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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Basque|Basque]]  → [[Language/Basque/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Basque/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Conjunctions</div>
__TOC__
== Introduction ==
In this lesson, we will delve into the world of conjunctions in the Basque language. Conjunctions are an essential part of any language, as they allow us to connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. By understanding how conjunctions work in Basque, you will be able to construct more complex and meaningful sentences.
Throughout this lesson, we will explore the different types of conjunctions in Basque, their usage, and provide numerous examples to illustrate each point. We will also touch upon any regional variations in the usage of conjunctions and provide interesting cultural facts related to the topic.
By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of how to use conjunctions in Basque, and you will be able to incorporate them into your own conversations and writing. Let's get started!


<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Basque|Basque]]  → [[Language/Basque/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Basque/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Conjunctions</div>
== Types of Conjunctions ==


__TOC__
In Basque, there are several types of conjunctions that serve different purposes. Let's explore each type in detail:


<h1>Conjunctions in Basque</h1>
=== Coordinating Conjunctions ===


<p>In this lesson, you will learn about conjunctions in Basque, which are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. Conjunctions are important for creating more complex sentences and expressing logical relationships between different parts of a sentence. By mastering the use of conjunctions in Basque, you will be able to communicate more effectively and precisely in the language.</p>
Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses that are of equal importance in a sentence. They can join nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. In Basque, the most common coordinating conjunctions are:


<h2>Coordinating Conjunctions</h2>
* ''eta'' - and
* ''edo'' - or
* ''baina'' - but


<p>Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal or similar grammatical importance. In Basque, coordinating conjunctions are not inflected for case, gender or number. Here are the most common coordinating conjunctions in Basque:</p>
Here are some examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Basque !! Pronunciation !! English
! Basque !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| eta || [eta] || and
| Gizona ''eta'' emakumea || gizɔna eta emakumea || The man ''and'' the woman
|-
| edo || [edo] || or
|-
|-
| baina || [baina] || but
| Edo gaztea edo zaharra || edɔ gaztea edɔ saharra || Either young ''or'' old
|-
|-
| ala || [ala] || or
| Nire autoa da, baina beroa da || nire autɔa da, baina berɔa da || It's my car, ''but'' it's hot
|-
| ba || [ba] || then, so
|}
|}


<p>Here are some examples:</p>
=== Subordinating Conjunctions ===
 
<ul>
<li>Maite da haritza <b>eta</b> gizona - He loves cheese <b>and</b> meat</li>
<li>Ingurua ederra <b>baina</b> kostaldea arriskutsua da - The surroundings are beautiful <b>but</b> the coastline is dangerous</li>
<li>Bi <b>edo</b> hiru gazte etorriko dira - Two <b>or</b> three young people will come</li>
</ul>
 
<p>In Basque, the coordinating conjunction "eta" is sometimes not translated to English, especially when listing a series of items:</p>
 
<ul>
<li>Bikoteak etxera sartu <b>eta</b> edan - The couple entered the house <b>and</b> drank</li>
</ul>
 
<p>The coordinating conjunction "ba" is also used to express a result or conclusion:</p>


<ul>
Subordinating conjunctions are used to introduce a dependent clause that relies on the main clause to make sense. They establish a relationship between the two clauses, such as cause and effect, time, condition, or purpose. In Basque, some common subordinating conjunctions include:
<li>Eskutik egina, zure artean gauzak agertuko dira. Zehazki horregatik <b>ba</b> - Done by hand, things will appear among you. Precisely for that reason, <b>so</b></li>
</ul>


<h2>Subordinating Conjunctions</h2>
* ''ean'' - if
* ''gaur'' - today
* ''non'' - where
* ''egun'' - when


<p>Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect a subordinate clause to a main clause. Subordinate clauses are usually introduced by pronouns or adverbs. In Basque, subordinating conjunctions are inflected for case. Here are the most common subordinating conjunctions in Basque:</p>
Here are some examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Basque !! Pronunciation !! English
! Basque !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Nola || [nola] || how
| Ean etorri bazara, esan || ean etɔrri basara, esan || ''If'' you come, say it
|-
| Noiz || [noiθ] || when
|-
| Non || [non] || where
|-
| Zu || [θu] || that
|-
|-
| Eta || [eta] || and (when used with the meaning of "also")
| Gaur etorri naiz, non bizi zaren jakiteko || gaur etɔrri nais, nɔn biθi θaren xakitekɔ || I came today ''to know'' where you live
|-
|-
| Bai || [bai] || yes (when used with the meaning of "that")
| Egun guztian etorriko da || egun gustian etɔrriko da || He will come ''every day''
|}
|}


