Difference between revisions of "Language/Latin/Grammar/Latin-Declensions"

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== '''Latin Declensions''' ==
<div class="pg_page_title">Latin Grammar ➡ Declensions</div>
[[File:rome_27_395.png|thumb]]
[[File:rome_27_395.png|thumb]]


== '''English''' ==
In Latin, the subject of a sentence is always in the Nominative case, and the object in the Accusative case:
In Latin, the subject of a sentence is always in the Nominative case, and the object in the Accusative case:


'''eg :''' Regina rosas amat
* '''eg :''' Regina rosas amat


[ Queen (subject) loves the roses (object)]
[ Queen (subject) loves the roses (object)]


'''1)''' '''Declension I'''
==Declension I==


The names of the '''1st''' declension are generally feminine (terra- terrae: the earth), except those which represent
The names of the '''1st''' declension are generally feminine (terra- terrae: the earth), except those which represent
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male characters (ex: agricol'''a-ae''': agricole)
male characters (ex: agricol'''a-ae''': agricole)


'''2) Declension II'''
==Declension II==


The 2nd declension includes the masculine and feminine nouns in '''-us''' or '''-er''' and neuter in '''-um'''.
The 2nd declension includes the masculine and feminine nouns in '''-us''' or '''-er''' and neuter in '''-um'''.
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It is formed with domin'''us''', '''ni, um''' (master of the house).
It is formed with domin'''us''', '''ni, um''' (master of the house).


'''3) Declension III'''
==Declension III==


The '''3rd''' declension includes all three genders: masculines and feminines have the same endings in all cases.
The '''3rd''' declension includes all three genders: masculines and feminines have the same endings in all cases.
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and they remain invariable in the nominative singular: animā'''l'''-'''is''', mar'''e'''-mar-'''is''', etc.
and they remain invariable in the nominative singular: animā'''l'''-'''is''', mar'''e'''-mar-'''is''', etc.


'''4) Declension IV''':
==Declension IV==


The 4th declension in Latin includes masculine nouns in -us and neutral nouns in -u.
The 4th declension in Latin includes masculine nouns in -us and neutral nouns in -u.
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Ex: fruct-us, -is (fruit: mas) and cornu, corn-us (horn: neut.)
Ex: fruct-us, -is (fruit: mas) and cornu, corn-us (horn: neut.)


'''5. Declension V''':
==Declension V==


The 5th, the so-called Greek declension, in Latin includes Greek words which retain in Latin certain forms of their original declension.
The 5th, the so-called Greek declension, in Latin includes Greek words which retain in Latin certain forms of their original declension.


