Language/Mandarin-chinese/Culture/Chronology-of-Historical-Events-in-China

China Timeline (1839-2012)

China, one of the world's oldest and most enduring civilizations, has a rich and complex history that spans millennia. The 173-year period from 1839 to 2012 saw significant events, transformations, and challenges that have shaped the modern Chinese nation we know today. From the Opium Wars to the rise of Communist China, and from the Cultural Revolution to the rapid economic growth of the 21st century, this article presents a comprehensive timeline of China's journey, highlighting key milestones and turning points. Join us as we delve into this fascinating historical odyssey, exploring the social, political, and economic forces that have forged a nation and left an indelible mark on the world stage.

Foreign occupations

1839-1842

First Opium War. The United Kingdom is carrying out large-scale military operations against the Chinese authorities, which fought against the illegal opium trade.

1842

August 29, signing of the Treaty of Nanking with the British, who receive Hong Kong  ; five ports - Canton, Shanghai, Amoy (now Xiamen), Ningbo and Fuzhou - are open to international trade. In the process, the dominant foreign powers (Germany, France, Russia, United States, etc.) impose so-called “  unequal  ” treaties : end of Chinese sovereignty over these areas and limitation of customs duties to 5  %. they protect their markets.

1850-1855

Series of uprisings: that of the Taiping, a religious movement fighting for equality and against the Manchu imperial power, in the province of Guangxi  ; those of the Nian, another egalitarian and anti-Manchu secret society, to the north  ; rebellions of Muslims in Yunnan, and the Triad in Shanghai.

1856-1858

Second Opium War. France, the United States and the United Kingdom impose the Treaty of Tianjin: eleven new free ports must be opened to Western trade.

1860

Capture of Beijing by a Franco-British expeditionary force in October (event known as the “  sack of the Summer Palace  ”). With the Treaty of Beijing, the British and the French shared concessions, districts of large cities such as Shanghai or Tianjin.

1861-1862

Revolt of the Muslims of Shaanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang, which will be "  pacified  " in 1878. Between 1853 and 1878, popular uprisings kill more than twenty million.

1894-1895

Sino-Japanese war over Korea. Japanese victory, and signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki in April 1895: China cedes Taiwan and the Penghu Islands.

1897-1899

Wave of annexations of strategic regions by foreign powers (Germany, United Kingdom, Russia, France). The "  hundred days reform  ", launched in June 1898 by the emperor, ended in failure. The Empress Dowager Cixi had the main reformers executed or forced into exile.

1900-1901

Boxer revolt, a millenarian and xenophobic movement, who occupy Beijing and besiege the Western embassies. After the intervention of an international expeditionary force (English, American, German, Austrian, Italian, French, Russian, Japanese), the intervening powers impose the stationing of foreign troops and the payment of heavy financial compensation.

1904-1905

War between Russia and Japan for Manchuria as a stake, won by the Japanese Empire.

1910

Annexation of Korea by Japan. Northeast China is divided between Russian influence and Japanese influence.

1911

Revolutionary unrest in Wuchang (Hubei province), and formation of a provisional government in Nanjing. Outer Mongolia is emancipating itself.

1912

On January 1, Sun Yat-sen, founder of the Sworn League and then of the Guomindang, proclaims the Chinese republic in Nanjing. After the abdication of Emperor Puyi on February 12, he ceded power to Yuan Shikai, who dissolved Parliament.

1916

Sudden death of Yuan Shikai. Beginning of the so-called "  warlords  " period, which will last until 1927.

Fratricidal war

1919

On May 4, young intellectuals demonstrated in Beijing to protest against the allocation to the Japanese, by virtue of the Treaty of Versailles, of German possessions in the province of Shandong. The movement, both patriotic and social, spread to large cities.

1921

Founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Shanghai on July 1. Chen Duxiu, one of the leaders of the May 4 movement, was elected secretary general. Sun Yat-sen forms a nationalist government in Canton.

1925

Death of Sun Yat-sen. Tchang Kaï-chek succeeds him to the Guomindang. Allied with the Communists since 1924, he took the lead of the “  Northern Expedition  ” (Beifa) in 1926.

1927

Nationalist troops massacre Communists and trade unionists in Shanghai in April. Communist uprising in Nanchang (Jiangxi) on August 1. Birth of the Red Army.

