Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Traditional-Political-Systems:-Eastern-Asia"

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=== Shāng, c. 1600 BC – c. 1045 BC ===
=== Shāng, c. 1600 BC – c. 1045 BC ===
==== Inner and outer areas system (內外服制) ====
'''Inner and outer areas system (內外服制)''':
'''Inner area (內服)''': capital region; controlled by the king; officials consist of the noble family members.
 
Inner area (內服): capital region; controlled by the king; officials consist of the noble family members.


* Outer court officials (外廷官) perform public duties.
* Outer court officials (外廷官) perform public duties.
Line 18: Line 19:
* Inner court officials (内廷官) handle the king's private affairs.
* Inner court officials (内廷官) handle the king's private affairs.


'''Outer area (外服)''': outer regions; controlled by different rulers outside of the king's family.
Outer area (外服): outer regions; controlled by different rulers outside of the king's family.


Outer area rulers are obliged to present tribute to Shāng and join Shāng's wars; outer area and inner area are almost equal in status; outer area's obeisances rely on Shāng's military power.
Outer area rulers are obliged to present tribute to Shāng and join Shāng's wars; outer area and inner area are almost equal in status; outer area's obeisances rely on Shāng's military power.


=== Western Zhōu, c. 1045 BC – 771 BC ===
=== Western Zhōu, c. 1045 BC – 771 BC ===
The hierarchy of the Overlord (天子) – lords (諸侯) – ministers and senior officials (卿大夫) –  scholar-officials (士) – civilians (庶人) is established.
'''Patriarchal clan system (宗法制)''': Its core is primogeniture, which means that the firstborn son inherits.
 
==== Patriarchal clan system (宗法制) ====
Its core is primogeniture: the firstborn son inherits.


==== Demarcation and Establishment (分封制) ====
'''Demarcation and Establishment (分封制)''': The practice of dividing land to others and creating vassal states has been present since long before. With the patriarchal clan system, it becomes mature in Western Zhōu.
The practice of dividing land to others and creating vassal states has been present since long before. With the patriarchal clan system, it becomes mature in Western Zhōu.


Vassal states of Zhōu also have their own vassal states.
Vassal states of Zhōu also have their own vassal states.


==== Capital-countryside system (国野制) ====
{| class="wikitable"
In those vassal states, there is a division between the capital region and countryside. Inhabitants in the capital are conquerors in the region, and the upper class; inhabitants in the countryside are the conquered, and the lower class.
|+social hierarchy
|Overlord (天子)
|-
|lords (諸侯)
|-
|ministers and senior officials (卿大夫)
|-
|scholar-officials (士)
|-
|civilians (庶人)
|}


==== hereditary ranks ====
{| class="wikitable"
There are five hereditary ranks: Duke (公) – Marquis (侯) – Earl (伯) – Viscount (子) – Baron (男).
|+ranks of nobility
|duke (公)
|-
|marquis (侯)
|-
|earl (伯)
|-
|viscount (子)
|-
|baron (男)
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+top official positions
| colspan="5" |lord
|-
| colspan="2" |Grand Preceptor (太師)
|Grand Tutor (太傅)
| colspan="2" |Grand Protector (太保)
|-
| colspan="5" |[Six Ministers (六卿)]
|-
|Administrator of Land (司徒)
|Administrator of Military (司馬)
|Administrator of Supervision (司士)
|Administrator of Construction (司空)
|Administrator of Penalty (司寇)
|}
Positions of Six Ministers vary in different sources.


==== official positions ====
Senior officials (大夫) may have city-fiefs (采邑).
The highest ranks of officials are Three Ducal Ministers (三公): Grand Preceptor (太师), Grand Tutor (太傅), Grand Protector (太保); the second highest ranks are Six Ministers (六卿) and Five Administrators (五官).


The positions of Six Ministers are different in different records. The Five Administrators are Administrator of Land (司徒), Administrator of Military (司馬), Administrator of Supervision (司士), Administrator of Construction (司空), Administrator of Penalty (司寇). These administrator titles are also present in vassal states of Zhōu.
'''Capital-countryside system (國野制)''': In those vassal states, there is a division between the capital region and countryside. Inhabitants in the capital are conquerors in the region, and the upper class; inhabitants in the countryside are the conquered, and the lower class.


=== Eastern Zhōu, 771 BC – 256 BC ===
=== Eastern Zhōu, 771 BC – 256 BC ===
In Warring States period, the minister (丞相, 相邦, etc.) has become the second powerful position, only below the king; official positions are divided into military and civilian ones.
In Warring States period, the minister (丞相, 相邦, etc.) has become the second powerful position, only below the king; official positions are divided into military and civilian ones.