This is especially true for proper names. It also contains all the females which have the character -'''e''': r'''e'''s, r'''e'''i (fem: thing), or dies (day)
This is especially true for proper names. It also contains all the females which have the character -'''e''': r'''e'''s, r'''e'''i (fem: thing), or dies (day)
== '''Français''' ==
En latin, le sujet d'une phrase est toujours au '''nominatif et l'objet à l'accusatif''' :
'''ex''' : Regina rosas amat
[La reine (sujet) aime les roses (objet)] 
'''1) Déclinaison I'''
Les noms de la '''1<sup>ème</sup> déclinaison''' sont généralement féminins ('''terra, terrae''' : la terre), sauf ceux qui représentent
des personnages masculins (ex :  agricol'''a''', '''ae''' :agricole)
'''Déclinaison II'''
'''2)''' La '''2<sup>ème</sup>''' déclinaison inclut les noms '''masculins''' et '''féminins''' en '''-us''' '''ou -er''' et neutre en '''–um''' .
Elle se forme avec domin'''us''', '''i, m''' (maître de la maison).
'''3) Déclinaison III'''
La '''3<sup>ème</sup>''' déclinaison inclut les trois genres : les masculins et les féminins ont des mêmes terminaisons dans toutes les cas.
'''Masculins et féminins''' comme mercator (m. marchand),  '''homo''' (homme). '''Neutres''', comme nomen (nom).
Les cas sont les différentes formes que peuvent prendre les mots, les noms dans la phrase latine selon leur fonction.
C'est-à-dire qu'ils ont le suffixe '''s''' dans le nominatif singulier et en d'autres, sans aucune terminaison à la nominatif singulier:
'''ex. :'''  nom singulier: '''dux-''' duc-'''is''' (hegemon), consu'''l'''- consŭl-'''is'''( le consul), orātor-oratiris (le rhétor) ect
Les '''neutres''' ont des mêmes terminaisons avec les masculins et les féminins qu' au genitif, à la datif et à l'ablatif (singulier et pluriel),
et ils restent invariables au nominatif du singulier : animāl-is, mare-mar-is, etc
4''') Déclinaison IV''' :
'''La''' 4<sup>ème</sup> '''déclinaison en latin comprend des noms masculins en -us et des noms neutres en –u.'''
'''ex :''' fruct-'''us, -is''' (fruit :mas.) et corn'''u''',corn-'''us''' (corne : neut.)
'''5. ''' '''Déclinaison V''' :
La '''5'''<sup>ème</sup>, la déclinaison dite grecque, en latin comprend des mots grecs conservent en latin certaines formes de leur déclinaison d'origine.
C'est surtout vrai pour les noms propres. Elle contient aussi tous les '''féminins''' qui ont le caractère '''-e''' : r'''e'''s, r'''e'''i (fém : chose ) or di'''es''' (journée)
== '''Ελληνικά''' ==
Στα Λατινικά, το '''υποκείμενο''' μιας πρότασης είναι πάντα σε '''πτώση ονομαστική''' και το '''αντικείμενο''' στην αιτιατική.
πχ: Regina rosas amat
[Η βασίλισσα ( υποκείμενο) αγαπά τα τριαντάφυλλα (αντικείμενο)] 
'''1) 1η Κλίση'''
Η πρώτη κλίση περιέχει μόνο ονόματα αρσενικά και θηλυκά που  έχουν κατάληξη -ă -ae   π.χ : terra, terrae η γή, insŭla-ae : το νησί
'''2)  2η Κλίση'''
Η δεύτερη κλίση περιέχει ονόματα και από τα τρία γένη: αρσενικά και θηλυκά που λήγουν '''σε -us''' ή σε '''-er''' και ουδέτερα σε '''-um -i.'''
Χαρακτήρας του θέματος '''ο''' : domin'''us , -i, -m''' (αρχηγός του σπιτιού)
'''3) Τρίτη κλίση'''
Η τρίτη κλίση περιέχει ονόματα και από τα τρία γένη όπως και η δεύτερη κλίση.
'''4) Τέταρτη κλίση'''
Η 4η κλίση στα Λατινικά περιλαμβάνει αρσενικά ουσιαστικά στο '''-us''' και ουδέτερα ουσιαστικά στο '''-u.'''
π.χ. fruct-'''us, -is''' (φρούτα) και '''cornu, corn-us''' (κέρατο: ουδέτερο.)
'''5. Πέμπτη κλίση'''
Η 5<sup>η</sup> και λεγόμενη '''ελληνική κλίση''', περιλαμβάνει ελληνικές λέξεις που διατηρούν τη μορφή της αρχικής ελληνικής τους ρίζας  στα Λατινικά.
Αυτό ισχύει ιδιαίτερα για τα κύρια ονόματα. Περιέχει επίσης όλα τα θηλυκά που έχουν τον χαρακτήρα '''-e:''' r'''e'''s, r'''e'''i (πράγμα) εκτός του '''dies''' (ημέρα)

Revision as of 19:13, 22 October 2022

Latin Grammar ➡ Declensions
Rome 27 395.png

In Latin, the subject of a sentence is always in the Nominative case, and the object in the Accusative case:

  • eg : Regina rosas amat

[ Queen (subject) loves the roses (object)]

Declension I

The names of the 1st declension are generally feminine (terra- terrae: the earth), except those which represent

male characters (ex: agricola-ae: agricole)

Declension II

The 2nd declension includes the masculine and feminine nouns in -us or -er and neuter in -um.

It is formed with dominus, ni, um (master of the house).

Declension III

The 3rd declension includes all three genders: masculines and feminines have the same endings in all cases.

Masculines and feminines as mercator (m. merchant), homo (man). Neutrals, as nomen (name).

The cases are the different forms that the words can take, the names in the Latin sentence according to their function.

That is, they have the suffix s in the nominative singular and in others, without any ending in the nominative singular:

eg. : singular noun: dux- duc-is (hegemon), consul- consŭl-is (the consul), orātor-oratiris (the rhetor) ect

Neutrals have the same endings with masculine and feminine as in the genitive, the dative and the ablative (singular and plural),

and they remain invariable in the nominative singular: animāl-is, mare-mar-is, etc.

Declension IV

The 4th declension in Latin includes masculine nouns in -us and neutral nouns in -u.

Ex: fruct-us, -is (fruit: mas) and cornu, corn-us (horn: neut.)

Declension V

The 5th, the so-called Greek declension, in Latin includes Greek words which retain in Latin certain forms of their original declension.

This is especially true for proper names. It also contains all the females which have the character -e: res, rei (fem: thing), or dies (day)

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