Language/Algerian-arabic/Culture/Algeria-Timeline

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Historical Timeline for Algeria - A chronology of key events
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Algeria-Timeline-PolyglotClub.jpg


Algeria Timeline[edit | edit source]

Date Event

The conquest[edit | edit source]

3rd century BC. AD Massinissa unites the Numidian (Berber) kingdoms of the Massyles and the Massaesyles and makes Cirta (Constantine) its capital.
112-105 BC J. C. Rebellion of Jughurta, grandson of Massinissa, against Rome.
347 The insurgent Berber tribes allied with the Donatists, a Christian sect opposed to Rome.
354 Birth of Saint Augustine in Thagaste (Souk Ahras), in northeastern Algeria.
439-533 The Vandals rule over the Roman Maghreb.
533 Byzantine domination.
711 The Arabs are masters of the whole of the Maghreb, which becomes an Umayyad province. The populations convert to Islam.
742 Kharijite revolt against the central power.
911 Destruction of the Berber kingdom of Tahert (Oran region) by the Fatimid armies.
1453 Capture of Constantinople by the Ottomans.
1587 Algeria becomes a regency dependent on the Ottoman Empire.
1804-1827 Tribal and brotherhood uprisings across Algeria.
1827 On April 29, following a dispute over an unpaid French debt, the dey of Algiers summons the French consul. Franco-Algerian diplomatic crisis.
1830 French troops land at Siddi-Ferruch on June 14. After the capture of Algiers, on July 5, the dey Hussein Khodja signed the capitulation.
1832 In November, Emir Abd El-Kader proclaims jihad against the French.
1837 France recognizes by the Treaty of Tafna, signed on May 30, the sovereignty of Abd El-Kader over two thirds of Algeria. However, it retains several “  possessions  ”, including Algiers, Blida and Oran. On October 13, French troops seized Constantine.
1843 Capture of the smalah of Abd El-Kader by the Duke of Aumale, in May, and massacres of civilian populations by the French.
1844 French victory at the Battle of Isly, near Oujda, August 14.
1847 Abd El-Kader surrenders on December 23.
1848 Algeria is officially proclaimed “  French territory  ” on November 12th.

Francization[edit | edit source]

1850-1870 Insurrections in Aurès and Kabylia, repressed in the blood. Famine ravaged Algeria between 1866 and 1868.
1870 The Crémieux decree, promulgated on October 24, grants French nationality to the Jews of Algeria.
1871 Beginning of the Kabyle revolt of the Mokrani brothers, in March, against land confiscation projects. Mokrani was killed on May 5. Almost 500,000 hectares of land were confiscated and allocated to settlers.
1881 Jules Ferry had the code of the native population adopted in June, which established a special legal regime for Algerians of Muslim faith. Algeria is fully integrated into France by the "  system of attachments  ".
1889 The law of June 26 grants French nationality to all descendants of Europeans present in Algeria, but not to Muslims.
1912 Muslims are required to perform military service under decrees promulgated in January.
1914-1918 Of the 173,000 soldiers called up and hired from Algeria, 25,000 Algerian Muslims and 22,000 Europeans were killed during the First World War.
1916 Uprisings in the Constantine region.
1926 Creation, on June 20 in Paris, of the North African Star (ENA), of which Ahmed Messali (Messali Hadj) is elected secretary general. The movement, which called for ''"  independence for North Africa  ",'' was banned in 1929.
1927 Birth of the Association of North African Muslim Students (AEMNA), chaired by Ferhat Abbas.
1933 Messali Hadj reconstitutes the North African Star, which will be dissolved again in 1937 by the Popular Front government.
1936 In November, the Blum-Viollette project on the granting of full French citizenship to an elite of 21,000 Muslim Algerians was refused by the settlers and by the separatists.
1937 Messali Hadj creates on March 11, in Algiers, the Algerian People's Party (PPA).
1939 In September, the PPA is dissolved, and its main leaders are arrested.
1940 The Crémieux decree was abolished by the Vichy regime in October.
1942 Allied landing in Algiers.
1943 In May, Ferhat Abbas presents the ''Manifesto of the Algerian People,'' which demands total equality between Muslims and Europeans in Algeria. The text was rejected by the French Committee for National Liberation (CFLN), formed in Algiers on June 3. In De
1944 On March 7, de Gaulle signs an ordinance which abolishes the code of nativity and grants French citizenship to 65,000 Algerians.

