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<div class="pg_page_title">Dari Grammar - Plurals</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Dari Grammar - Plurals</div>
Hi Dari learners!😊<br>Learning [https://polyglotclub.com/language/dari Dari] Grammar can be a challenging task, but it is also very rewarding. In this lesson, we will focus on the formation of plurals in Dari. __TOC__


== Formation of Plurals ==
Hi [https://polyglotclub.com/language/dari Dari] learners! 😊<br>
In this lesson, we will be learning about plurals in Dari. Plurals refer to more than one object, person or thing. It is an important concept in any language, but it can be tricky to learn. Don't worry, we will explain it in a simple and easy-to-understand way!


In Dari, there are two ways to form plurals: by adding suffixes and by using reduplication.
__TOC__


=== Suffixes ===
== Basic Rules ==
In Dari, there are two ways to form plurals. The first way is by adding -ha to the end of the noun. This method is typically used to pluralize words that end in a vowel. For example:


The most common way to form plurals in Dari is by adding suffixes. The suffixes used depend on the gender of the noun. For masculine nouns, the suffix -hā is used, while for feminine nouns, the suffix -ān is used.
{| class="wikitable"
! Dari !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| مرغ || /morɣ/ || chicken
|-
| مرغ‌ها || /morɣhɑ/ || chickens
|-
| بلند || /boland/ || tall
|-
| بلند‌ها || /bolandhɑ/ || tall (plural)
|}


For example, the word for "book" (kitāb) is masculine, so its plural form is kitābhā. The word for "girl" (dokhtar) is feminine, so its plural form is dokhtarān.  
Another way to form plurals in Dari is by adding -an to the end of the noun. This method is typically used to pluralize words that end in a consonant. For example:


=== Reduplication ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Dari !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| کتاب || /ketɑːb/ || book
|-
| کتاب‌ها || /ketɑːbhɑ/ || books
|-
| خواهر || /xɑwɑhær/ || sister
|-
| خواهران || /xɑwɑhærɑn/ || sisters
|}


Another way to form plurals in Dari is by reduplication. This means repeating the same word twice. This method is mainly used for words that end in a vowel.  
In some cases, there are irregular plural forms for certain nouns. For example:


For example, the word for "apple" (sib) is repeated to form its plural form sib-sib. The word for "river" (daryā) is repeated to form its plural form daryā-daryā.
{| class="wikitable"
! Dari !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| پدر || /pedɑr/ || father
|-
| پدران || /pedɑrɑn/ || fathers
|-
| مادر || /mɑːdær/ || mother
|-
| مادران || /mɑːdærɑn/ || mothers
|}


== Exceptions ==
== Exceptions ==
There are a few exceptions to the rules for forming plurals in Dari. For instance, some nouns have the same singular and plural forms. Examples of such words include:


There are some exceptions to the rules for forming plurals in Dari. Some nouns have irregular plural forms, and some nouns do not change at all when they are pluralized.
{| class="wikitable"
! Dari !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| ملک || /molk/ || country
|-
| ملک || /molk/ || countries
|-
| دست || /dæst/ || hand
|-
| دست || /dæst/ || hands
|}


For example, the word for "man" (mard) does not change when it is pluralized, so its plural form is still mard. The word for "woman" (zan) has an irregular plural form, zanān.  
Another exception is when an Arabic or English word is borrowed into Dari. In such cases, the plural is often formed using the original language's plural form. For example:


== Conclusion ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Dari !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| کتاب || /ketɑːb/ || book
|-
| کتاب‌ها || /ketɑːbhɑ/ || books
|-
| دی وی دی || /diji diji/ || DVD
|-
| دی وی دی‌ها || /diji dijihɑ/ || DVDs
|}


Forming plurals in Dari can be tricky, but with practice, you will soon become an expert! To improve your [[Language/Dari|Dari]] [[Language/Dari/Grammar|Grammar]], you can also use the [https://polyglotclub.com Polyglot Club] website. [https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&offre1=1616 Find native speakers] and ask them any [https://polyglotclub.com/language/dari/question questions]!
== Examples in Dialogue ==
To better understand how plurals work in Dari, let's listen to a conversation between two friends:


<hr>If you have any questions, please ask them in the comments section below.<br>Feel free to edit this wiki page if you think it can be improved. 😎
* Person 1: چند نفر داریم در کلاس؟ (<i>How many people do we have in class?</i>)
* Person 2: دوازده نفر. (<i>Twelve people.</i>)
* Person 1: دانشجویانی که در کلاس هستند، لطفاً کتاب‌های خود را با خود بیاورید. (<i>All the students who are in class, please bring your books with you.</i>)
* Person 2: خوب، من کتاب‌های خودم را دارم. شما هم کتاب‌های خودتان را بیاورید. (<i>Okay, I have my books with me. You bring your own books too.</i>)


In this conversation, we can see how plurals are used to refer to both people and objects. The word "دانشجو" (student) is singular, while "دانشجویان" (students) is plural.


