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  • Development of a Sildenafil Citrate Microemulsion-Loaded Hydrog

  • The paper that is critical analysed and evaluated further on in this document is about Development of a Sildenafil Citrate Microemulsion-Loaded Hydrogel as a Potential System for Drug Delivery to the Penis and Its Cellular Metabolic Mechanism.
  • The discovery of Sildenafil began in 1980 through a research programme developed by Pfizer in Sandwich in the United Kingdom (A.
  • Ghofrani et al. 2006).
  • In the same place, several vasodilators were discovered, for example, prazosin (Minipress), doxazosin (Cardura) and amlodipine (Norvasc).
  • After exploring PDE5 as a target for several cardiovascular disorders, mainly hypertension and Angina, (K. Terrett, S.
    • Bell, Brown and Ellis, 1998), they discovered that PDE5 was the dominant hydrolysis pre-enzyme in the cytosolic fraction of the cavernous human body and suggested that one of its synthesised inhibitors, Sildenafil, which is a potent, selective inhibitor PDE5 may be useful as an oral medicine in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
    • Sildenafil Citrate is known as a PDE5 enzyme-inhibiting drug.
    • PDE5 is responsible for the degradation of cGMP in the cavernous body of the penis.
    • The molecular structure of Sildenafil is very similar to cGMP, this ends up causing a mechanism of competition for PDE5.
    • Sildenafil then binds to PDE5, which causes cGMP to circulate more. cGMP induces several reactions that cause a decrease in the amount of intracellular calcium and promote smooth muscle relaxation and improvement in blood flow and, consequently, penile erection.
    • They said in the article that oral sildenafil has low availability and many side effects, for this reason, the authors and researchers have formulated a hydrogel microemulsion system to administer sildenafil transdermally.
    • According Smith II et al., 2013, adverse effects most often reported with the use of PDE5 medications are: headache, flushing, dyspepsia, nasal congestion, visual disturbance and myalgia.
  • Visual disturbances are almost exclusively associated with sildenafil, and back pain with tadalafil.
    • In the same article, the authors say that sildenafil is only available in the form of pills and that some studies show that PDE-inhibiting drugs can be administered topically.
    • One of the important aspects in pharmaceutical technology is the existence of the interaction of drugs with interfaces of supramolecular aggregates in compounds that are amphiphilic.
    • This aspect is relevant due to the biological changes that take place in the presence of these compounds in pharmaceutical formulas.
  • For Baek and Cho, 2015 there are few studies done in the area of transdermal delivery system (TDDS).
    • TDDS is an attractive alternative to traditional oral and hypodermic delivery, as it overcomes the limitation of first-pass hepatic metabolism found by oral administration and has many advantages, such as safe, painless and easy to use, in contrast to intravenous injection.
    • With this in mind, the authors of the article formulated a microemulsion using isopropyl myristate, tween 80, PEG400, and water (30: 20: 40: 10) with 2% hydrogel w / w poloxamer 188.
    • This would be a good alternative to oral administration.
    • What attracted the researchers was the many advantages of micro emulsions such as thermodynamic stability, spontaneous formation, greater availability, appearance, penetration through biological membranes.
    • They wanted to test different formulations for the microemulsion system and see which would be the most suitable in terms of solubility, spreadability, concentration, permeability, toxicity and other variants.
    • Delivery of drugs directly to the penis in a controlled manner would be a good option for men who cannot for some reason use oral medications, such as men who have many adverse effects.
    • The authors also took into account the fact that topical therapy in comparison with systemic therapy is less effective, which is an important limitation, especially in more severe cases.
    • In the article evaluated in this dissertation, the researchers used a system of transdermal delivery system.
    • It was made and analysed in the following steps: visual inspection, particle size, pH, spread ability, cell membrane permeability, sildenafil drug content and viscosity.
    • It is very important to have knowledge about the mechanism of action of sildenafil to understand how to evaluate drug efficacy or how to develop formulations systems.
    • In my personal opinion, the idea of develop a Sildenafil Micro emulsion is very good idea because in the market there is not transdermal formulation of sildenafil till date and has a good potency because take ral medicine brings different types of adverse effects, allergic reactions or interactions with other medications or long-term adverse effects., also, topic medicines have a lot advantages if we compare it with oral medicine, like I already wrote about above.
