Language/Halh-mongolian/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation

Mongolian Alphabets

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➡ In today's lesson you will learn the Mogolian Alphabets and their pronounciation.

Happy learning!

As you wrap up this lesson, don't miss the chance to check out these topics: mongolian Vocabulary.

Alphabets

History

A traditional Mongolian script that appeared between the ninth and tenth century and is based on the Uighur alphabet. Became official from the 12th century, then developed in 1648 by Zaya Bandida under a new name "tod" or "clear" writing in order to find a solution for letters which could have more than two possible tones.

A new alphabet called tod, or "clear writing," was developed in 1648 by and offered a variation on the Uighur script. This alphabet aims to structure one of the problems of Mongolian writing. Because a letter could have two or more possible tones. It was not until 1946 that the Mongolian language definitively and officially adopted the Cyrillic script.

Two alphabets are used in the Mongolian language. The first is Cyrillic and the other is in the traditional Mongolian alphabet. The former is used for the Khalka dialect of Mongolian, while the latter is used in Inner Mongolian.

Cyrillic

Letter	Name	IPA
А а	а	a
Б б	бэ	p, pʲ
В в	вэ	w̜, w̜ʲ
Г г	гэ	ɡ, ɡʲ, ɢ
Д д	дэ	t, tʲ
Е е	е	ji~jɵ
Ё ё	ё	jɔ
Ж ж	жэ	tʃ
З з	зэ	ts
И и	и	i
Й й	хагас и	i
К к	ка	kʰ, kʲʰ, x, xʲ
Л л	эл	ɮ, ɮʲ
М м	эм	m, mʲ
Н н	эн	n, nʲ, ŋ
О о	о	ɔ
Ө ө	ө	ɵ~o
П п	пэ	pʰ, pʰʲ
Р р	эр	r, rʲ
С с	эс	s
Т т	тэ	tʰ, tʰʲ
У у	у	ʊ
Ү ү	ү	u
Ф ф	фэ, фа, эф	f, pʰ
Х х	хэ, ха	x, xʲ
Ц ц	цэ	tsʰ
Ч ч	чэ	tʃʰ
Ш ш	ша, эш	ʃ
Щ щ	ща, эшчэ	(ʃt͡ʃ)
Ъ ъ	хатуугийн тэмдэг
Ы ы	эр үгийн ы	i
Ь ь	зөөлний тэмдэг	ʲ
Э э	э	e~i
Ю ю	ю	jʊ, ju
Я я	я	ja

Traditional Monglolian Alphabet (Native Mongolian)

Trans-literation		International Phonetic Alphabet		Contextual forms			Letters
Latin	Cyrillic	Khalkha	Chakhar	Final	Medial	Initial
a	а	/a/	/ɑ/	᠊ᠠ	᠊ᠠ᠊	ᠠ᠊	ᠠ
e	э	/ə/		᠊ᠡ	᠊ᠡ᠊	ᠡ᠊	ᠡ
i	и	/i/	/i/ or /ɪ/	᠊ᠢ	᠊ᠢ᠊	ᠢ᠊	ᠢ
o	о	/ɔ/		᠊ᠣ	᠊ᠣ᠊	ᠣ᠊	ᠣ
u	у	/ʊ/		᠊ᠤ	‍᠊ᠤ᠊	ᠤ᠊	ᠤ
ö	ө	/ɵ/	/o/	᠊ᠥ	᠊ᠥ᠊	ᠥ᠊	ᠥ
ü	ү	/u/		᠊ᠦ	᠊ᠦ᠊	ᠦ᠊	ᠦ
n	н	/n/		᠊ᠨ	᠊ᠨ᠊	ᠨ᠊	ᠨ
ng	нг	/ŋ/		᠊ᠩ	᠊ᠩ᠊	ᠩ᠊	ᠩ
b	б	/p/ and /w/	/b/	᠊ᠪ	᠊ᠪ᠊	ᠪ᠊	ᠪ
p	п	/pʰ/	/p/	᠊ᠫ	᠊ᠫ᠊	ᠫ᠊	ᠫ
q	х	/x/		᠊ᠬ	᠊ᠬ᠊	ᠬ᠊	ᠬ
γ	г	/ɢ/	/ɣ/	᠊ᠭ	᠊ᠭ᠊	ᠭ᠊	ᠭ
m	м	/m/		᠊ᠮ	᠊ᠮ᠊	ᠮ᠊	ᠮ
l	л	/ɮ/	/l/	᠊ᠯ	᠊ᠯ᠊	ᠯ᠊	ᠯ
s	с	/s/ or /ʃ/ before i		᠊ᠰ	᠊ᠰ᠊	ᠰ᠊	ᠰ
š	ш	/ʃ/		᠊ᠱ	᠊ᠱ᠊	ᠱ᠊	ᠱ
t	т	/t/		᠊ᠲ	᠊ᠲ᠊	ᠲ᠊	ᠲ
d	д	/t/ and /tʰ/	/d/	᠊ᠳ	᠊ᠳ᠊	ᠳ᠊	ᠳ
č	ч	/t͡ʃʰ/ and /t͡sʰ/	/t͡ʃ/	᠊ᠴ	᠊ᠴ᠊	ᠴ᠊	ᠴ
ǰ	ж	/d͡ʒ/ and d͡z	/d͡ʒ/	᠊ᠵ	᠊ᠵ᠊	ᠵ᠊	ᠵ
y	й	/j/		᠊ᠶ	᠊ᠶ᠊	ᠶ᠊	ᠶ
r	р	/r/		᠊ᠷ	᠊ᠷ᠊	ᠷ᠊	ᠷ

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Sources

• https://www.tradlibre.fr/histoire/histoire-de-la-langue-mongole