The war[edit | edit source]

1945 On May 8, the repression of insurrectional riots in which a hundred Europeans were killed caused several thousand deaths (between 15,000 and 45,000 according to estimates) among Algerians in the regions of Sétif, Guelma and Kherrata. .
1946 Ferhat Abbas founded the Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto (UDMA) in May, and Messali Hadj the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Freedoms (MTLD) in October.
1954 In April, a group of PPA militants determined to join the armed struggle by constituting a common front created the Revolutionary Committee for Unity and Action (CRUA), transformed into the National Liberation Front (FLN) on the 1st. November: start of th
1955 The French Parliament votes for a state of emergency in April. On August 20, thousands of peasants in the Constantine region rose up. Debates at the United Nations (September 27-30) on the “  Algerian question  ”.
1956 On March 16, the National Assembly grants special powers to the government of Guy Mollet. The first FLN congress, in the Soummam valley in August, led to the creation of the National Committee of the Algerian Revolution (CNRA). At the end of the year, the
1957 January-October: Battle of Algiers. The French army generalizes the use of torture.
1958 On May 13, the army seizes power in Algeria and creates the Committee of Public Safety, headed by General Massu. On June 1, in Paris, General de Gaulle was invested as President of the Council (Prime Minister). The Provisional Government of the Algerian R
1959 De Gaulle recognizes, during a speech delivered on September 16, the right to self-determination of Algerians by way of referendum.
1960 “  Week of the barricades  ” in Algiers: on January 24, settlers led by Pierre Lagaillarde call for the uprising of Europeans on behalf of French Algeria. They surrender on February 1. On September 5, the trial of the FLN aid network led by Francis Jeanso

Independence[edit | edit source]

1961 On January 8, the referendum on the policy of self-determination sees a great success of the “  yes  ”, in France as in Algeria. In February, European activists form the Secret Armed Organization (OAS). Failure of the "  generals ' putsch  " in April. On
1962 On February 8, in Paris, the police force a rally against the OAS, killing nine French people. The funeral of the victims on the 13th brought together half a million demonstrators. The signing of the Evian accords on March 18 was followed by a ceasefire.
1963 The Constitution is adopted by referendum on September 8. Establishment of a one-party regime. Mr. Ben Bella was elected President of the Republic on September 15. Hocine Aït Ahmed created the Front des forces socialistes (FFS) a few days later and entere
1964 The French troops withdraw from Algeria in June, but remain present in Mers El-Kébir and in the Sahara.
1965 Colonel Boumediène overthrows Mr. Ben Bella on June 19. The Constitution is repealed in July.
1966 Nationalization of mines and foreign insurance companies in May. Signature of cooperation agreements with France.
1967 The French army leaves the bases of Reggane and Bechar in May. In June, Algeria severed diplomatic relations with the United States following the six-day war between Israel and the Arab armies. Aborted coup against Boumediène in December.
1968 The French evacuate the base at Mers El-Kébir in January.
1971 Nationalization of hydrocarbons on February 24: the State acquires 51  % of the assets of French oil companies present in Algeria. In November, the government launched the “  agrarian revolution  ” and the “  socialist management of enterprises  ” (GSE).
1973 The fourth summit of non-aligned countries is held in Algiers in September.
1974 In a speech delivered to the United Nations in April, Boumediène advocates the establishment of a new international economic order.
1975 Visit by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in April, the first by a French president since independence.
1976 The National Charter is approved on June 27 by referendum and the Constitution on November 27. Boumediène, the only candidate in the running, was elected president in December.

