 504). \ Below lists some cognates for "to ride" found in various languages in this Sprachbund. \ * Lolo-Burmese: *gyi ~ dzyi: Burmese စီး (ci:), Nuosu ꋩ (zzy, “to ride; to bear (a rider)”), ꊪ (zy, “to cause to ride”) \ * Southwestern Tai: *kʰwiːᴮ: Thai ขี่ (kìi), Lao ຂີ່ (khī), Zhuang gwih \ * Hmong-Mien: *ɟej: White Hmong caij \ * Mon-Khmer: West Bahnaric *ɟih, Khmer ជិះ (cih), Vietnamese cưỡi \ Also compare Proto-Austronesian *sakay (“catch a ride, join a group, ride on something”). \ Pronunciation 2 is a Late Old Chinese general purpose derivation from Pronunciation 1 (Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ke⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kei⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kî • Middle-Chinese : gje ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kei³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei⁶ • Middle-Chinese : gjeH
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to ride (a horse, bicycle, etc.) • to sit astride • (vulgar) to ride; to mount (someone in sex) ‖ horse or vehicle that one rides on • mounted soldier • (literary) Classifier for soldiers or warhorses. • a surname
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‖ 騎(き) • (ki) ‖ 騎(き) • (-ki) ‖ 騎(き) • (ki)
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ride horseback • mount • cavalry ‖ riding on horseback • a horseperson ‖ horseperson ‖ riding on horseback • (rare) a horseperson
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騎 (eumhun 말을 탈 기 (mareul tal gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“to ride (a horse)”)
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Hán-Nôm : kị • Hán-Nôm : kỵ • Hán-Nôm : cưỡi • Hán-Nôm : cỡi
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騎
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| 騰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːŋ) : phonetic 朕 (OC *l'ɯmʔ) + semantic 馬 (“horse”) – a horses’ gallop, prance.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tang⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tn̂g • Middle-Chinese : dong
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to soar; to rise • to gallop; to run; to prance • to clear out; to make room • Used after certain verbs to show repeated actions • a surname: Teng
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leaping up, jumping up, rising, advancing, going
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騰 (eumhun 오를 등 (oreul deung))
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hanja form of 등 (“gallop, run, prance”) • hanja form of 등 (“fly”) • hanja form of 등 (“rise”)
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Hán-Nôm : đằng
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騰
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| 驚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreŋ) : phonetic 敬 (OC *kreŋs) + semantic 馬, as horses are skittish (easily startled). \ Compare Old Khmer kreṅa (“to fear”), whence Khmer ក្រែង (kraeng, “to fear”), Thai เกรง (greeng, “to fear; to worry”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Within Chinese, cognate with 敬 (OC *kreŋs, “to be respectful; to warn”), 警 (OC *kreŋʔ, “to warn; to be on one's guard”) (Schuessler, 2007). A possible vocalic variant is 兢 (jīng, “to be cautious”). ‖ Borrowed from English game.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : geng¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ging¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kenn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : king • Middle-Chinese : kjaeng ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : gem¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : geng¹
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to fear; to be afraid • (of a horse etc.) to be startled; to be shy • to frighten; to scare • scary; frightening • fearfully; I'm afraid that ... ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, neologism) Alternative form of game. (Classifier: 隻／只 c)
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wonder • be surprised • frightened • amazed
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驚 (eumhun 놀랄 경 (nollal gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“surprised, startled”)
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Hán-Nôm : kinh
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驚
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| 魅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mrɯds) : phonetic 未 (OC *mɯds) + semantic 鬼 (“spirit”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mei⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mui⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bī • Middle-Chinese : mijH
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(mythology) a kind of legendary evil spirit • to captivate; to charm; to seduce
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‖ 魅(み) • (mi)
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fascination • charm • bewitch ‖ charm; fascination
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魅 (eumhun 도깨비 매 (dokkaebi mae))
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hanja form of 매 (“charm”)
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Hán-Nôm : mị
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魅
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| 魔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːl) : phonetic 麻 (OC *mraːl) + semantic 鬼 (“demon”). \ Clipping of 魔羅 (MC ma la), from Sanskrit मार (māra, “killing; death; destroyer; demon”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mo¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mo⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : môo • Middle-Chinese : ma
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(Buddhism) mara (demon) • devil; demon; evil spirit • fiend; harmful or evil thing or person • magic; the unnatural • crazy; delusional, manic • to be obsessed with; idolatry.