    • A micro emulsion is easy to apply and easy to the patients understand how to administer it by themselves, besides being a way to administer a drug in a contr

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  • 句子 1
    • The paper that is critical analysed and evaluated further on in this document is about Development of a Sildenafil Citrate Microemulsion-Loaded Hydrogel as a Potential System for Drug Delivery to the Penis and Its Cellular Metabolic Mechanism.
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    • The discovery of Sildenafil began in 1980 through a research programme developed by Pfizer in Sandwich in the United Kingdom (A.
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    • In the same place, several vasodilators were discovered, for example, prazosin (Minipress), doxazosin (Cardura) and amlodipine (Norvasc).
      赶紧投票吧!
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    • Bell, Brown and Ellis, 1998), they discovered that PDE5 was the dominant hydrolysis pre-enzyme in the cytosolic fraction of the cavernous human body and suggested that one of its synthesised inhibitors, Sildenafil, which is a potent, selective inhibitor PDE5 may be useful as an oral medicine in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
      赶紧投票吧!
    • Bell, Brown and Ellis, 1998), theyit was discovered that PDE5 was the dominant hydrolysis pre-enzyme in the cytosolic fraction of the cavernous human body and suggested that one of its synthesised inhibitors, Sildenafil, which is a potent, selective inhibitor PDE5 mayight be useful as an oral medicineation in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 6增加一條新的校正! - 句子 6
  • 句子 7
  • 句子 8
  • 句子 9
  • 句子 10
    • Sildenafil then binds to PDE5, which causes cGMP to circulate more. cGMP induces several reactions that cause a decrease in the amount of intracellular calcium and promote smooth muscle relaxation and improvement in blood flow and, consequently, penile erection.
      赶紧投票吧!
    • Sildenafil then binds to PDE5, which in turn causes cGMP to further circulate more. cGMP induces several reactions that cause a decrease in the amount of intracellular calcium and promote smooth muscle relaxation and, improvement in blood flow and, consequently, penile erection.
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 10增加一條新的校正! - 句子 10
  • 句子 11
    • They said in the article that oral sildenafil has low availability and many side effects, for this reason, the authors and researchers have formulated a hydrogel microemulsion system to administer sildenafil transdermally.
      赶紧投票吧!
    • They said in the article stated that oral sildenafil has low availability and many side effects, f. For this reason, the authors and researchers have formulated a hydrogel microemulsion system to administer sildenafil transdermally.
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 11增加一條新的校正! - 句子 11
  • 句子 12
    • According Smith II et al., 2013, adverse effects most often reported with the use of PDE5 medications are: headache, flushing, dyspepsia, nasal congestion, visual disturbance and myalgia.
      赶紧投票吧!
    • According Smith II et al., 2013, adverse side effects most often reported with then useing of PDE5 medications are: headache, flushing, dyspepsia, nasal congestion, visual disturbance and myalgia.
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 12增加一條新的校正! - 句子 12
  • 句子 13
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    • In the same article, the authors say that sildenafil is only available in the form of pills and that some studies show that PDE-inhibiting drugs can be administered topically.
      赶紧投票吧!
    • In the same article, the authors saytate that sildenafil is only available in the form of pills and thatwhereas some studies showdemonstrate that PDE-inhibiting drugs can be administered topically.
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 14增加一條新的校正! - 句子 14
  • 句子 15
    • One of the important aspects in pharmaceutical technology is the existence of the interaction of drugs with interfaces of supramolecular aggregates in compounds that are amphiphilic.
      赶紧投票吧!
    • One of the important aspects to be considered in pharmaceutical technology is the existence of the interaction of drugs with interfaces of supramolecular aggregates in compounds that are amphiphilic.
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 15增加一條新的校正! - 句子 15
  • 句子 16
  • 句子 17
  • 句子 18
    • TDDS is an attractive alternative to traditional oral and hypodermic delivery, as it overcomes the limitation of first-pass hepatic metabolism found by oral administration and has many advantages, such as safe, painless and easy to use, in contrast to intravenous injection.
      赶紧投票吧!
    • TDDS is an attractive alternative to traditional oral and hypodermic delivery, as it overcomes the limitation of first-pass hepatic metabolism found byresulting from oral administration and has many advantages, such asbeing safe, painless and easy to use, in contrast to intravenous injection.