1928

Tchang Kai-shek creates a nationalist government in Nanjing on October 10.

1931

Japan invades Manchuria in September. On November 7, Mao Zedong founded the Chinese Socialist Republic of Jiangxi.

1932-1933

The Japanese army occupies the part of Shanghai under Chinese administration (January-March). Puyi, who had abdicated in February 1912, was proclaimed Emperor of Manchuria on March 9. Tokyo leaves the League of Nations (League of Nations) on March 27, 1933.

1934

To escape the fifth extermination campaign launched by Tchang Kaï-shek, the Communists began the Long March to Shaanxi in October. Eight thousand men - out of nearly a hundred thousand - will arrive at their destination a year later.

1935

Mao Zedong becomes chairman of the CCP.

1937

The CCP and the Guomindang end the civil war on February 10 to fight together against the Japanese. The latter took Nanjing in December and massacred between one hundred and fifty thousand and two hundred thousand people.

1938

Wuhan and Canton fall into the hands of Japan. The Chinese government takes refuge in Chongqing (Sichuan).

1940

Formation of a pro-Japanese government in Nanjing on March 20.

1941

Tchang Kaï-shek's troops attack one of the main communist armies in Anhui and kill its leaders. Japan enters the war against the United States (attack on Pearl Harbor).

1942-1943

The famine raging in Henan kills more than two million.

1945.

Japanese surrender on August 15. After the failure of negotiations between Mao Zedong and Tchang Kaï-shek, the civil war resumed in July 1946.

1949

Proclamation of the People's Republic of China (PRC), October 1. Mao Zedong, already at the head of the CCP, becomes president of the state. The nationalist government of Tchang Kaï-shek takes refuge in Taiwan.

The ravages of the Cultural Revolution

1950

Signing of the treaty of friendship, alliance and mutual assistance Sino-Soviet on February 14 in Moscow. The Korean War begins on June 25. China is sending 700,000 volunteers there in October.

1951

Law of February 21 on the punishment of "  counter-revolutionaries  ", and start of the campaign for their elimination, known as "  red terror  ".

1953

End of the Korean War in July. Launch of the first Five-Year Plan, which favors intensive industrialization, on the Soviet model.

1954

The Geneva conference, in which China participates, ends the Indochina war in April. In September, the First National People's Congress adopted the first Constitution of the People's Republic of China.

1955

Bandung (non-aligned) conference in Indonesia (April 18-24). Mao Zedong accelerates agricultural collectivization.

1956

Nationalization of industrial and commercial enterprises in large cities. The CCP is gradually distancing itself from Moscow, after the XXth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), which denounces the crimes of Joseph Stalin.

1957

In March, launch of the Hundred Flowers campaign, which marks the opening to intellectual debate. In June, the People's Daily launches an "  anti-rightist  " campaign that puts an end to it.

1958

Beginning of the Great Leap Forward after the Second Session of the 8th CPC Congress in May. Establishment of popular communes, and suppression of individual property. The destabilization of the agricultural and industrial systems led to the onset of famine.

1959

The insurgency in Tibet is crushed by the Chinese army, and leads to the flight of the Dalai Lama in India. Liu Shaoqi becomes President of the Republic in April.

1960

Beginning of the Sino-Soviet rupture in July, which will be effective in 1963-1964. The famine ravaging the country has left tens of millions of people dead in three years.

1962

The CCP admits the failure of the Great Leap Forward, and gives priority to gradually decollectivized agriculture. Sino-Indian conflict over the borders in the Himalayas (October-November), which leads to the defeat of India.

1964

Recognition of People's China by France. Chinese first nuclear test (A bomb).

1966

Beginning, in May, of the "  great proletarian cultural revolution  ", which relies on the Red Guards, from urban youth. It results in a hunt for intellectuals and everything that can be qualified as "  bourgeois  ".

1968

Repression against the Red Guards. Between 16 and 20 million young people are sent to the countryside.

1969

Meeting of the Ninth CPC Congress, in April, which reaffirms the leading role of Mao Zedong and appoints Lin Biao, one of the promoters of the Cultural Revolution, as Mao Zedong's official successor. Sino-Soviet skirmishes on the Ussuri River.