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‖ 魔(ま) • (ma)
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demon, evil spirit • sorcery, witchcraft ‖ demon, devil, evil spirit, evil influence
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魔 (eumhun 마귀 마 (magwi ma))
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hanja form of 마 (“demon”)
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canonical : 魔: Hán Việt readings: ma
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chữ Hán form of ma (“ghost”).
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魔
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| 魚
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Characters in the same phonetic series (魚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a fish. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋja. Cognate with 漁 (OC *ŋa, “to fish”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gî • Middle-Chinese : ngjo
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fish (Classifier: 條／条 m c; 尾 m h mn) • fish (as a food) • (～日) (telegraphy) the sixth day of a month • ^† Alternative form of 漁／渔 (yú) • ^† Alternative form of 吾 (OC *ŋaː). • a surname
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‖ 魚(さかな) • (sakana) ‖ 魚(うお) • (uo) ^(←うを (uwo)?) ‖ 魚(いお) • (io) ^(←いを (iwo)?) ‖ 魚(ぎょ) • (gyo) ‖ 魚(ぎょ) • (gyo)
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‖ a fish, especially when used as food • a side dish, specifically referring to fish ‖ a fish ‖ (archaic or dialectal, Kagoshima) a fish ‖ a fish • Short for 魚鱗 (gyorin): fish scales ‖ fish • fishlike
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魚 (eumhun 물고기 어 (mulgogi eo))
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hanja form of 어 (“fish”) [affix]
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canonical : 魚: Hán Việt readings: ngư 魚: Nôm readings: ngơ • canonical : ngư • canonical : ngớ • canonical : ngừ
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chữ Hán form of ngư (“fish”).
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魚
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| 鮮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sen, *senʔ, *sens) : semantic 魚 (“fish”) + abbreviated phonetic 羴 (OC *qʰreːn, *qʰljen). \ Alternatively, may be ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 魚 (“fish”) + 羊 (“sheep”) – delicious. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gsjar (“new; fresh”) (STEDT). Cognate with Proto-Tibeto-Burman *g-sar (“new; fresh”), whence Tibetan གསར་བ (gsar ba, “new; fresh”), Rawang angsar (“new”), Drung aksal (“new”), Mizo tʰarᴴ (“new”) (Schuessler, 2007); cognate with Tibetan གསར་ (gsar, “new”), Burmese သ (sa., “titivate”) (Hill, 2019). ‖ Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : sin¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sian • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sián • Middle-Chinese : sjen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sin² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sián • Middle-Chinese : sjenX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sin³ • Middle-Chinese : sjenH
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live fish; aquatic food • fresh food; delicious food • fresh; not stale • new; recent • clear; vivid • brightly coloured; gaily coloured • delicious; tasty • special; peculiar • (Hakka) thin; dilute • a surname ‖ rare; little; few • rarely; infrequently • to lack; to be short of • Alternative form of 巘／𪩘 (yǎn, “the top of a mountain; cliff; small mountain”) ‖ Alternative form of 獻／献 (“to offer; to present”)
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‖ 鮮(せん) • (sen) ^(←せん (sen)?)