<p>Here are some examples:</p>
=== Correlative Conjunctions ===
 
<ul>
<li>Baskongadako errausketak Asparrena zabaldu zenetik hainbat alde eratorri ziren. Hala ere, alde horien izaera bera zen, bere hazkunde demografikoari <b>nola</b> ukitu ziola erakusten du. - Since Basque terrorism broke out, people from different sides came to Asparrena. However, their nature was the same, it shows <b>how</b> they focused on demographic growth.</li>
<li>Zumardi egur bizkortu eta herrietako bandera - The wood of zumardi dried up <b>when</b> flags of the town were raised</li>
<li>Hainbat garaian, elkartea alegia. Hala ere, harreman horiek hainbat recadod ekarri zizkioten, besteak beste <b>non</b> bizi ziren jakiteko hainbat modu konfidentzialetan sartzeko aukera. - At different times, the association, precisely. However, these relationships brought various messages, among other things to enter in many confidential ways to know where they lived.</li>
<li>Badakizu <b>zu</b> gure dantza aurkitzen ez zarela - You know <b>that</b> you cannot find our dance</li>
<li>Autoa erosi nuen <b>eta</b> laster atera nintzen - I bought a car <b>and</b> I left soon</li>
<li>Aldez aurretik< b>bai</b> - Yes, in advance</li>
</ul>


<h2>Correlative Conjunctions</h2>
Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs to connect two elements that have a similar grammatical function. They are commonly used to express alternatives, comparisons, and consequences. In Basque, the most common correlative conjunctions include:


<p>Correlative conjunctions are used to connect two corresponding elements that have equal grammatical weight. Correlative conjunctions usually come in pairs, with the first element expressing an idea and the second element providing further details or clarification. In Basque, correlative conjunctions are used as a pair, and the second element is preceded by the auxiliary "ha" or "hala".</p>
* ''edo...edo'' - either...or
* ''nola...nola'' - both...and
* ''ez...ez'' - neither...nor


<p>Here are the most common correlative conjunctions in Basque:</p>
Here are some examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Basque !! Pronunciation !! English
! Basque !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Bai...bait || [bai...bait] || both...and
| Edo euskara edo gaztelania || edɔ euskara edɔ gastelania || Either Basque ''or'' Spanish
|-
|-
| Ez...edo || [es...edo] || either...or
| Nola dantzatu nola kantu || nɔla dantsatu nɔla kantu || Both dance ''and'' sing
|-
|-
| Horretarako...hala ere || [horetarako...hala ere] || nevertheless...yet
| Ez lagunak ez familiak etorriko dira || es lagunak es familiak etɔrriko dira || Neither friends ''nor'' family will come
|-
| Aspaldikoak direla...gaur egun || [aspaldikoak direla...gaur egun] || from long ago...until today
|}
|}


<p>Here are some examples:</p>
== Cultural Insights ==
 
Understanding the usage of conjunctions in Basque is not only important for mastering the language, but it also offers insights into the culture and mindset of the Basque people. The Basque language, known as Euskara, is unique and unrelated to any other language in the world. It is believed to be one of the oldest languages in Europe, with a rich history dating back thousands of years.
 
The use of conjunctions in Basque reflects the Basque people's attention to detail and precision in their communication. Basque speakers are known for their love of language and their ability to express complex ideas and concepts. By mastering the use of conjunctions, you are tapping into the essence of the Basque language and gaining a deeper understanding of its cultural significance.
 
== Practice Exercises ==
 
Now it's time to put your knowledge of conjunctions in Basque into practice. Complete the following exercises and check your answers below:
 
1. Connect the following words using the appropriate coordinating conjunction:
 
* gizona (the man) ''eta'' emakumea (the woman)
* autoa (the car) ''edo'' motoa (the motorcycle)
* nire aita (my father) ''baina'' nire ama (my mother)
 
2. Use the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the following sentences:
 
* Ean etorri bazara, zara (you) esan.
* Gaur etorri naiz, non bizi zaren jakiteko.
* Egun guztian etorriko da, bera (he).
 
3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate correlative conjunction:
 
* Edo euskara edo gaztelania hitz egiten dugu hemen. (We speak either Basque or Spanish here.)
* Nola dantzatu nola kantu egiten duzu? (How do you both dance and sing?)
* Ez lagunak ez familiak etorriko dira, bakarrik (only) ni (I).
 
