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<div class="pg_page_title">Pashto Alphabet & Pronunciation</div>
[[File:Afghanistan-Pashto-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Pashto-Language-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]
سلام Pashto Learners! 😃
➡ In today's lesson you will learn how to write and pronounce the Pashto alphabets.
Happy learning!
Once you've comprehended the concepts in this lesson, you might enjoy learning about these related topics: [[Language/Central-pashto/Vocabulary/Days-of-the-Week|pashto/Vocabulary/Days]], [[Language/Central-pashto/Vocabulary/How-to-say-Good-Bye%3F|pashto Vocabulary]].
__TOC__
==Central Pashto Alphabet==
The Pashtun alphabet (پښتو الفبې) is a relatively recent adaptation of the Persian alphabet with additional letters to accommodate the phonemes of the Pashtun language, which is the largest Eastern Iranian language (of the Avestan family) and one of the two main languages of Afghanistan, along with Persian Dari, which is Eastern Iran.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |IPA
! rowspan="2" |IPA
Line 117: Line 133:
|ﺯ
|ﺯ
|-
|-
|[ʒ] / |[d͡z]
| [ʒ] / |[d͡z]
|ـﮋ
|ـﮋ
|ـﮋ
|ـﮋ
Line 125: Line 141:
|[ʐ] (Southern)
|[ʐ] (Southern)
[ʝ] (Central)
[ʝ] (Central)
[ɡ] (Northern)
[ɡ] (Northern)
|ـږ
|ـږ
Line 145: Line 162:
|[ʂ] (Southern)
|[ʂ] (Southern)
[ç] (Central)
[ç] (Central)
[x] (Northern)
[x] (Northern)
|ـښ
|ـښ
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|[ə]
|[ə]
|ﮥ
|ﮥ
|
!
|
!
|ۀ
|ۀ
|-
|-
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|[ai], [j]
|[ai], [j]
|ـی
|ـی
|
!
|
!
|ی
|ی
|-
|-
|[əi]
|[əi]
|ـۍ
|ـۍ
|
!
|
!
|ۍ
|ۍ
|-
|-
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|ئ
|ئ
|}
|}
== Stress in Pashto ==
Pashto uses stress: it can change the aspect of the verb and the meaning of the word. The Arabic alphabet does not show accent placement, but in transliteration it is indicated by the use of an acute accent diactric (´) on the vowel, as in the example below:
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Pashto writing'''
!'''Transliteration: Stress in Bold'''
|-
|اوړى
|'''ó-'''ṛay
|-
|ډله
|'''ḍá'''-la
|-
|ګڼل
|ga-'''ṇә́l'''
|-
|شاباس
|'''šā́'''-bās
|-
|ناخوښي
|nā-xwa-'''ṣ̌í'''
|-
|بې ښې
|be-'''ṣ̌é'''
|-
|اوږه
|'''ú'''-ẓ̌a
|}
== "Ye" letters in Pashto alpabet ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''Letter'''
!'''IPA'''
!'''Transliteration'''
!'''Position in a word'''
!'''Example'''
|-
|ې
|[e]
|e
|middle or end
|يې
<small>y'''e''' ('you (sing.) are')</small>
|-
|ي
|[j], [i]
|y, i
|can appear anywhere
|يم
<small>'''y'''əm ('(I) am')</small>
دي
<small>d'''i''' ('(they) are')</small>
|-
| rowspan="2" |ی
''or''
ے
|[aj]
|ay
<small>when following a consonant</small>
|end
|ستوری ''or'' ستورے
<small>stór'''ay''' ('star')</small>
|-
|[j]
|y
<small>when following a vowel</small>
|end
|دوى ''or'' دوے
<small>du'''y''' ('they')</small>
|-
| rowspan="2" |ئ
|[əi]
|əi
|end
|يئ
<small>y'''əi''' ('you (plur.) are')</small>
|-
|[j]
|y
|middle
|جدائي
<small>judā'''y'''í ('separation')</small>
|-
|ۍ
|[əi]
|əi
|end
|وړۍ
<small>waṛ'''ә́i''' ('wool')</small>
|}
==Videos==
===Learn Pashto Alphabet===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JNQNF0E9Gro</youtube>
===Learn Pashto: Alphabets===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AD13TbdfB8w</youtube>
==Pashto Keyboard==
__NOCACHE__
<include iframe="" src="https://polyglotclub.com/keyboard.php?souscat_url=central-pashto" height="600px" frameborder="0" scrolling="yes" />
[[Category:Alphabet-and-Pronunciation]]
<span links></span>

Latest revision as of 19:41, 26 March 2023

Pashto Alphabet & Pronunciation
Afghanistan-Pashto-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg
Pashto-Language-PolyglotClub.png

سلام Pashto Learners! 😃

➡ In today's lesson you will learn how to write and pronounce the Pashto alphabets.