==Related Lessons==
== Fun Facts ==
* [[Language/Dari/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives]]
Did you know that Dari is one of the official languages of Afghanistan? It is also spoken in Iran and Tajikistan. Dari has borrowed many words from Arabic, as well as from other languages such as English and French. Knowing the rules for forming plurals in Dari will help you communicate more effectively with native speakers of the language.
* [[Language/Dari/Grammar/Pronouns|Pronouns]]
 
* [[Language/Dari/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]]
== Practice Exercise ==
* [[Language/Dari/Grammar/Questions|Questions]]
Now that you have learned about the rules for forming plurals in Dari, try practicing some examples on your own. Use the [https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&offre1=1616 Polyglot Club] website to find native speakers and ask them any [https://polyglotclub.com/language/dari/question questions] you have!
* [[Language/Dari/Grammar/Nouns|Nouns]]
 
* [[Language/Dari/Grammar/Negation|Negation]]
== Sources ==
* [[Language/Dari/Grammar/Gender|Gender]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_language Dari Language]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_dialects Persian Dialects]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan Afghanistan]
 
 
{{#seo:
|title=Dari Grammar - Plurals
|keywords=Dari, grammar, plurals, language, Afghanistan
|description=Learn how to form plurals in Dari with simple rules, fun facts, and a dialogue example. Find resources and improve your Dari grammar effortlessly with the Polyglot Club community.
}}


{{Dari-Page-Bottom}}
{{Dari-Page-Bottom}}

Revision as of 23:15, 4 March 2023

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Dari Grammar - Plurals

Hi Dari learners! 😊
In this lesson, we will be learning about plurals in Dari. Plurals refer to more than one object, person or thing. It is an important concept in any language, but it can be tricky to learn. Don't worry, we will explain it in a simple and easy-to-understand way!

Basic Rules

In Dari, there are two ways to form plurals. The first way is by adding -ha to the end of the noun. This method is typically used to pluralize words that end in a vowel. For example:

Dari Pronunciation English
مرغ /morɣ/ chicken
مرغ‌ها /morɣhɑ/ chickens
بلند /boland/ tall
بلند‌ها /bolandhɑ/ tall (plural)

Another way to form plurals in Dari is by adding -an to the end of the noun. This method is typically used to pluralize words that end in a consonant. For example:

Dari Pronunciation English
کتاب /ketɑːb/ book
کتاب‌ها /ketɑːbhɑ/ books
خواهر /xɑwɑhær/ sister
خواهران /xɑwɑhærɑn/ sisters

In some cases, there are irregular plural forms for certain nouns. For example:

Dari Pronunciation English
پدر /pedɑr/ father
پدران /pedɑrɑn/ fathers
مادر /mɑːdær/ mother
مادران /mɑːdærɑn/ mothers

Exceptions

There are a few exceptions to the rules for forming plurals in Dari. For instance, some nouns have the same singular and plural forms. Examples of such words include:

Dari Pronunciation English
ملک /molk/ country
ملک /molk/ countries
دست /dæst/ hand
دست /dæst/ hands

Another exception is when an Arabic or English word is borrowed into Dari. In such cases, the plural is often formed using the original language's plural form. For example:

Dari Pronunciation English
کتاب /ketɑːb/ book
کتاب‌ها /ketɑːbhɑ/ books
دی وی دی /diji diji/ DVD
دی وی دی‌ها /diji dijihɑ/ DVDs

Examples in Dialogue

To better understand how plurals work in Dari, let's listen to a conversation between two friends:

  • Person 1: چند نفر داریم در کلاس؟ (How many people do we have in class?)
  • Person 2: دوازده نفر. (Twelve people.)
  • Person 1: دانشجویانی که در کلاس هستند، لطفاً کتاب‌های خود را با خود بیاورید. (All the students who are in class, please bring your books with you.)
  • Person 2: خوب، من کتاب‌های خودم را دارم. شما هم کتاب‌های خودتان را بیاورید. (Okay, I have my books with me. You bring your own books too.)

In this conversation, we can see how plurals are used to refer to both people and objects. The word "دانشجو" (student) is singular, while "دانشجویان" (students) is plural.

Fun Facts

Did you know that Dari is one of the official languages of Afghanistan? It is also spoken in Iran and Tajikistan. Dari has borrowed many words from Arabic, as well as from other languages such as English and French. Knowing the rules for forming plurals in Dari will help you communicate more effectively with native speakers of the language.

Practice Exercise

Now that you have learned about the rules for forming plurals in Dari, try practicing some examples on your own. Use the Polyglot Club website to find native speakers and ask them any questions you have!

Sources



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