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‖ fresh • vivid • (Empire of Japan) Korea
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鮮 (eumhun 고울 선 (goul seon))
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hanja form of 선 (“smooth; fish”)
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Hán-Nôm : tiên • Hán-Nôm : tắn
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鮮
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| 鳥
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Characters in the same phonetic series (鳥) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : a bird with a dangling tail. \ Compare 烏, which is very similar, of similar origin, and 隹, which originated from a similar image of a bird, but is today rather more abstract and less recognizable. Compare to Egyptian 𓄿 \ Originally pronounced with a /t-/ initial (compare 島 (OC *tuːwʔ, “island”)). In many dialects, it changed to a /n-/ initial to avoid homophony with the vulgar word 屌 (diǎo, “penis”), which may ultimately have developed from the sense “bird”. Birds/fowl are characteristically associated with Chinese slang for genitalia; compare 雀 (“sparrow > penis”) and 雞 (“chicken > penis”). \ Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) hypothesised that the /n-/ initial form for “bird” may be unrelated to the /t-/ form. Instead, it may be connected with the Tai-Kadai word for bird; compare Proto-Tai *C̬.nokᴰ (“bird”), whence Thai นก (nók). \ The /t-/ form may be derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *daw (“bird”), cognate with Proto-Karen *thoᴮ (“bird”) and Proto-Bodo-Garo *tao² (“bird”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (鳥) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : a bird with a dangling tail. \ Compare 烏, which is very similar, of similar origin, and 隹, which originated from a similar image of a bird, but is today rather more abstract and less recognizable. Compare to Egyptian 𓄿 \ Originally pronounced with a /t-/ initial (compare 島 (OC *tuːwʔ, “island”)). In many dialects, it changed to a /n-/ initial to avoid homophony with the vulgar word 屌 (diǎo, “penis”), which may ultimately have developed from the sense “bird”. Birds/fowl are characteristically associated with Chinese slang for genitalia; compare 雀 (“sparrow > penis”) and 雞 (“chicken > penis”). \ Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) hypothesised that the /n-/ initial form for “bird” may be unrelated to the /t-/ form. Instead, it may be connected with the Tai-Kadai word for bird; compare Proto-Tai *C̬.nokᴰ (“bird”), whence Thai นก (nók). \ The /t-/ form may be derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *daw (“bird”), cognate with Proto-Karen *thoᴮ (“bird”) and Proto-Bodo-Garo *tao² (“bird”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄠˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄠˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiáu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niáu • Middle-Chinese : tewX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄠˇ
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bird (Classifier: 隻／只 m; 群 m) • (slang, dialectal) to pay attention; to heed; to take notice of • (vulgar, chiefly Taiwan) unpleasant thing • (vulgar, chiefly Taiwan) inferior or objectionable (a general term of disparagement) ‖ (vulgar) Alternative form of 屌 (diǎo) · penis • (vulgar) Alternative form of 屌 (diǎo) · (intensifier) damned; goddamn
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‖ 鳥(とり) • (tori) ‖ 鳥(とり) • (Tori) ‖ 鳥(と) • (to-)
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‖ a bird • a chicken • fowl or chicken meat ‖ a surname • a unisex given name ‖ a bird • (more specifically) a chicken
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鳥 (eumhun 새 조 (sae jo))
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hanja form of 조 (“bird”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : điểu • Hán-Nôm : đeo • Hán-Nôm : đéo • Hán-Nôm : đẽo
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chữ Hán form of điểu (“bird”).
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鳥
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| 鳴
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 口 (“mouth”) + 鳥 (“bird”) – to cry (of birds). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mriŋ (“sound; noise; animal cry”); cognate with 鈴 (OC *reːŋ, “bell”), 笙 (OC *sreŋ), Burmese မြည် (mrany, “to make a sound”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bîng • Middle-Chinese : mjaeng
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(of birds, animals and insects) to cry, to call • (of other kinds of noises) to make a sound • (literary, or in compounds) to express; to voice • a surname
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a cry; crying
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鳴 (eumhun 울 명 (ul myeong))
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hanja form of 명 (“cry of bird or animal”) • hanja form of 명 (“make sound”)
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Hán-Nôm : minh • Hán-Nôm : mắng • Hán-Nôm : mằng
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鳴
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| 鶴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡloːwɢ) : phonetic 寉 (OC *ɡluːwɢ) + semantic 鳥. \ Possibly from Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kl(uə)k (“white”), whence Proto-Vietic *t-lɔːk (“white”) but Old Mon kloh (“crane”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄠˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ho̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ho̍k • Middle-Chinese : hak
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crane (bird) • white • a surname
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‖ 鶴(つる) or 鶴(ツル) • (tsuru) ‖ 鶴(つる) • (Tsuru) ‖ 鶴(たず) • (tazu) ^(←たづ (tadu)?) ‖ 鶴(かく) • (kaku)