Happy learning!

Once you've comprehended the concepts in this lesson, you might enjoy learning about these related topics: pashto/Vocabulary/Days, pashto Vocabulary.

Central Pashto Alphabet[edit | edit source]

The Pashtun alphabet (پښتو الفبې) is a relatively recent adaptation of the Persian alphabet with additional letters to accommodate the phonemes of the Pashtun language, which is the largest Eastern Iranian language (of the Avestan family) and one of the two main languages of Afghanistan, along with Persian Dari, which is Eastern Iran.

IPA Letter
Final Medial Initial Isolated
[ɑ], [ʔ] ـا ـﺎ آ, ا آ, ا
[b] ـﺐ ـﺒـ بـ ب
[p] ـﭗ ـﭙـ پـ پ
[t̪] ـﺖ ـﺘـ تـ ت
[ʈ] ـټ ـټـ ټـ ټ
[s] ـﺚ ـﺜـ ثـ ث
[d͡ʒ] ـﺞ ـﺞ ـﺞ ج
[t͡ʃ] ـﭻ ـﭽـ چـ چ
[h] / [x] ـﺢ ـﺤـ حـ ح
[x] ـﺦ ـﺨـ خـ خ
[t͡s] / [s] ـڅ ـڅـ څـ څ
[d͡z] / [z] ـځ ـځـ ځـ ځ
[d̪] ـﺪ ـﺪ د د
[ɖ] ـډ ـډ ډ ډ
[z] ـﺬ ـﺬ ﺫ ﺫ
[r] ـﺮ ـﺮ ﺭ ﺭ
[ɺ̢], [ɭ̆], [ɻ] ـړ ـړ ړ ړ
[z] ـﺰ ـﺰ ﺯ ﺯ
[d͡z] ـﮋ ـﮋ ژ ژ
[ʐ] (Southern)

[ʝ] (Central)

[ɡ] (Northern)

ـږ ـږ ږ ږ
[s] ـﺲ ـﺴـ سـ س
[ʃ] ـﺶ ـﺸـ شـ ش
[ʂ] (Southern)

[ç] (Central)

[x] (Northern)

ـښ ـښـ ښـ ښ
[s] ـﺺ ـﺼـ صـ ص
[z], [d̪] ـﺾ ـﻀـ ضـ ض
[t̪] ـﻂ ـﻄـ طـ ط
[z] ـﻆ ـﻈـ ظـ ظ
[ʔ] ـﻊ ـﻌـ عـ ع
[ɣ] ـﻎ ـﻐـ غـ غ
[f] / [p] ـﻒ ـﻔـ فـ ف
[q] / [k] ـﻖ ـﻘـ قـ ق
[k] ـک ـکـ کـ ک
[ɡ] ـګ ـګـ ګـ ګ
[l] ـﻞ ـﻠـ لـ ل
[m] ـﻢ ـﻤـ مـ م
[n] ـﻦ ـﻨـ نـ ن
[ɳ] ـڼ ـڼـ ڼـ ڼ
[w], [u], [o] ـﻮ ـﻮ و و
[h], [a] ـﻪ ـﻬـ هـ ه
[ə] ﮥ ۀ
[j], [i] ـﻲ ـﻴـ يـ ي
[e] ـﯥ ـﯧـ ېـ ې
[ai], [j] ـی ی
[əi] ـۍ ۍ
[əi], [j] ـئ ـئـ ئـ ئ

Stress in Pashto[edit | edit source]

Pashto uses stress: it can change the aspect of the verb and the meaning of the word. The Arabic alphabet does not show accent placement, but in transliteration it is indicated by the use of an acute accent diactric (´) on the vowel, as in the example below:

Pashto writing Transliteration: Stress in Bold
اوړى ó-ṛay
ډله ḍá-la
ګڼل ga-ṇә́l
شاباس šā́-bās
ناخوښي nā-xwa-ṣ̌í
بې ښې be-ṣ̌é
اوږه ú-ẓ̌a

"Ye" letters in Pashto alpabet[edit | edit source]

Letter IPA Transliteration Position in a word Example
ې [e] e middle or end يې

ye ('you (sing.) are')

ي [j], [i] y, i can appear anywhere يم

yəm ('(I) am') دي di ('(they) are')

ی

or ے

[aj] ay

when following a consonant

end ستوری or ستورے

stóray ('star')

[j] y

when following a vowel

end دوى or دوے

duy ('they')

ئ [əi] əi end يئ

yəi ('you (plur.) are')

[j] y middle جدائي

judāyí ('separation')

ۍ [əi] əi end وړۍ

waṛә́i ('wool')

Videos[edit | edit source]

Learn Pashto Alphabet[edit | edit source]

Learn Pashto: Alphabets[edit | edit source]

Pashto Keyboard[edit | edit source]

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