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 18增加一條新的校正! - 句子 18
  • 句子 19
    • With this in mind, the authors of the article formulated a microemulsion using isopropyl myristate, tween 80, PEG400, and water (30: 20: 40: 10) with 2% hydrogel w / w poloxamer 188.
      赶紧投票吧!
    • WithBearing this in mind, the authors of the article formulated a microemulsion using isopropyl myristate, tween 80, PEG400, and water (30: 20: 40: 10) with 2% hydrogel w / w poloxamer 188.,
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 19增加一條新的校正! - 句子 19
  • 句子 20
  • 句子 21
    • What attracted the researchers was the many advantages of micro emulsions such as thermodynamic stability, spontaneous formation, greater availability, appearance, penetration through biological membranes.
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    • What attracted theOf considerable interest to researchers was the many advantages of micro emulsions such as thermodynamic stability, spontaneous formation, greater availability, appearance, penetration through biological membranes.
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 21增加一條新的校正! - 句子 21
  • 句子 22
    • They wanted to test different formulations for the microemulsion system and see which would be the most suitable in terms of solubility, spreadability, concentration, permeability, toxicity and other variants.
      赶紧投票吧!
    • They wantedConsequently, there was an impetus to test different formulations for the microemulsion system and sein order to determine which would be the most suitable in terms of solubility, spreadability, concentration, permeability, toxicity and other vpariantameters.
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 22增加一條新的校正! - 句子 22
  • 句子 23
    • Delivery of drugs directly to the penis in a controlled manner would be a good option for men who cannot for some reason use oral medications, such as men who have many adverse effects.
      赶紧投票吧!
    • Delivery of drugs directly to the penis in a controlled manner would be a good option for men who cannot for some reason use oral medications, such as men who havethose who suffer many adverse side effects.
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 23增加一條新的校正! - 句子 23
  • 句子 24
    • The authors also took into account the fact that topical therapy in comparison with systemic therapy is less effective, which is an important limitation, especially in more severe cases.
      赶紧投票吧!
    • The authors also took into account the fact that topical therapy in comparison with systemic therapy is less effective, which is an important limitation, especially in more severe cases.
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 24增加一條新的校正! - 句子 24
  • 句子 25
  • 句子 26
    • It was made and analysed in the following steps: visual inspection, particle size, pH, spread ability, cell membrane permeability, sildenafil drug content and viscosity.
      赶紧投票吧!
    • ItThis was made and analysed invia the following steps: visual inspection, particle size, pH, spread ability, cell membrane permeability, sildenafil drug content and viscosity.
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 26增加一條新的校正! - 句子 26
  • 句子 27
    • It is very important to have knowledge about the mechanism of action of sildenafil to understand how to evaluate drug efficacy or how to develop formulations systems.
      赶紧投票吧!
    • It is very important to have knowledge about the mechanism of action of sildenafil so as to understand how to evaluate drug efficacy or how to develop formulations systems.
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 27增加一條新的校正! - 句子 27
  • 句子 28
    • In my personal opinion, the idea of develop a Sildenafil Micro emulsion is very good idea because in the market there is not transdermal formulation of sildenafil till date and has a good potency because take ral medicine brings different types of adverse effects, allergic reactions or interactions with other medications or long-term adverse effects., also, topic medicines have a lot advantages if we compare it with oral medicine, like I already wrote about above.
      赶紧投票吧!
    • In my personal opinion, the idea of develop a Sildenafil Micro emulsion is very good idea because in the market there is not transdermal formulation of sildenafil till date and has a goodon the market up to the present time. There is significant potencytial because take oral medicine bringsations bring about different types of adverse effects, and allergic reactions or interactions with other medications orand can cause long-term adverse effects., also Additionally, topical medicineations have a lotmany advantages if wewhen compare itd with oral medicine, like I already wrote aboutations, as described above.
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 28增加一條新的校正! - 句子 28
  • 句子 29
    • A micro emulsion is easy to apply and easy to the patients understand how to administer it by themselves, besides being a way to administer a drug in a contr
      赶紧投票吧!
    • A micro emulsion is easy to apply and easy to the patients understand how to administer it by themselves, simple for patients to self-administer. (besides being a way to administer a drug in a contr.... ??????????)
    • 增加一條新的校正! - 句子 29增加一條新的校正! - 句子 29