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‖ a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae) • Short for 折鶴 (orizuru): a paper crane, the archetypical origami design • Short for 鶴嘴 (tsuruhashi): a pickaxe • a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) depicting a crane • (euphemistic) white hair • a decoration made of straws and reeds in the form of two cranes, used during the 14th year of the first month in the former town of Sakurajima, Kagoshima Prefecture ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ (archaic, poetic) a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae) ‖ crane (large bird of the family Gruidae) • cranelike
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鶴 (eumhun 두루미 학 (durumi hak))
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hanja form of 학 (“crane (bird)”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : hạc
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鶴
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| 麗
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Pictogram (象形) – a deer with antlers. \ Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructed this word's OC pronunciation as *rêh and considered it a possible allofam of 麗 (OC *rê(k)h) "number" < "what is calculated", exopassive derivative of 歷 (OC *rêk) "to calculate". \ 麗 underwent this historical semantic shift: from "a pair" (Zhouli), to "mate, companion" (儷) (Zuo), to "paired", to "well-proportioned" (Liji), and finally to "elegant, beautiful" (Chuci) as well as "refinement" (Shu). ‖ Pictogram (象形) – a deer with antlers. \ Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructed this word's OC pronunciation as *rêh and considered it a possible allofam of 麗 (OC *rê(k)h) "number" < "what is calculated", exopassive derivative of 歷 (OC *rêk) "to calculate". \ 麗 underwent this historical semantic shift: from "a pair" (Zhouli), to "mate, companion" (儷) (Zuo), to "paired", to "well-proportioned" (Liji), and finally to "elegant, beautiful" (Chuci) as well as "refinement" (Shu).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lē • Middle-Chinese : lejH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lai⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lei⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lê • Middle-Chinese : lje
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beautiful; lovely; pretty; fair; elegant • to adhere; to attach to • Alternative form of 儷／俪 (lì, “in pair”) ‖ Only used in 高麗／高丽 (Gāolí, “Goryeo”) and 高句麗／高句丽 (Gāogōulí, “Goguryeo”). • Only used in 高麗／高丽 (Gāolí, “Goryeo”) and 高句麗／高句丽 (Gāogōulí, “Goguryeo”). · (Korean Classical Chinese) Short for 高麗／高丽 (“Goryeo”). • Only used in 麗水／丽水 (Líshuǐ, “Lishui”).
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‖ 麗(れい) • (Rei)
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lovely • beautiful • graceful • resplendent ‖ a female given name
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麗 (eumhun 고울 려 (goul ryeo), word-initial (South Korea) 고울 여 (goul yeo))
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hanja form of 려/여 (“beautiful; lovely; pretty; fair; elegant”)
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canonical : 麗: Hán Việt readings: lệ • canonical : li 麗: Nôm readings: rạy • canonical : li
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chữ Hán form of Lệ (“female given name”). • chữ Hán form of li / ly. • Nôm form of rạy.
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麗
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| 黑
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Pictogram (象形) – a person (大) with a tattooed face, depicting penal tattooing (墨), one of the five punishments of ancient China. In the bronze inscriptions from the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, dots were sometimes added around 大, leading Shuowen to erroneously interpret the character as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𡆧 (“chimney”) + 炎 (“fire; flame”) — fire burning under a chimney, causing it to become black from the smoke. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-maŋ ~ s-mak. Cognate with 墨 (OC *mlɯːɡ, “ink”). \ The sense of “hack” is a phono-semantic matching of English hack. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄟ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄟˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiak • Middle-Chinese : xok ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : oo
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black • dark; darkness • evening; night • illegal; clandestine; secret; shady • (colloquial) to illegally reside (in a country) • sinister; evil • (computing) to hack • (colloquial) to libel • one who libels • (by extension) hater; anti-fan • (Cantonese) unlucky; unfortunate • (Hui, euphemistic) pig; pork • Short for 黑龍江／黑龙江 (Hēilóngjiāng, “Heilongjiang province”). • a surname ‖ (Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese) Alternative form of 烏／乌 (“black”)
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black
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黑 (eumhun 검을 흑 (geomeul heuk))
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hanja form of 흑 (“black”)
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Hán-Nôm : hắc
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chữ Hán form of hắc (“black”).
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黑
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| 默
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mlɯːɡ) : phonetic 黑 (OC *hmlɯːɡ) + semantic 犬 (“dog”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bi̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bia̍k • Middle-Chinese : mok
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to be silent; to keep quiet; to keep still • secretly; covertly; imperceptibly • to write from memory • Short for 默示錄／默示录 (Mòshìlù, “Revelation”). • a surname • (Internet slang, offensive, ethnic slur) (from 黑 (“black, negro”) + 犬 (quǎn, “dog”)) nigger
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默 (eumhun 묵묵할 묵 (mungmukhal muk))
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hanja form of 묵 (“silent”) • hanja form of 묵 (“quiet, still”)
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Hán-Nôm : mặc • Hán-Nôm : mắc
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默
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