Openness and repression

1971

On October 25, China was admitted to the UN, replacing Taiwan, and became a permanent member of the Security Council. Lin Biao, accused of conspiring against Mao Zedong, dies in a plane crash.

1972

Visit of US President Richard Nixon (February 21-28). The United States recognizes that Taiwan is part of China (Shanghai press release). Restoration of diplomatic relations with Japan.

1973

Rehabilitation of leaders dismissed during the Cultural Revolution. Deng Xiaoping returns to his seat on the CPC Central Committee.

1975

Zhou Enlai announces the "  four modernizations  " program, which aims to emerge from the disaster of the Cultural Revolution. Deng Xiaoping is appointed vice chairman of the CCP. Death of Tchang Kaï-shek in Taiwan. His son Chiang Chin-kuo succeeded him.

1976

Zhou Enlai died on January 8. Popular demonstrations in his honor in Tiananmen Square on April 4 and 5. Deng Xiaoping replaced by Hua Guofeng on April 7.

Death of Mao Zedong, September 9. Arrest in October of the "  gang of four  ", including Jiang Qing, the widow of Mao, pillar of the Cultural Revolution.

1977

Return to power of Deng Xiaoping after the 11th CCP Congress, under pressure from the army. The CCP officially proclaims the end of the Cultural Revolution in August.

1978

Appearance of the first protest posters ( dazibao ) on the Democracy wall in Beijing. During the plenum of the Central Committee in December, Deng Xiaoping won the victory over Hua Guofeng, and launched economic and social reforms.

1979

Military offensive in Vietnam. The so-called “  Beijing Spring ” democracy movement  , which began in 1978, was severely repressed in March. Creation of the first special economic zones (SEZs), which opened up China to foreign companies.

1980

Zhao Ziyang becomes prime minister (in September). Opening of the trial of the "  gang of four  ".

1982

Promulgation of the fourth Constitution since 1949. Hu Yaobang becomes secretary general of the CCP.

1984

Sino-British agreement on the handover of Hong Kong to China. Deng Xiaoping relaunches economic reform.

1985

Liberalization of food prices in cities. A five-year trade treaty, signed in July, seals reconciliation between China and the USSR.

1986

Hu Yaobang, secretary general of the CCP, advocates the liberation of thought and the implementation of political reforms. Student demonstrations in favor of democracy in Shanghai, Nanking and Beijing.

1987

Deng Xiaoping condemns the protests. Hu Yaobang is replaced by Zhao Ziyang  ; A wave of repression followed in academia. Li Peng becomes prime minister in November. Uprisings in Tibet, which will continue in 1988 and 1989.

1989

Death of Hu Yaobang, in April, which provokes student and worker protests in Beijing. Deng Xiaoping unleashes the repression: on the night of June 3 to 4, the army fires on the crowd gathered in Tiananmen Square, killing between 1,500 and 3,000. Zhao Ziyang, considered too conciliatory, is replaced by the conservative Jiang Zemin.

Post-Tiananmen

1989

Death of Hu Yaobang, in April, which provokes student and worker protests in Beijing. Deng Xiaoping launched the crackdown: on the night of June 3-4, the army fired on the crowd gathered in Tiananmen Square, killing between 1,500 and 3,000 people. Zhao Ziyang, considered too conciliatory, is replaced by the conservative Jiang Zemin.

1992

During a trip to the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone in January-February, Deng Xiaoping relaunched the reforms. He won the 14th CPC Congress in October.

1993

The new concept of “  socialist market economy  ” entered the Constitution. Violent riots in the countryside throughout the year.

1996

In Taiwan, the President of the Republic is elected by universal suffrage, while from the summer Beijing carries out missile tests in the strait - which causes a crisis with the United States (March 18-25) .

1997

Death of Deng Xiaoping on February 19. Jiang Zemin emerges as the country's new strongman after the 15th Party Congress. The British surrendered Hong Kong on July 1.

1998

Mr. Zhu Rongji becomes prime minister in March. He promises reforms as East Asia is hit by a serious financial crisis from which China is emerging relatively unscathed.

1999

One hundred thousand Falun Gong cultists demonstrate in front of the government building in Beijing (April 25). Bombing, in May, of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade by NATO, which Beijing had denounced the intervention in Kosovo. The Portuguese surrender Macao on December 20.