== Solutions ==
 
1. Coordinating Conjunctions:
 
* Gizona ''eta'' emakumea - The man ''and'' the woman
* Autoa ''edo'' motoa - The car ''or'' the motorcycle
* Nire aita ''baina'' nire ama - My father ''but'' my mother
 
2. Subordinating Conjunctions:


<ul>
* Ean etorri bazara, zara (you) esan - ''If'' you come, say it.
<li>Gure lurrean txakurren hainbat azken leku egokiak daude, <b>Bai</b> Haritza <b>bait</b> - In our land several last appropriate places of dogs, <b>both</b> Haritza <b>and</b></li>
* Gaur etorri naiz, non bizi zaren jakiteko - I came today ''to know'' where you live.
<li>Senarrak izan ziren maiatzaren 11n Begoñako HERRI praktikari batzuen bila. Bi ordu pasa ziren segidan eman ziran norbaitek Begoñan <b>ez</b> azaldu <b>edo</b> ikusia. - Mrs. was on a search for some practical things of HERRI in Begoña on May 11. Two hours passed and then someone gave no indication of having seen or being there.</li>
* Egun guztian etorriko da, bera (he) - He will come ''every day''.
<li>Ondorioz, ikerkuntza honetan kritika feministaren bidez eredu errealitatearen esplorazioa sustatzeko xede izan dut, <b>Horretarako</b> markoa ere zehaztu nuen aurretik, <b>hala ere</b> nire asmoak hainbat markotan erreskontatzen duela jakin beharra izan nuen. - Consequently, I have aimed to support the exploration of real model through feminist criticism in this research. <b>Nevertheless</b>, I needed to know that my goals were still accounted in several frameworks.</li>
<li>Spice Girls aspaldikoak direla gure bizitzan eta <b>gaur egun</b> pop kulturan mende batzuk joan dira, baina hark adierazitako gaietatik <b>horretarako</b>, batzuetan oso gutxi aldatu da. - Since Spice Girls are from a long time ago in our lives and they have gone through some centuries in pop culture, but from the topics they represent <b>yet</b>, few has changed.</li>
</ul>


3. Correlative Conjunctions:


<p>Congratulations! You have learned about the use of conjunctions in Basque. With this knowledge, you can create more complex and precise sentences in the language, which will help you better communicate with Basque speakers. Keep practicing and studying to improve your skills and knowledge of Basque grammar, vocabulary, and culture!</p>
* Edo euskara edo gaztelania hitz egiten dugu hemen - We speak either Basque or Spanish here.
* Nola dantzatu nola kantu egiten duzu? - How do you both dance and sing?
* Ez lagunak ez familiak etorriko dira, bakarrik (only) ni (I) - Neither friends ''nor'' family will come, ''only'' me.
 
Congratulations! You have successfully completed the practice exercises. Keep practicing to reinforce your understanding of conjunctions in Basque.


{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Basque Grammar → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Conjunctions
|title=Basque Grammar → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Conjunctions
|keywords=Basque, grammar, prepositions, conjunctions
|keywords=Basque grammar, Basque language, Basque conjunctions, Basque coordinating conjunctions, Basque subordinating conjunctions, Basque correlative conjunctions
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about conjunctions in Basque, which are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence.
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about conjunctions in the Basque language. We will cover coordinating, subordinating, and correlative conjunctions, providing examples and exercises for practice. Get ready to deepen your understanding of Basque grammar!
}}
}}


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==Sources==
* [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110895285/html?lang=en A Grammar of Basque]
* [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Basque/Grammar/Negation Basque Grammar - Negation]
* [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1301313.pdf Is Basque an S. O. V. language?]




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==Sources==
* [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110895285/html?lang=en A Grammar of Basque]
* [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Basque/Grammar/Negation Basque Grammar - Negation]
* [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1301313.pdf Is Basque an S. O. V. language?]


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Latest revision as of 14:39, 22 June 2023

◀️ Common Prepositions — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Modes of Transportation ▶️

Basque-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Basque → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Conjunctions

Introduction[edit | edit source]

In this lesson, we will delve into the world of conjunctions in the Basque language. Conjunctions are an essential part of any language, as they allow us to connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. By understanding how conjunctions work in Basque, you will be able to construct more complex and meaningful sentences.

Throughout this lesson, we will explore the different types of conjunctions in Basque, their usage, and provide numerous examples to illustrate each point. We will also touch upon any regional variations in the usage of conjunctions and provide interesting cultural facts related to the topic.

By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of how to use conjunctions in Basque, and you will be able to incorporate them into your own conversations and writing. Let's get started!