Islamism[edit | edit source]

1978 Death of Boumediène on December 27.
1979 Colonel Chadli Bendjedid is elected president on February 7.
1980 “  Berber Spring  ”: riots throughout Kabylia, in April, for the recognition of Berber culture.
1981 François Mitterrand, who goes to Algiers in November, proposes that Franco-Algerian relations be ''"  a symbol of new relations between North and South  "'' . Three months later, the two countries sign a gas agreement.
1983 Visit of President Chadli to Paris in November, the first by an Algerian head of state since independence.
1984 Mr. Bendjedid is re-elected on January 12. Adoption in June of the “  personal and family status code  ”.
1986 Student demonstrations in Sétif and Constantine in November.
1988 Violent riots in Algiers and the rest of the country, from October 4 to 10, claim several hundred victims (600 dead according to an unofficial report). The state of siege is declared. Mr Bendjedid was re-elected in December after promising political and e
1989 A new Constitution, which opens the way to a multiparty system, is adopted by referendum on February 23. The Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), created on February 18 and led by Abassi Madani and Ali Belhadj, was legalized in September.
1990 The FIS wins a large victory in the municipal and regional elections of June 12, the first free ballot since independence. General Khaled Nezzar was appointed Minister of Defense in July.
1991 On May 23, the FIS calls for an indefinite strike. Clashes between security forces and FIS activists claim dozens of deaths. Prime Minister Mouloud Hamrouche, who resigned, was replaced by Sid Ahmed Ghozali on June 5. The elections are postponed. Abassi M
1992 President Bendjedid, suspected of complacency towards the FIS, was forced to resign on January 11 and replaced on January 14 by a High Committee of State (HCE), headed by Mohamed Boudiaf. The second round of elections is canceled. The ensuing violence kil
1993 The state of emergency is extended indefinitely on February 7. An estimated 15,000 people are killed in one year.

Reconciliation[edit | edit source]

1994 General Liamine Zeroual is appointed to command of the State on January 30 by the HCE. Appearance of Islamic Armed Groups (GIA), from which the ex-FIS stands out.
1995 On January 13, the main opposition groups, including Islamists, sign a “  national contract ” in Rome  calling in particular for an end to the violence. Power rejects the text. General Zeroual won the presidential election in the first round, on November
1996 The constitutional reform strengthening the powers of the President of the Republic and banning religious and regionalist parties is approved by referendum on November 13, with more than 85  % of the vote.
1997 On September 24, the Islamic Salvation Army (AIS), the armed wing of the ex-FIS and opposed to the GIA, announces a truce from October 1. On October 23, after winning the legislative elections in June, Mr. Zeroual's National Democratic Rally (RND) won mor
1998 In September, Mr. Zeroual announced his desire to resign and the holding of an early presidential election.
1999 On April 15, Mr. Abdelaziz Bouteflika wins the presidential election with 73.8  % of the vote. The opposition denounces massive fraud. On June 6, the AIS proclaimed the final cessation of its operations. On August 18, the Algerian Movement of Free Officer
2000 Mr. Bouteflika instructs Mr. Ali Benflis to form a new government on August 26.
2001 Bloody riots in Kabylia, in April, after the death of a high school student in a gendarmerie. Important demonstrations take place in Tizi-Ouzou and Algiers. On October 3, the government presented a reform project aimed at formalizing the Berber language (
2002 On April 8, Tamazight is recognized as a national - but not official - language by Parliament. The FLN won the legislative elections of May 30, boycotted by the Kabyle parties.
2003 Mr. Ahmed Ouyahia replaces Mr. Benflis as head of government in May. Mr. Madani, released in July with Mr. Belhadj, calls for an end to the armed struggle on August 25.
2004 Mr. Bouteflika obtains 85  % of the votes in the presidential election of April 8. The government signs a strategic partnership agreement with France in July.
2005 The draft “  Charter for peace and national reconciliation  ” is approved by referendum on September 29, with more than 97  % of the votes. The toll of thirteen years of violence is 150,000 dead and thousands missing. 

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