2000

Mr. Chen Shui-bian, a pro-independence activist, becomes president of Taiwan in March. Violent peasant riots broke out in July in southern China.

2001

Diplomatic crisis with the United States, in April, after the collision between an American spy plane and a Chinese fighter. Revelation of the case of contaminated blood in the province of Henan, ravaged by AIDS. China joins the World Trade Organization (WTO) on December 11.

2002

Mr. Hu Jintao becomes secretary general of the CPC at the 16th party congress in November. Major protests by laid-off workers in northeast China.

2003

Mr. Hu Jintao succeeded Mr. Jiang Zemin, who remains chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission, in March. Mr. Wen Jiabao replaces Mr. Zhu Rongji as Premier. In July, protests in Hong Kong against an anti-subversion bill, which was finally abandoned in September. China's first manned space flight on October 15.

2004

The notion of private property enters the Constitution in March. Mr. Hu Jintao takes the head of the Central Military Commission of the CCP in place of Mr. Jiang Zemin: he now has all the powers. Taiwanese President Mr. Chen Shui-bian was re-elected in May.

2005

Death of Zhao Ziyang, in January. Adoption on March 14 of an anti-secession law against Taiwan. First joint military exercises with Russia in August. Second Chinese manned space flight (October 12-17).

Triumphant march

2006

On May 20, inauguration of the Three Gorges dam on the Yangzi River, after twelve years of work. November: first China-Africa summit in Beijing, in the presence of forty-eight African states. The Chinese market is open to foreign banks in December.

2007

On January 11, China destroyed an old weather satellite in orbit with a ballistic missile. April 12: Mr. Wen Jiabao is the first Chinese leader to speak in the Japanese Parliament for twenty-two years. June 29: new law on employment contracts, after the discovery of "  slave workers  " in brickyards in Shanxi and Henan. July: China becomes the third largest economic power in the world, behind Japan and the United States.

2008

March: riots in Tibet (officially one hundred dead). On May 12, an earthquake in Sichuan left 70,000 victims and 5 million homeless. On June 12, Sino-Taiwanese talks resumed ten years earlier. June 18: Sino-Japanese agreement on joint gas exploitation in the East China Sea. Signature of a Sino-Russian treaty fixing the final route of the common border (4,300 km). Beijing hosts the Olympics from August 8 to 24. First spacewalk by a Chinese taikonaut (September 27). A stimulus plan of 455 billion euros was adopted in November.

2009

On January 28, Mr. Wen Jiabao calls for a "  new world economic order  " to deal with the financial crisis. Diplomatic incident, March 8, between Beijing and Washington after the entry of an American spy vessel in the South China Sea. At the end of March, on the eve of the G20 in London, the governor of the central bank vilifies the exorbitant weight of the dollar and proposes to use the special drawing rights (SDR). In July, inter-ethnic clashes between Muslim Uighurs and the Hans in Urumqi, then in the rest of Xinjiang, left nearly two hundred dead.

2010

On March 23, Google moved its services from Mainland China to Hong Kong to bypass censorship. May 1 - October 31: The Shanghai World Expo receives 73 million visitors. On June 7, Foxconn, the subcontractor of Apple, Microsoft, HP, etc., raises wages by 30  % (then 70  % in October) after a series of suicides among employees at the Shenzhen plant . September: Sino-Japanese clash in the disputed area of ​​the Senkaku Islands, in the East China Sea.

2011

On January 20, President Hu Jintao paid an official visit to . February 14: ranks second in the world economy. May-June: maritime tensions between Vietnamese and Chinese. September-December: the inhabitants of Wukan () launch a protest movement against expropriation and corruption. They get compensation, the departure of local leaders and elections. On December 16, the government announced the end of anonymity on Chinese microblogs.

2012

March 4: increase in the military budget for 2012 (+ 11  %), after an increase of 12.7  % in 2011. On March 15, Mr. Bo Xilai, party leader of the megalopolis of Chongqing and presented as neo-Daoist, is dismissed of its functions. March 25: Mr. Leung Chun-ying is elected by large voters at the head of the government of the territory. 

Sources

• https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/mav/123/PIRONET/47740

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