==== Commandery and County system (郡縣制) ====
{| class="wikitable"
A commandery (郡) is a region governed by an appointed military officer; a county (縣) is a region managed by an appointed official.
|+administrative divisions
|commandery (郡)
|-
|county (縣)
|}
=== Qín, 221 BC - 207 BC ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+top official positions
| colspan="9" |Emperor (皇帝)
|-
| colspan="3" |Grand Commandant (太尉)
| colspan="3" |Chancellor (丞相)
| colspan="3" |Imperial Secretary (御史大夫)
|-
| colspan="9" |
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Minister of Ceremonies (太奉常)
|Supervisor of Attendants (郎中令)
|Commandant of Guards (衛尉)
|Minister of Coachmen (太僕)
|Commandant of Justice (廷尉)
|Grand Herald (典客)
|Director of the Imperial Clan (宗正)
|Grand Minister of Agriculture (治粟內史)
|Small Treasurer (少府)
|}
|}
There are 20 ranks of nobility (二十等爵).
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+administrative divisions
|commandery (郡)
|-
|county (縣)
|}Administrative divisions under a county are townships (鄉); under a township are districts (亭); under a district are villages (里).
 
=== Western Hàn, 202 BC – 9 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+top official positions
| colspan="10" |Emperor (皇帝)
|-
| colspan="9" |Chancellor (丞相、相國、大司徒)
|Supreme General (大將軍)
|-
| colspan="3" |Grand Commandant (太尉)
| colspan="3" |Administrator of Land (司徒)
| colspan="3" |Administrator of Construction (司空)
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="9" |
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Minister of Ceremonies (太常)
|Supervisor of Attendants (光祿勛)
|Commandant of Guards (衛尉)
|Minister of Coachmen (太僕)
|Commandant of Justice (廷尉)
|Grand Herald (大鴻臚)
|Director of the Imperial Clan (宗正)
|Grand Minister of Agriculture (大司農)
|Small Treasurer (少府)
|}
|}
*
There are Title for Military Accomplishments (武功爵).


=== Qín, 221 BC - 207 BC ===
{| class="wikitable"
The supreme ruler Emperor (皇帝) comes into being.
|+administrative divisions
| colspan="2" |commandery (郡)
| rowspan="2" |state (國)
| rowspan="2" |city (邑)
|-
|county (縣)
|circuit (道)
|}
Circuits are authorities for minorities.


==== Three Lords and Nine Ministers system (三公九卿) ====
Cities are fiefs for empresses dowagers, empresses and princesses.
Below the Emperor are the Three Lords (三公): Grand Commandant (太尉), Chancellor (丞相), Imperial Secretary (御史大夫); under Chancellor are Nine Ministers (九卿): Minister of Ceremonies (太奉常), Supervisor of Attendants (郎中令), Commandant of Guards (衛尉), Minister of Coachmen (太僕), Commandant of Justice (廷尉), Grand Herald (典客), Director of the Imperial Clan (宗正), Grand Minister of Agriculture (治粟內史), Small Treasurer (少府)


==== administrative divisions ====
=== Xīn, 9 - 23 ===
Levels of administrative divisions are commandery (郡) – county (縣) – town (鄉) – district (亭) – village (里).
{| class="wikitable"
|+top official positions
| colspan="11" |Emperor (皇帝)
|-
|Grand Preceptor (太師)
|Grand Tutor (太傅)
|Imperial Preceptor (國師)
|Imperial General (國將)
|Grand Administrator of Military (大司馬)
|Grand Administrator of Land (大司徒)
|Grand Administrator of Construction (大司空)
|General of Renewal (更始將軍)
|Guardian General (衛將軍)
|Nation-Founding General (立國將軍)
|Front General (前將軍)
|}
The Five Ranks (五等爵制) are brought back, placed above the 20 ranks.


=== Western Hàn, 202 BC – 9 ===
=== Eastern Hàn, 25 – 220 ===
There are three groups of officials: Outer Court Officials (外朝官) under the Chancellor (丞相), Inner Court Officials (内朝官) under the Supreme General (大将军), Palace Officials (宫廷官).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ top official positions
| colspan="10" |Emperor (皇帝)
|-
| colspan="10" |*Chancellor (相國、丞相)
|-
| colspan="9" |Grand Tutor (太傅)
|Supreme General (大將軍)
|-
| colspan="3" |Grand Commandant (太尉)
| colspan="3" |Administrator of Land (司徒)
| colspan="3" |Administrator of Construction (司空)
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|Minister of Ceremonies (太常)
|Supervisor of Attendants (光祿勛)
|Commandant of Guards (衛尉)
|Minister of Coachmen (太僕)
|Commandant of Justice (廷尉)
|Grand Herald (大鴻臚)
|Director of the Imperial Clan (宗正)
|Grand Minister of Agriculture (大司農)
|Small Treasurer (少府)
|}
The Chancellor has been abolished most of the time.


==== Commandery–County and State system (郡國制) ====
{| class="wikitable"
In this system, states exist together with commanderies and counties.
|+ administrative divisions
| colspan="2" |province (州)
| rowspan="3" |state (國)
| rowspan="3" |city (邑)
|-
| colspan="2" |commandery (郡)
|-
|county (縣)
|circuit (道)
|}

Latest revision as of 21:31, 1 January 2024

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In progress.

China[edit | edit source]

Shāng, c. 1600 BC – c. 1045 BC[edit | edit source]

Inner and outer areas system (內外服制):

Inner area (內服): capital region; controlled by the king; officials consist of the noble family members.

