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<div style="font-size:300%"> Preverbs and their functions in Georgian</div> | <div style="font-size:300%"> Preverbs and their functions in Georgian</div> | ||
a) Preverbs show the direction of a verbal act. | == a) Preverbs show the direction of a verbal act. == | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
მი- | |მი- | ||
მო- | |away (from the I person) | ||
ა- | |მიდის | ||
და- | |“he/she/it goes” | ||
ჩა- | |- | ||
შე- | |მო- | ||
გა- | |towards (to the I person) | ||
გადა- | |მოდის | ||
წა- | |“he/she/it comes” | ||
|- | |||
|ა- | |||
|up | |||
|ადის | |||
|“he/she/it rises/goes up” | |||
|- | |||
|და- | |||
|down; sometimes an intensive act | |||
|დადის | |||
|“he/she/it walks”; “it goes down” (e.g. temperature) | |||
|- | |||
|ჩა- | |||
|down inside | |||
|ჩადის | |||
|“he/she/it descends/goes down(hill)” | |||
|- | |||
|შე- | |||
|from outside to inside | |||
|შედის | |||
|“he/she/it enters/goes in” | |||
|- | |||
|გა- | |||
|from inside to outside | |||
|გადის | |||
|“he/she/it goes out” (e.g. from the house) | |||
|- | |||
|გადა- | |||
|over a barrier | |||
|გადადის | |||
|“he/she/it crosses/goes over (something)” | |||
|- | |||
|წა- | |||
|away | |||
|წავიდა | |||
|“he/she/it left/went away” | |||
|} | |||
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{| class="wikitable" | |||
ამო- | |ამო- | ||
ჩამო- | |up | ||
შემო- | |ამოდის | ||
გამო- | |“he/she/it rises/comes up” | ||
გადმო- | |- | ||
წამო- | |ჩამო- | ||
|down inside | |||
|ჩამოდის | |||
|“he/she/it arrives/comes down” | |||
|- | |||
|შემო- | |||
|from outside to inside | |||
|შემოდის | |||
|“he/she/it enters/comes in” | |||
|- | |||
|გამო- | |||
|from inside to outside | |||
|გამოდის | |||
|“he/she/it emerges/comes out” | |||
|- | |||
|გადმო- | |||
|over a barrier | |||
|გადმოდის | |||
|“he/she/it comes across/over” | |||
|- | |||
|წამო- | |||
|towards the I person | |||
|წამოვიდა | |||
|“he/she/it came over/out” | |||
|} | |||
== b) When preverbs produce new rows of conjugation in the I series, then they don’t show any direction. == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|ხატავს | |||
|“he/she/it paints” | |||
|დახატავს | |||
|“he/she/it will paint” | |||
|- | |||
|წერს | |||
|“he/she/it writes” | |||
|დაწერს | |||
|“he/she/it will write” No verbal direction is exposed here. | |||
|} | |||
== c) Preverbs don’t show direction while producing the perfective aspect. == | |||
'''Compare:''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| colspan="2" |Imperfective | |||
| colspan="2" |Perfective | |||
|- | |||
|ვხატე | |||
|“I was painting” | |||
|დავხატე | |||
|“I painted” | |||
|- | |||
|ვწერე | |||
|“I was writing” | |||
|დავწერე | |||
|“I wrote” | |||
|} | |||
d) Sometimes preverbs change the meaning of a word: | d) Sometimes preverbs change the meaning of a word: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|მოიგო | |||
|“he/she won [it]” (e.g. the game or money) | |||
|- | |||
|გაიგო | |||
|“he/she understood [it]” | |||
|- | |||
|წააგო | |||
|“he/she lost [it]” | |||
|- | |||
|მიხვდა | |||
|“he/she realized/understood [it]” | |||
|- | |||
|მოხვდა | |||
|“he/she got [it]” | |||
|- | |||
|შეხვდა | |||
|“he/she met [him/her/them]” | |||
|- | |||
|დახვდა | |||
|“he/she met (ran into) [it/him/her/them]” | |||
|} | |||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
http://eprints.iliauni.edu.ge/3071/1/Basic-Georgian%202%20bolo%20versia.pdf | http://eprints.iliauni.edu.ge/3071/1/Basic-Georgian%202%20bolo%20versia.pdf |
Revision as of 11:45, 30 September 2021
Preverbs and their functions in Georgian
a) Preverbs show the direction of a verbal act.
მი- | away (from the I person) | მიდის | “he/she/it goes” |
მო- | towards (to the I person) | მოდის | “he/she/it comes” |
ა- | up | ადის | “he/she/it rises/goes up” |
და- | down; sometimes an intensive act | დადის | “he/she/it walks”; “it goes down” (e.g. temperature) |
ჩა- | down inside | ჩადის | “he/she/it descends/goes down(hill)” |
შე- | from outside to inside | შედის | “he/she/it enters/goes in” |
გა- | from inside to outside | გადის | “he/she/it goes out” (e.g. from the house) |
გადა- | over a barrier | გადადის | “he/she/it crosses/goes over (something)” |
წა- | away | წავიდა | “he/she/it left/went away” |
All these preverbs show the direction away from the I person except “მო-”. They are simple preverbs, but they can have “მო-” added to become complex preverbs. By adding “მო-” the direction becomes orientated towards the I person. So, all complex preverbs show the direction to the I person.
ამო- | up | ამოდის | “he/she/it rises/comes up” |
ჩამო- | down inside | ჩამოდის | “he/she/it arrives/comes down” |
შემო- | from outside to inside | შემოდის | “he/she/it enters/comes in” |
გამო- | from inside to outside | გამოდის | “he/she/it emerges/comes out” |
გადმო- | over a barrier | გადმოდის | “he/she/it comes across/over” |
წამო- | towards the I person | წამოვიდა | “he/she/it came over/out” |
b) When preverbs produce new rows of conjugation in the I series, then they don’t show any direction.
ხატავს | “he/she/it paints” | დახატავს | “he/she/it will paint” |
წერს | “he/she/it writes” | დაწერს | “he/she/it will write” No verbal direction is exposed here. |
c) Preverbs don’t show direction while producing the perfective aspect.
Compare:
Imperfective | Perfective | ||
ვხატე | “I was painting” | დავხატე | “I painted” |
ვწერე | “I was writing” | დავწერე | “I wrote” |
d) Sometimes preverbs change the meaning of a word:
მოიგო | “he/she won [it]” (e.g. the game or money) |
გაიგო | “he/she understood [it]” |
წააგო | “he/she lost [it]” |
მიხვდა | “he/she realized/understood [it]” |
მოხვდა | “he/she got [it]” |
შეხვდა | “he/she met [him/her/them]” |
დახვდა | “he/she met (ran into) [it/him/her/them]” |
Sources
http://eprints.iliauni.edu.ge/3071/1/Basic-Georgian%202%20bolo%20versia.pdf