Types of Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

In Basque, there are several types of conjunctions that serve different purposes. Let's explore each type in detail:

Coordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses that are of equal importance in a sentence. They can join nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. In Basque, the most common coordinating conjunctions are:

  • eta - and
  • edo - or
  • baina - but

Here are some examples:

Basque Pronunciation English
Gizona eta emakumea gizɔna eta emakumea The man and the woman
Edo gaztea edo zaharra edɔ gaztea edɔ saharra Either young or old
Nire autoa da, baina beroa da nire autɔa da, baina berɔa da It's my car, but it's hot

Subordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Subordinating conjunctions are used to introduce a dependent clause that relies on the main clause to make sense. They establish a relationship between the two clauses, such as cause and effect, time, condition, or purpose. In Basque, some common subordinating conjunctions include:

  • ean - if
  • gaur - today
  • non - where
  • egun - when

Here are some examples:

Basque Pronunciation English
Ean etorri bazara, esan ean etɔrri basara, esan If you come, say it
Gaur etorri naiz, non bizi zaren jakiteko gaur etɔrri nais, nɔn biθi θaren xakitekɔ I came today to know where you live
Egun guztian etorriko da egun gustian etɔrriko da He will come every day

Correlative Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs to connect two elements that have a similar grammatical function. They are commonly used to express alternatives, comparisons, and consequences. In Basque, the most common correlative conjunctions include:

  • edo...edo - either...or
  • nola...nola - both...and
  • ez...ez - neither...nor

Here are some examples:

Basque Pronunciation English
Edo euskara edo gaztelania edɔ euskara edɔ gastelania Either Basque or Spanish
Nola dantzatu nola kantu nɔla dantsatu nɔla kantu Both dance and sing
Ez lagunak ez familiak etorriko dira es lagunak es familiak etɔrriko dira Neither friends nor family will come

Cultural Insights[edit | edit source]

Understanding the usage of conjunctions in Basque is not only important for mastering the language, but it also offers insights into the culture and mindset of the Basque people. The Basque language, known as Euskara, is unique and unrelated to any other language in the world. It is believed to be one of the oldest languages in Europe, with a rich history dating back thousands of years.

The use of conjunctions in Basque reflects the Basque people's attention to detail and precision in their communication. Basque speakers are known for their love of language and their ability to express complex ideas and concepts. By mastering the use of conjunctions, you are tapping into the essence of the Basque language and gaining a deeper understanding of its cultural significance.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now it's time to put your knowledge of conjunctions in Basque into practice. Complete the following exercises and check your answers below:

1. Connect the following words using the appropriate coordinating conjunction:

  • gizona (the man) eta emakumea (the woman)
  • autoa (the car) edo motoa (the motorcycle)
  • nire aita (my father) baina nire ama (my mother)

2. Use the correct subordinating conjunction to complete the following sentences:

  • Ean etorri bazara, zara (you) esan.
  • Gaur etorri naiz, non bizi zaren jakiteko.
  • Egun guztian etorriko da, bera (he).

3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate correlative conjunction:

  • Edo euskara edo gaztelania hitz egiten dugu hemen. (We speak either Basque or Spanish here.)
  • Nola dantzatu nola kantu egiten duzu? (How do you both dance and sing?)
  • Ez lagunak ez familiak etorriko dira, bakarrik (only) ni (I).

Solutions[edit | edit source]

1. Coordinating Conjunctions:

  • Gizona eta emakumea - The man and the woman
  • Autoa edo motoa - The car or the motorcycle
  • Nire aita baina nire ama - My father but my mother

2. Subordinating Conjunctions:

  • Ean etorri bazara, zara (you) esan - If you come, say it.
  • Gaur etorri naiz, non bizi zaren jakiteko - I came today to know where you live.
  • Egun guztian etorriko da, bera (he) - He will come every day.

3. Correlative Conjunctions:

  • Edo euskara edo gaztelania hitz egiten dugu hemen - We speak either Basque or Spanish here.
  • Nola dantzatu nola kantu egiten duzu? - How do you both dance and sing?
  • Ez lagunak ez familiak etorriko dira, bakarrik (only) ni (I) - Neither friends nor family will come, only me.

Congratulations! You have successfully completed the practice exercises. Keep practicing to reinforce your understanding of conjunctions in Basque.

Table of Contents - Basque Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Basque Language


Greetings and Introductions


Nouns and Articles


Numbers and Counting


Pronouns and Verb Conjugation


Days, Months, and Seasons


Questions and Negation


Family and Relationships


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Dining


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Travel and Transportation


Basque Culture and Traditions


Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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