  • Outer court officials (外廷官) perform public duties.
    • public duty officials:
      • Ministers (相) assist the king; the number of ministers has been increased from 1 to 3.
      • the Multiple-Governor (多尹) group makes decisions for the king; its members mainly consist of officials and chiefs and are not fixed.
      • Emissaries (史) are sent to communicate with and observe regional officials by the king.
    • clerical officials deal with affairs in agriculture, livestock husbandry, handicrafts, etc.
  • Inner court officials (内廷官) handle the king's private affairs.

Outer area (外服): outer regions; controlled by different rulers outside of the king's family.

Outer area rulers are obliged to present tribute to Shāng and join Shāng's wars; outer area and inner area are almost equal in status; outer area's obeisances rely on Shāng's military power.

Western Zhōu, c. 1045 BC – 771 BC[edit | edit source]

Patriarchal clan system (宗法制): Its core is primogeniture, which means that the firstborn son inherits.

Demarcation and Establishment (分封制): The practice of dividing land to others and creating vassal states has been present since long before. With the patriarchal clan system, it becomes mature in Western Zhōu.

Vassal states of Zhōu also have their own vassal states.

social hierarchy
Overlord (天子)
lords (諸侯)
ministers and senior officials (卿大夫)
scholar-officials (士)
civilians (庶人)
ranks of nobility
duke (公)
marquis (侯)
earl (伯)
viscount (子)
baron (男)
top official positions
lord
Grand Preceptor (太師) Grand Tutor (太傅) Grand Protector (太保)
[Six Ministers (六卿)]
Administrator of Land (司徒) Administrator of Military (司馬) Administrator of Supervision (司士) Administrator of Construction (司空) Administrator of Penalty (司寇)

Positions of Six Ministers vary in different sources.

Senior officials (大夫) may have city-fiefs (采邑).

Capital-countryside system (國野制): In those vassal states, there is a division between the capital region and countryside. Inhabitants in the capital are conquerors in the region, and the upper class; inhabitants in the countryside are the conquered, and the lower class.

Eastern Zhōu, 771 BC – 256 BC[edit | edit source]

In Warring States period, the minister (丞相, 相邦, etc.) has become the second powerful position, only below the king; official positions are divided into military and civilian ones.

administrative divisions
commandery (郡)
county (縣)

Qín, 221 BC - 207 BC[edit | edit source]

top official positions
Emperor (皇帝)
Grand Commandant (太尉) Chancellor (丞相) Imperial Secretary (御史大夫)
Minister of Ceremonies (太奉常) Supervisor of Attendants (郎中令) Commandant of Guards (衛尉) Minister of Coachmen (太僕) Commandant of Justice (廷尉) Grand Herald (典客) Director of the Imperial Clan (宗正) Grand Minister of Agriculture (治粟內史) Small Treasurer (少府)

There are 20 ranks of nobility (二十等爵).

administrative divisions
commandery (郡)
county (縣)

Administrative divisions under a county are townships (鄉); under a township are districts (亭); under a district are villages (里).

Western Hàn, 202 BC – 9[edit | edit source]

top official positions
Emperor (皇帝)
Chancellor (丞相、相國、大司徒) Supreme General (大將軍)
Grand Commandant (太尉) Administrator of Land (司徒) Administrator of Construction (司空)
Minister of Ceremonies (太常) Supervisor of Attendants (光祿勛) Commandant of Guards (衛尉) Minister of Coachmen (太僕) Commandant of Justice (廷尉) Grand Herald (大鴻臚) Director of the Imperial Clan (宗正) Grand Minister of Agriculture (大司農) Small Treasurer (少府)

There are Title for Military Accomplishments (武功爵).

administrative divisions
commandery (郡) state (國) city (邑)
county (縣) circuit (道)

Circuits are authorities for minorities.

Cities are fiefs for empresses dowagers, empresses and princesses.

Xīn, 9 - 23[edit | edit source]

top official positions
Emperor (皇帝)
Grand Preceptor (太師) Grand Tutor (太傅) Imperial Preceptor (國師) Imperial General (國將) Grand Administrator of Military (大司馬) Grand Administrator of Land (大司徒) Grand Administrator of Construction (大司空) General of Renewal (更始將軍) Guardian General (衛將軍) Nation-Founding General (立國將軍) Front General (前將軍)

The Five Ranks (五等爵制) are brought back, placed above the 20 ranks.

Eastern Hàn, 25 – 220[edit | edit source]

top official positions
Emperor (皇帝)
*Chancellor (相國、丞相)
Grand Tutor (太傅) Supreme General (大將軍)
Grand Commandant (太尉) Administrator of Land (司徒) Administrator of Construction (司空)
Minister of Ceremonies (太常) Supervisor of Attendants (光祿勛) Commandant of Guards (衛尉) Minister of Coachmen (太僕) Commandant of Justice (廷尉) Grand Herald (大鴻臚) Director of the Imperial Clan (宗正) Grand Minister of Agriculture (大司農) Small Treasurer (少府)

The Chancellor has been abolished most of the time.

administrative divisions
province (州) state (國) city (邑)
commandery (郡)
county (縣) circuit (道)
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